Nginx+PHP+MySQL+phpMyAdmin 环境搭建与使用（12.04.4 LTS）

Nginx

安装 Nginx

~$ sudo apt-get install nginx
The following extra packages will be installed:
  libgd2-noxpm libjpeg-turbo8 libjpeg8 nginx-common nginx-full
Suggested packages:
  libgd-tools
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  libgd2-noxpm libjpeg-turbo8 libjpeg8 nginx nginx-common nginx-full

查看 nginx 都安装了哪些文件及安装目录：

~$ dpkg -l | grep nginx
ii  nginx                            1.1.19-1ubuntu0.7                           small, but very powerful and efficient web server and mail proxy
ii  nginx-common                     1.1.19-1ubuntu0.7                           small, but very powerful and efficient web server (common files)
ii  nginx-full                       1.1.19-1ubuntu0.7                           nginx web server with full set of core modules

~$ dpkg -L nginx
~$ dpkg -L nginx-common
~$ dpkg -L nginx-full

重点留意如下文件：

/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service
/usr/share/nginx
/usr/share/nginx/www
/usr/share/nginx/www/index.html
/usr/share/nginx/www/50x.html
/etc/init.d/nginx
/etc/ufw/applications.d/nginx
/etc/default/nginx
/etc/nginx
/etc/nginx/conf.d
/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
/etc/logrotate.d/nginx
/var/lib/nginx
/var/log/nginx
/usr/sbin/nginx

配置：/etc/nginx/nginx.conf

日志：/var/log/nginx

默认网页：/usr/share/nginx/www/index.html

Nginx 基本使用

Nginx 的使用非常简洁，通过 nginx -h 或 man nginx

nginx -t: test configuration and exit

nginx -s stop: fast shutdown

nginx -s quit: graceful shutdown(一般关闭 nginx 用此选项)

nginx -s reload: reloading the configuration file

nginx -s reopen: reopening the log files

nginx -p prefix : set prefix path(prefix 并非是 working directory,仅仅是默认配置路径(prefix/conf/nginx.conf)、默认日志路径(prefix/logs/error.log, prefix/logs/access.log)、默认d 文件目录(prefix/logs/nginx.pid)等的前缀，因此，配置中的相对路径(logs/nginx.pid, ogs/access.log, etc.)不是相对 working directory, 而是相对 prefix，它自身的默认值在 configure 时指定)(https://www.nginx.com/resources/wiki/start/topics/tutorials/installoptions/)

Note: -s 是发送信号，那么怎么知道往哪个进程发送信号呢？关键在于 pid 文件，pid 文件存有进程的 pid, 执行 -s 操作就是向这个 pid 发送信号，但是 pid 文件的配置跟 prefix 和配置文件（pid 指令）都相关，因此执行 -s 操作的命令必须跟启动命令匹配，即：

如果启动命令是：

/opt/nginx/sbin/nginx -p /opt/nginx/ -c /opt/nginx/conf/nginx.conf

那么，-s 命令就是：

/opt/nginx/sbin/nginx -p /opt/nginx/ -c /opt/nginx/conf/nginx.conf -s quit

如果不匹配，则很可能找不到 pid 文件或找到错误的 pid 文件，可能杀死其他进程，产生意想不到的后果。笔者就是在一台机器上部署了两套 nginx, 一套生产用，一套测试用，生产采用默认配置，结果不小心结束测试用的 nginx 时没有指定这些参数，意外把生产环境的 nginx 结束了。

~$ sudo nginx 
~$ ps aux | grep nginx
root      2851  0.0  0.0  62864  1212 ?        Ss   22:45   0:00 nginx: master process nginx
www-data  2852  0.0  0.0  63220  1900 ?        S    22:45   0:00 nginx: worker process
www-data  2853  0.0  0.0  63220  1900 ?        S    22:45   0:00 nginx: worker process
www-data  2854  0.0  0.0  63220  1640 ?        S    22:45   0:00 nginx: worker process
www-data  2855  0.0  0.0  63220  1896 ?        S    22:45   0:00 nginx: worker process
hwx       2857  0.0  0.0   9392   940 pts/0    S+   22:45   0:00 grep --color=auto nginx
~$ sudo nginx -s quit
~$ ps aux | grep nginx
hwx       2862  0.0  0.0   9392   940 pts/0    S+   22:45   0:00 grep --color=auto nginx

