方法一:回溯法
回溯法是解决数独问题的常用方法。其基本思想是在数独的空格中填入数字,如果填写了一个错误的数字,就回溯到前一个空格重新填写,直到找到正确的解。
具体实现如下:
def solve_sudoku(board):
# 找到未填的空格
row, col = find_empty(board)
# 如果没有未填的空格,则说明已经解决了数独问题,返回 True
if row is None:
return True
# 在当前空格中填入数字 1 到 9
for i in range(1, 10):
if valid(board, row, col, i):
# 如果填写的数字是有效的,则继续填写下一个空格
board[row][col] = i
if solve_sudoku(board):
return True
# 如果填写的数字导致后面无法找到正确的解,则回溯到上一个空格
board[row][col] = 0
# 如果在当前空格中填写了所有可能的数字都无法找到正确的解,则返回 False
return False
其中,find_empty()
函数用于找到未填的空格,valid()
函数用于判断在当前空格填写的数字是否有效。
方法二:Dancing Links 算法
Dancing Links 算法是一种高效的求解精确覆盖问题的算法,其可以用于解数独问题。
具体实现如下:
class DancingLinks:
def __init__(self, matrix):
self.row = len(matrix)
self.col = len(matrix[0])
self.matrix = matrix
self.header = [Node() for _ in range(self.col)]
self.solution = []
for i in range(self.col):
self.header[i].right = self.header[(i + 1) % self.col]
self.header[i].left = self.header[(i - 1 + self.col) % self.col]
for i in range(self.row):
prev = None
for j in range(self.col):
if matrix[i][j] == 1:
node = Node(i, j)
if prev is None:
prev = node
self.header[j].size += 1
node.down = self.header[j]
node.up = self.header[j].up
self.header[j].up.down = node
self.header[j].up = node
prev.right = node
node.left = prev
prev = node
def solve(self):
if self.header[0].right == self.header[0]:
return True
column = self.get_min_column()
self.cover(column)
node = column.down
while node != column:
self.solution.append(node)
j = node.right
while j != node:
self.cover(j.down)
j = j.right
if self.solve():
return True
node = self.solution.pop()
column = node.column
j = node.left
while j != node:
self.uncover(j.down)
j = j.left
self.uncover(column)
return False
def cover(self, column):
column.right.left = column.left
column.left.right = column.right
node = column.down
while node != column:
j = node.right
while j != node:
j.down.up = j.up
j.up.down = j.down
self.header[j.column].size -= 1
j = j.right
node = node.down
def uncover(self, column):
node = column.up
while node != column:
j = node.left
while j != node:
j.down.up = j
j.up.down = j
self.header[j.column].size += 1
j = j.left
node = node.up
column.right.left = column
column.left.right = column
def get_min_column(self):
min_column = self.header[0]
for col in self.header:
if col.size < min_column.size:
min_column = col
return min_column
class Node:
def __init__(self, row=None, column=None):
self.up = None
self.down = None
self.left = None
self.right = None
self.row = row
self.column = column
其中,DancingLinks
类用于实现 Dancing Links 算法,solve()
方法用于求解数独问题,cover()
和 uncover()
方法用于在 Dancing Links 矩阵中删除和恢复某一列及其对应的行,get_min_column()
方法用于找到 Dancing Links 矩阵中未覆盖的节点数最少的列。在 Dancing Links 矩阵中,每一行表示数独中某一个空格可以填写的数字,每一列表示数独中某一个空格。