本章建议学习时间4小时

学习方式:详细阅读,并手动实现相关代码(如果没有canvas基础,需要先学习前面的canvas基础笔记)

学习目标:此教程将教会大家如何使用canvas绘制各种图表,详细分解步骤,本次讲解饼状图。

 

演示地址:  https://sutianbinde.github.io/charts/%E9%A5%BC%E7%8A%B6%E5%9B%BE-%E9%AB%98%E6%B8%85.html

 

源文件下载地址:https://github.com/sutianbinde/charts

 

饼状图


饼状图是前端最基本的图表之一,我们的案例展示效果如下

HTMLTestRunner饼状图优化 js画饼状图_ViewUI

功能:图表可以根据数据自动变换比例,旋转绘制的动画,鼠标移入到对应模块会实现颜色变化。

 

实现步骤


 

--新建Html文件,写入canvas标签,并且定义绘制图表的方法(我们js中的canvas宽高根据canvas父级标签的宽高来设置,希望大家写的时候一定给canvas添加父级div并指定宽高)



<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en">
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title></title>
    <style>
        canvas{
            border: 1px solid #A4E2F9;
        }
    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <div height="400" width="600" style="margin:50px">
        <canvas id="chart"> 你的浏览器不支持HTML5 canvas </canvas>
    </div>
    
    <script type="text/javascript">
        function goChart(dataArr){
        
        }
        
        var chartData = [[50,"#2dc6c8","瓜子"], [100,"#b6a2dd", "花生"], [200,"#5ab1ee","土豆"], [700,"#d7797f","南瓜四号"]];
        
        goChart(chartData);


    </script>
</body>
</html>



 

--在 goChart方法中定义需要使用的变量 并获取 canvas上下文 



// 声明所需变量
            var canvas,ctx;
            // 图表属性
            var cWidth, cHeight, cMargin, cSpace;
            // 饼状图属性
            var radius,ox,oy;//半径 圆心
            var tWidth, tHeight;//图例宽高
            var posX, posY, textX, textY;
            var startAngle, endAngle;
            var totleNb;
            // 运动相关变量
            var ctr, numctr, speed;
            //鼠标移动
            var mousePosition = {};
            
            //线条和文字
            var lineStartAngle,line,textPadding,textMoveDis;
        
            // 获得canvas上下文
            canvas = document.getElementById("chart");
            if(canvas && canvas.getContext){
                ctx = canvas.getContext("2d");
            }



 

--初始化图表(接着上一步的代码写在 goChart方法中 )



initChart(); 
            
            // 图表初始化
            function initChart(){
                // 图表信息
                cMargin = 20;
                cSpace = 40;
                
                canvas.width = canvas.parentNode.getAttribute("width")* 2 ;
                canvas.height = canvas.parentNode.getAttribute("height")* 2;
                canvas.style.height = canvas.height/2 + "px";
                canvas.style.width = canvas.width/2 + "px";
                cHeight = canvas.height - cMargin*2;
                cWidth = canvas.width - cMargin*2;
        
                //饼状图信息
                radius = cHeight*2/6;  //半径  高度的2/6
                ox = canvas.width/2 + cSpace;  //圆心
                oy = canvas.height/2;
                tWidth = 60; //图例宽和高
                tHeight = 20; 
                posX = cMargin;
                posY = cMargin;   //
                textX = posX + tWidth + 15
                textY = posY + 18;
                startAngle = endAngle = 90*Math.PI/180; //起始弧度 结束弧度
                rotateAngle = 0; //整体旋转的弧度
    
                //将传入的数据转化百分比
                totleNb = 0;
                new_data_arr = [];
                for (var i = 0; i < dataArr.length; i++){
                    totleNb += dataArr[i][0];
                }
                for (var i = 0; i < dataArr.length; i++){
                    new_data_arr.push( dataArr[i][0]/totleNb );
                }
                totalYNomber = 10;
                // 运动相关
                ctr = 1;//初始步骤
                numctr = 50;//步骤
                speed = 1.2; //毫秒 timer速度
                
                //指示线 和 文字
                lineStartAngle = -startAngle;
                line=40;         //画线的时候超出半径的一段线长
                textPadding=10;  //文字与线之间的间距
                textMoveDis = 200; //文字运动开始的间距
            }



 

--绘制板块图例

HTMLTestRunner饼状图优化 js画饼状图_前端_02



drawMarkers();
            //绘制比例图及文字
            function drawMarkers(){
                ctx.textAlign="left";
                for (var i = 0; i < dataArr.length; i++){
                    //绘制比例图及文字
                    ctx.fillStyle = dataArr[i][1];
                    ctx.fillRect(posX, posY + 40 * i, tWidth, tHeight);
                    ctx.moveTo(posX, posY + 40 * i);
                    ctx.font = 'normal 24px 微软雅黑';    //斜体 30像素 微软雅黑字体
                    ctx.fillStyle = dataArr[i][1]; //"#000000";
                    var percent = dataArr[i][2] + ":" + parseInt(100 * new_data_arr[i]) + "%";
                    ctx.fillText(percent, textX, textY + 40 * i);
                }
            };