启动 nginx 之后通过浏览器访问，将显示 /usr/share/nginx/www/index.html

References

http://nginx.org/en/docs/beginners_guide.html

http://wiki.nginx.org/CommandLine

Nginx 配置

Nginx 配置的基本原则

1. 每一个配置项都是一个指令（directive），http://nginx.org/en/docs/dirindex.html

2. nginx 由多个模块组成，http://nginx.org/en/docs/

3. 每个指令属于一个上下文环境（context），如 http 指令属于最顶层的 context(main)(http://nginx.org/en/docs/http/ngx_http_core_module.html#http), 而 sever 属于 http 这个 context(http://nginx.org/en/docs/http/ngx_http_core_module.html#server); 每个指令属于特性的模块，如 http 指令属于 http core 模块（http://nginx.org/en/docs/http/ngx_http_core_module.html）

例子——配置多个虚拟主机

Virtual Host 是 Apache httpd 的叫法，在 Nginx 中，虚拟主机叫"Server Block"( http://wiki.nginx.org/ServerBlockExample).

配置虚拟主机可以在 /etc/nginx/nginx.conf 的 http block 中直接添加 server block, 但是这样做不够优雅, /etc/nginx/nginx.conf http block 有这么一段：

http {
    ......
    ##
    # Virtual Host Configs
    ##

    include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
    include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*;
}

可以用文件包含的方式，一个文件配置一个主机，事实上，我们在安装完 nginx 之后访问 http://localhost/ 出现的页面正是 /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/default 呈现的。下面我们增加两个虚拟主机，一个是 example.com(www.example.com), 一个是 example-php.com(www.example-php.com). 配置文件分别为 /etc/nginx/conf.d/example.com.conf 和 /etc/nginx/conf.d/example-php.com.conf.

配置变更之后注意先测试配置文件是否正确：

~$ sudo nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: [emerg] open() "/var/log/nginx/example.com/access.log" failed (2: No such file or directory)
nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test failed
~$ sudo nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful

配置的日志目录必须手动创建，所以要先创建 /var/log/nginx/example.com 目录，测试通过之后 reload 一下, example.com.conf 内容如下：

server {
	listen   80;

	root /var/www/example.com;
	index index.html index.htm index.php;

	# Make site accessible from http://example.com/, http://www.example.com/
	server_name example.com www.example.com;

	#location / {
	#    # First attempt to serve request as file, then
	#    # as directory, then fall back to index.html
	#    try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html;
	#    # Uncomment to enable naxsi on this location
	#    # include /etc/nginx/naxsi.rules
	#}

	access_log /var/log/nginx/example.com/access.log;
	error_log /var/log/nginx/example.com/error.log;

	# /var/www/example.com/404.html
	error_page 404 /404.html;

	# redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
	error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
	location = /50x.html {
		root /usr/share/nginx/www;
	}

	# pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
	location ~ \.php$ {
		fastcgi_split_path_info ^(.+\.php)(/.+)$;
		# NOTE: You should have "cgi.fix_pathinfo = 0;" in php.ini

		fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
		#fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock;
		fastcgi_index index.php;
		include fastcgi_params;
	}
}

注意：上述配置如果将 "location /" 打开，将会导致无论输什么 url 都不会返回 404, 具体原因去搜索一下 location 的规则。

直接通过 ip 访问的问题

我们配置了 3 个 server block(/etc/nginx/conf.d/example.com.conf, /etc/nginx/conf.d/example-php.com.conf, /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/default ), 但是通过 ip 访问总是访问的是 example-php.com, 原因是因为读取配置时 example-php.com 是第一个 server block, 如果不显式设置 default server 就以第一个作为 default server. default server 最多只能指定一个，同时将 example.com 和 example-php.com 都指定为 default server:

~$ sudo nginx -t
nginx: [emerg] a duplicate default server for 0.0.0.0:80 in /etc/nginx/conf.d/example.com.conf:2
nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test failed

指定 default server 的方法：

listen 80 default;

只监听内网 IP

listen 指令如果只配置端口号，默认是监听 0.0.0.0:<port> 的，如果只想监听部分 ip, 可以显式指定监听 ip, 如 127.0.0.1:80

References

http://nginx.org/en/docs/http/ngx_http_core_module.html

http://wiki.nginx.org/PHPFcgiExample

http://wiki.nginx.org/FullExample

http://wiki.nginx.org/FullExample2

PHP

php 和 nginx 配合只能使用 FastCGI 模式，因此除了安装 php 以外，还需安装 PHP FPM (FastCGI Process Manager)。

原理见：http://ixdba.blog.51cto.com/2895551/806622(Nginx+FastCGI运行原理)

安装 PHP

~$ sudo apt-get install php5
The following extra packages will be installed:
  apache2-mpm-prefork apache2-utils apache2.2-bin apache2.2-common libapache2-mod-php5 libapr1
  libaprutil1 libaprutil1-dbd-sqlite3 libaprutil1-ldap php5-cli php5-common
Suggested packages:
  apache2-doc apache2-suexec apache2-suexec-custom php-pear php5-suhosin
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  apache2-mpm-prefork apache2-utils apache2.2-bin apache2.2-common libapache2-mod-php5 libapr1
  libaprutil1 libaprutil1-dbd-sqlite3 libaprutil1-ldap php5 php5-cli php5-common
0 upgraded, 12 newly installed, 0 to remove and 130 not upgraded.

查看 PHP 都安装了哪些文件：

~$ dpkg -l | grep php 
ii  libapache2-mod-php5              5.3.10-1ubuntu3.17                          server-side, HTML-embedded scripting language (Apache 2 module)
ii  php5                             5.3.10-1ubuntu3.17                          server-side, HTML-embedded scripting language (metapackage)
ii  php5-cli                         5.3.10-1ubuntu3.17                          command-line interpreter for the php5 scripting language
ii  php5-common                      5.3.10-1ubuntu3.17                          Common files for packages built from the php5 source

php5-cli 为 php 的命令行解释器。

~$ dpkg -L php5
~$ dpkg -L php5-common
~$ dpkg -L php5-cli

一些重要的文件：

/usr/lib/php5
/var/lib/php5
/etc/cron.d/php5
/etc/php5
/etc/php5/conf.d
/etc/php5/conf.d/pdo.ini
/etc/php5/cli
/etc/php5/cli/conf.d

安装 PHP-FPM

~$ sudo apt-get install php5-fpm
Suggested packages:
  php-pear
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  php5-fpm
0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 130 not upgraded.
...
Creating config file /etc/php5/fpm/php.ini with new version

一些重要的文件：

~$ dpkg -L php5-fpm
/usr/sbin/php5-fpm
/etc/init.d/php5-fpm
/etc/php5/fpm
/etc/php5/fpm/pool.d
/etc/php5/fpm/pool.d/www.conf
/etc/php5/fpm/php-fpm.conf
/etc/php5/fpm/conf.d

配置：/etc/php5/fpm/php.ini(安装包时创建), /etc/php5/fpm/php-fpm.conf, /etc/php5/fpm/pool.d/www.conf(工作进程的配置)

可执行文件：/usr/sbin/php5-fpm

PHP-FPM 基本使用

~$ sudo service php5-fpm
Usage: /etc/init.d/php5-fpm {start|stop|status|restart|reload|force-reload}

~$ sudo service php5-fpm status
 * php5-fpm is running
~$ ps aux | grep php-fpm
root      1784  0.0  0.1  59164  3756 ?        Ss   17:42   0:00 php-fpm: master process (/etc/php5/fpm/php-fpm.conf)      
www-data  1785  0.0  0.1  59164  3264 ?        S    17:42   0:00 php-fpm: pool www                                         
www-data  1786  0.0  0.1  59164  3264 ?        S    17:42   0:00 php-fpm: pool www                                         
www-data  1787  0.0  0.1  59164  3264 ?        S    17:42   0:00 php-fpm: pool www                                         
www-data  1788  0.0  0.1  59164  3264 ?        S    17:42   0:00 php-fpm: pool www                                         
hwx       2281  0.0  0.0   9392   944 pts/0    S+   18:17   0:00 grep --color=auto php-fpm

配置 PHP 和 Nginx

用户和用户组

php-fpm 工作进程的用户和用户组要和 nginx 的工作进程的用户和用户组配成一致（没有验证不一致是是否有问题，可能跟 Web Server 交互时 TCP 方式无所谓，但是 UNIX socket 方式会涉及到权限问题，见下文 /etc/php5/fpm/pool.d/www.conf 中的提示）：

~$ ps -e -o cmd,pid,user,uid,group,gid | grep php-fpm
CMD                           PID USER       UID GROUP      GID
php-fpm: master process (/e  1784 root         0 root         0
php-fpm: pool www            1785 www-data    33 www-data    33
php-fpm: pool www            1786 www-data    33 www-data    33
php-fpm: pool www            1787 www-data    33 www-data    33
php-fpm: pool www            1788 www-data    33 www-data    33
grep --color=auto php-fpm    2314 hwx       1000 hwx       1000
~$ ps -e -o cmd,pid,user,uid,group,gid | grep nginx
CMD                           PID USER       UID GROUP      GID
nginx: master process /usr/  1523 root         0 root         0
nginx: worker process        1524 www-data    33 www-data    33
nginx: worker process        1525 www-data    33 www-data    33
nginx: worker process        1526 www-data    33 www-data    33
nginx: worker process        1527 www-data    33 www-data    33
grep --color=auto nginx      2316 hwx       1000 hwx       1000

默认都是 www-data 用户和 www-data 用户组，无需修改，如果需要修改，请按如下方式修改：

/etc/nginx/nginx.conf

user www-data;
worker_processes 4;
pid /var/run/nginx.pid;

/etc/php5/fpm/pool.d/www.conf

; Unix user/group of processes
; Note: The user is mandatory. If the group is not set, the default user's group
;       will be used.
user = www-data
group = www-data

; Set permissions for unix socket, if one is used. In Linux, read/write
; permissions must be set in order to allow connections from a web server. Many
; BSD-derived systems allow connections regardless of permissions.
; Default Values: user and group are set as the running user
;                 mode is set to 0660
;listen.owner = www-data
;listen.group = www-data
;listen.mode = 0660

监听地址

nginx 和 php-fpm 的工作方式是：nginx 作为 proxy, 将请求转发给 php-fpm. 因此，nginx 监听客户端来的请求，nginx 绑定 tcp:80 端口；php-fpm 监听 nginx 来的请求，也需要绑定一个端口，这样 nginx 才能向 php-fpm 发起请求，如果双方都在同一台机器，那么 php-fpm 既可以绑定 tcp 端口，又可以直接使用 UNIX socket, 我们看一下默认情况：

~$ sudo netstat -ap
Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State       PID/Program name
tcp        0      0 localhost:9000          *:*                     LISTEN      1784/php-fpm.conf)
tcp        0      0 *:http                  *:*                     LISTEN      1523/nginx      
...    
Active UNIX domain sockets (servers and established)
Proto RefCnt Flags       Type       State         I-Node   PID/Program name    Path
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     10187    1784/php-fpm.conf)           
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     11489    1523/nginx          
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     11491    1523/nginx                      
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     11492    1523/nginx          
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     11490    1523/nginx                    
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     11488    1523/nginx          
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     10188    1784/php-fpm.conf)       
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     11494    1523/nginx                   
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     11487    1523/nginx          
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     11493    1523/nginx

以数字方式显示：

~$ sudo netstat -anp
Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State       PID/Program name
tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:9000          0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      1784/php-fpm.conf)
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:80              0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      1523/nginx      
...    
Active UNIX domain sockets (servers and established)
Proto RefCnt Flags       Type       State         I-Node   PID/Program name    Path
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     10187    1784/php-fpm.conf)            
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     11489    1523/nginx          
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     11491    1523/nginx                   
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     11492    1523/nginx          
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     11490    1523/nginx          
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     11488    1523/nginx          
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     10188    1784/php-fpm.conf)  
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     11494    1523/nginx          
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     11487    1523/nginx          
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     11493    1523/nginx

可以看出，

nginx 绑定 tcp:0.0.0.0:80, php-fpm 绑定 127.0.0.1:9000.

根据上文 nginx 的配置，我们在 /var/www/example-php.com 目录创建 phpinfo.php 文件，内容如下：

<?php
    phpinfo();
?>

访问 http://example-php.com/phpinfo.php 看是否出现 phpinfo() 打印的信息。

改用 UNIX socket 通信

修改 php5-fpm 的配置文件：

~$ sudo vi /etc/php5/fpm/pool.d/www.conf 
; The address on which to accept FastCGI requests.
; Valid syntaxes are:
;   'ip.add.re.ss:port'    - to listen on a TCP socket to a specific address on
;                            a specific port;
;   'port'                 - to listen on a TCP socket to all addresses on a
;                            specific port;
;   '/path/to/unix/socket' - to listen on a unix socket.
; Note: This value is mandatory.
;listen = 127.0.0.1:9000
listen = /var/run/php5-fpm.sock

/etc/php5/fpm/pool.d$ sudo php5-fpm -t
[11-Apr-2015 23:12:36] NOTICE: configuration file /etc/php5/fpm/php-fpm.conf test is successful

测试配置文件没问题之后重启 php5-fpm.

修改 nginx 配置文件：

/etc/nginx$ sudo vi conf.d/example-php.com.conf
#fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock;

测试没问题之后重启 nginx.

访问 http://example-php.com/phpinfo.php 时出现错误：

==> error.log <==
2015/04/11 23:16:57 [crit] 5274#0: *58 connect() to unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock failed (13: Permission denied) while connecting to upstream, client: 192.168.142.1, server: example-php.com, request: "GET /phpinfo.php HTTP/1.1", upstream: "fastcgi://unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock:", host: "example-php.com"

是 /var/run/php5-fpm.sock 的权限问题：

~$ ll /var/run/php5-fpm.sock
srw-rw---- 1 root root 0 Apr 11 23:13 /var/run/php5-fpm.sock=

/etc/php5/fpm/pool.d/www.conf 开启如下三项：

; Set permissions for unix socket, if one is used. In Linux, read/write
; permissions must be set in order to allow connections from a web server. Many
; BSD-derived systems allow connections regardless of permissions.
; Default Values: user and group are set as the running user
;                 mode is set to 0660
listen.owner = www-data
listen.group = www-data
listen.mode = 0660

再查看：

~$ ll /var/run/php5-fpm.sock 
srw-rw---- 1 www-data www-data 0 Apr 11 23:22 /var/run/php5-fpm.sock=

问题解决。

MySQL+phpMyAdmin

安装

~$ sudo apt-get install mysql-client mysql-server
The following extra packages will be installed:
  libdbd-mysql-perl libdbi-perl libhtml-template-perl libmysqlclient18 libnet-daemon-perl
  libplrpc-perl libterm-readkey-perl mysql-client-5.5 mysql-common mysql-server-5.5
  mysql-server-core-5.5
Suggested packages:
  libipc-sharedcache-perl tinyca mailx
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  libdbd-mysql-perl libdbi-perl libhtml-template-perl libmysqlclient18 libnet-daemon-perl
  libplrpc-perl libterm-readkey-perl mysql-client mysql-client-5.5 mysql-common mysql-server
  mysql-server-5.5 mysql-server-core-5.5
0 upgraded, 13 newly installed, 0 to remove and 130 not upgraded.

~$ sudo apt-get install phpmyadmin
The following extra packages will be installed:
  dbconfig-common fontconfig-config libfontconfig1 libgd2-xpm libmcrypt4 libt1-5 libxpm4 php5-gd
  php5-mcrypt php5-mysql ttf-dejavu-core
Suggested packages:
  libgd-tools libmcrypt-dev mcrypt
The following packages will be REMOVED:
  libgd2-noxpm
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  dbconfig-common fontconfig-config libfontconfig1 libgd2-xpm libmcrypt4 libt1-5 libxpm4 php5-gd
  php5-mcrypt php5-mysql phpmyadmin ttf-dejavu-core
0 upgraded, 12 newly installed, 1 to remove and 130 not upgraded.

┌────────────────────────────────┤ Configuring phpmyadmin ├────────────────────────────────┐   
   │ Please choose the web server that should be automatically configured to run phpMyAdmin.  │   
   │                                                                                          │   
   │ Web server to reconfigure automatically:                                                 │   
   │                                                                                          │   
   │    [*] apache2                                                                           │   
   │    [ ] lighttpd                                                                          │   
   │                                                                                          │                      
   └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

没有 nginx 的选项，直接先选 apache2.

┌─────────────────────────────────┤ Configuring phpmyadmin ├──────────────────────────────────┐  
 │                                                                                             │  
 │ The phpmyadmin package must have a database installed and configured before it can be       │  
 │ used.  This can be optionally handled with dbconfig-common.                                 │  
 │                                                                                             │  
 │ If you are an advanced database administrator and know that you want to perform this        │  
 │ configuration manually, or if your database has already been installed and configured, you  │  
 │ should refuse this option.  Details on what needs to be done should most likely be          │  
 │ provided in /usr/share/doc/phpmyadmin.                                                      │  
 │                                                                                             │  
 │ Otherwise, you should probably choose this option.                                          │  
 │                                                                                             │  
 │ Configure database for phpmyadmin with dbconfig-common?                                     │  
 │                                                                                             │  
 │                          <Yes>                             <No>                             │  
 │                                                                                             │  
 └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

由于之前没有配置过 MySQL, 所以这部也 "Yes".

dbconfig-common: writing config to /etc/dbconfig-common/phpmyadmin.conf

Creating config file /etc/dbconfig-common/phpmyadmin.conf with new version

Creating config file /etc/phpmyadmin/config-db.php with new version
granting access to database phpmyadmin for phpmyadmin@localhost: success.
verifying access for phpmyadmin@localhost: success.
creating database phpmyadmin: success.
verifying database phpmyadmin exists: success.
populating database via sql...  done.
dbconfig-common: flushing administrative password
Processing triggers for libc-bin ...
ldconfig deferred processing now taking place

过程中会修改 /etc/dbconfig-common/phpmyadmin.conf 和 /etc/phpmyadmin/config-db.php, 并创建一个 phpmyadmin@localhost 的 MySQL 账户并将信息写入 /etc/phpmyadmin/config-db.php.

我们看一下 phpMyAdmin 都安装了哪些文件：

~$ dpkg -L phpmyadmin
/etc/phpmyadmin
/etc/phpmyadmin/apache.conf
/etc/phpmyadmin/config.footer.inc.php
/etc/phpmyadmin/config.header.inc.php
/etc/phpmyadmin/config.inc.php
/etc/phpmyadmin/lighttpd.conf
/etc/phpmyadmin/phpmyadmin.desktop
/etc/phpmyadmin/phpmyadmin.service
/usr/share/phpmyadmin
/usr/share/dbconfig-common/data/phpmyadmin

配置：/etc/phpmyadmin

项目目录：/usr/share/phpmyadmin

访问 phpMyAdmin

为 phpMyAdmin 创建 nginx 的虚拟主机：

server {
	listen   80;

	root /usr/share/phpmyadmin;
	index index.html index.htm index.php;

	# Make site accessible from http://phpmyadmin.xxx/, http://www.phpmyadmin.xxx/
	server_name phpmyadmin.xxx www.phpmyadmin.xxx;

	access_log /var/log/nginx/phpmyadmin/access.log;
	error_log /var/log/nginx/phpmyadmin/error.log;

	# /var/www/example-php.com/404.html
	error_page 404 /404.html;
    location = /404.html {
		root /var/www/example-php.com;
	}

	# redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
	error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
	location = /50x.html {
		root /usr/share/nginx/www;
	}

	# pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
	location ~ \.php$ {
		fastcgi_split_path_info ^(.+\.php)(/.+)$;
		# NOTE: You should have "cgi.fix_pathinfo = 0;" in php.ini

		#fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
		fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock;
		fastcgi_index index.php;
		include fastcgi_params;
	}
}

/etc/nginx/conf.d$ ls
example.com.conf  example-php.com.conf  phpmyadmin.conf
/etc/nginx/conf.d$ sudo nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: [emerg] open() "/var/log/nginx/phpmyadmin/access.log" failed (2: No such file or directory)
nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test failed
/etc/nginx/conf.d$ sudo mkdir /var/log/nginx/phpmyadmin
/etc/nginx/conf.d$ sudo nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful

访问 http://phpmyadmin.xxx/ 时发现会出现如下错误：

缺少 mysqli 扩展。请检查 PHP 配置。

配置 php 的 mysql 和 mysqli 扩展

访问 http://example-php.com/phpinfo.php 根本找不到 mysql 和 mysqli 的项，所以是 php-fpm 配置 mysql 和 mysqli 扩展的部分除了问题。
那么，mysql 和 mysqli 是啥东东呢？其实他是 php 的 mysql 扩展，看名字的确以为是 mysql 自带了，我们从安装包中可以找到踪迹：

$ dpkg -l | grep mysql
ii  libdbd-mysql-perl                4.020-1build2                               Perl5 database interface to the MySQL database
ii  libmysqlclient18                 5.5.41-0ubuntu0.12.04.1                     MySQL database client library
ii  mysql-client                     5.5.41-0ubuntu0.12.04.1                     MySQL database client (metapackage depending on the latest version)
ii  mysql-client-5.5                 5.5.41-0ubuntu0.12.04.1                     MySQL database client binaries
ii  mysql-client-core-5.5            5.5.37-0ubuntu0.12.04.1                     MySQL database core client binaries
ii  mysql-common                     5.5.41-0ubuntu0.12.04.1                     MySQL database common files, e.g. /etc/mysql/my.cnf
ii  mysql-server                     5.5.41-0ubuntu0.12.04.1                     MySQL database server (metapackage depending on the latest version)
ii  mysql-server-5.5                 5.5.41-0ubuntu0.12.04.1                     MySQL database server binaries and system database setup
ii  mysql-server-core-5.5            5.5.41-0ubuntu0.12.04.1                     MySQL database server binaries
ii  php5-mysql                       5.3.10-1ubuntu3.17                          MySQL module for php5

$ dpkg -L mysql-server-core-5.5
/usr/bin/my_print_defaults
/usr/bin/mysql_install_db
/usr/bin/mysql_upgrade
/usr/sbin/mysqld

$ dpkg -L mysql-server-5.5
/usr/bin/myisamlog
/usr/bin/mysqlbinlog
/usr/bin/mysqld_multi
/usr/bin/myisampack
/usr/bin/mysql_convert_table_format
/usr/bin/mysql_zap
/usr/bin/mysql_setpermission
/usr/bin/mysql_secure_installation
/usr/bin/resolveip
/usr/bin/perror
/usr/bin/mysqlhotcopy
/usr/bin/mysqltest
/usr/bin/msql2mysql
/usr/bin/mysqld_safe
/usr/bin/myisamchk
/usr/bin/replace
/usr/bin/mysql_tzinfo_to_sql
/usr/bin/resolve_stack_dump
/usr/lib/mysql
/usr/lib/mysql/plugin
/usr/lib/mysql/plugin/auth_test_plugin.so
/usr/lib/mysql/plugin/ha_example.so
/usr/lib/mysql/plugin/qa_auth_server.so
/usr/lib/mysql/plugin/adt_null.so
/usr/lib/mysql/plugin/auth_socket.so
/usr/lib/mysql/plugin/qa_auth_interface.so
/usr/lib/mysql/plugin/auth.so
/usr/lib/mysql/plugin/mypluglib.so
/usr/lib/mysql/plugin/semisync_master.so
/usr/lib/mysql/plugin/semisync_slave.so
/usr/lib/mysql/plugin/qa_auth_client.so
/usr/lib/mysql/plugin/libdaemon_example.so
/etc/mysql
/etc/mysql/conf.d
/etc/mysql/conf.d/mysqld_safe_syslog.cnf
/etc/mysql/debian-start
/etc/init/mysql.conf
/etc/init.d/mysql

$ dpkg -L mysql-common
/etc/mysql
/etc/mysql/my.cnf
/etc/mysql/conf.d

$ dpkg -L mysql-client-core-5.5 
/usr/bin/mysql
/usr/bin/mysqlcheck

$ dpkg -L mysql-client-5.5
/usr/bin/mysql_plugin
/usr/bin/mysqlimport
/usr/bin/mysqldumpslow
/usr/bin/innochecksum
/usr/bin/mysqlshow
/usr/bin/mysqladmin
/usr/bin/mysqlbug
/usr/bin/mysqldump
/usr/bin/mysql_find_rows
/usr/bin/mysqlaccess
/usr/bin/mysql_client_test
/usr/bin/myisam_ftdump
/usr/bin/mysqlreport
/usr/bin/mysql_waitpid
/usr/bin/mysqlslap
/usr/bin/innotop
/usr/bin/mysql_fix_extensions
/usr/bin/mysqlanalyze
/usr/bin/mysqloptimize
/usr/bin/mysqlrepair

$ dpkg -L libmysqlclient18
/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libmysqlclient.so.18.0.0
/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libmysqlclient.so.18
/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libmysqlclient_r.so.18
/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libmysqlclient_r.so.18.0.0

$ dpkg -L php5-mysql
/usr/lib/php5
/usr/lib/php5/20090626
/usr/lib/php5/20090626/pdo_mysql.so
/usr/lib/php5/20090626/mysql.so
/usr/lib/php5/20090626/mysqli.so
/etc/php5
/etc/php5/conf.d
/etc/php5/conf.d/pdo_mysql.ini
/etc/php5/conf.d/mysqli.ini
/etc/php5/conf.d/mysql.ini

从最后一个包 php5-mysql 可以看出，mysql.so, mysqli.so 都是 php-mysql 包安装的。那么接下来我们该如何修改配置呢？

配置非常多：

~$ ls /etc/php5/
apache2  cli  conf.d  fpm

由于我们这里是通过 php-fpm 在运行 php, 所以应该修改 php-fpm 的配置，查看一下现有配置：

/etc/php5/fpm/conf.d$ cat mysql.ini mysqli.ini pdo_mysql.ini
; configuration for php MySQL module
extension=mysql.so
; configuration for php MySQL module
extension=mysqli.so
; configuration for php MySQL module
extension=pdo_mysql.so

根据上面 php5-mysql 包中 so 的路径情况看，这里的路径是不正确的，因此将每个 so 的路径改为 "/usr/lib/php5/20090626/xxx.so", 测试没问题：

$ sudo php5-fpm -t
[12-Apr-2015 17:48:44] NOTICE: configuration file /etc/php5/fpm/php-fpm.conf test is successful

成功访问 http://phpmyadmin.xxx/, 访问 http://example-php.com/phpinfo.php 时也出现了 mysql, mysqli,pdo_mysql 的项。