 

 --绘制饼状图动画(接着上一步的代码写在 goChart方法中 )

注:绘制饼状图动画的方法连续的可能更利于查看,所以就没有拆分开,作了必要的注释,不理解的可留言

HTMLTestRunner饼状图优化 js画饼状图_javascript_03



//绘制动画
            pieDraw();
            function pieDraw(mouseMove){
                
                for (var n = 0; n < dataArr.length; n++){
                    ctx.fillStyle = ctx.strokeStyle = dataArr[n][1];
                    ctx.lineWidth=1;
                    var step = new_data_arr[n]* Math.PI * 2; //旋转弧度
                    var lineAngle = lineStartAngle+step/2;   //计算线的角度
                    lineStartAngle += step;//结束弧度
                    
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    var  x0=ox+radius*Math.cos(lineAngle),//圆弧上线与圆相交点的x坐标
                         y0=oy+radius*Math.sin(lineAngle),//圆弧上线与圆相交点的y坐标
                         x1=ox+(radius+line)*Math.cos(lineAngle),//圆弧上线与圆相交点的x坐标
                         y1=oy+(radius+line)*Math.sin(lineAngle),//圆弧上线与圆相交点的y坐标
                         x2=x1,//转折点的x坐标
                         y2=y1,
                         linePadding=ctx.measureText(dataArr[n][2]).width+10; //获取文本长度来确定折线的长度
                         
                         ctx.moveTo(x0,y0);
                         //对x1/y1进行处理,来实现折线的运动
                         yMove = y0+(y1-y0)*ctr/numctr;
                         ctx.lineTo(x1,yMove);
                         if(x1<=x0){
                             x2 -= line;
                             ctx.textAlign="right";
                             ctx.lineTo(x2-linePadding,yMove);
                            ctx.fillText(dataArr[n][2],x2-textPadding-textMoveDis*(numctr-ctr)/numctr,y2-textPadding);
                         }else{
                             x2 += line;
                             ctx.textAlign="left";
                             ctx.lineTo(x2+linePadding,yMove);
                            ctx.fillText(dataArr[n][2],x2+textPadding+textMoveDis*(numctr-ctr)/numctr,y2-textPadding);
                         }
                         
                        ctx.stroke();
                        
                }
                
                
                
                //设置旋转
                ctx.save();
                ctx.translate(ox, oy);
                ctx.rotate((Math.PI*2/numctr)*ctr/2);
                
                //绘制一个圆圈
                ctx.strokeStyle = "rgba(0,0,0,"+ 0.5*ctr/numctr +")"
                ctx.beginPath();
                ctx.arc(0, 0 ,(radius+20)*ctr/numctr, 0, Math.PI*2, false);
                ctx.stroke();
                
                for (var j = 0; j < dataArr.length; j++){
                    
                    //绘制饼图
                    endAngle = endAngle + new_data_arr[j]* ctr/numctr * Math.PI * 2; //结束弧度
                    
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.moveTo(0,0); //移动到到圆心
                    ctx.arc(0, 0, radius*ctr/numctr, startAngle, endAngle, false); //绘制圆弧
                    
                    ctx.fillStyle = dataArr[j][1];
                    if(mouseMove && ctx.isPointInPath(mousePosition.x*2, mousePosition.y*2)){
                        ctx.globalAlpha = 0.8;
                    }
                    
                      ctx.closePath();
                      ctx.fill();
                    ctx.globalAlpha = 1;
                    
                    startAngle = endAngle; //设置起始弧度
                    if( j == dataArr.length-1 ){
                        startAngle = endAngle = 90*Math.PI/180; //起始弧度 结束弧度
                    }
                }
                
                ctx.restore();
                    
                if(ctr<numctr){
                    ctr++;
                    setTimeout(function(){
                        //ctx.clearRect(-canvas.width,-canvas.width,canvas.width*2, canvas.height*2);
                        ctx.clearRect(-canvas.width, -canvas.height,canvas.width*2, canvas.height*2);
                        drawMarkers();
                        pieDraw();
                    }, speed*=1.085);
                }
            }



 

 --监听鼠标移动,以实现移动到当前项作颜色变化(接着上一步的代码写在 goChart方法中 )

 



//监听鼠标移动
            var mouseTimer = null;
            canvas.addEventListener("mousemove",function(e){
                e = e || window.event;
                if( e.offsetX || e.offsetX==0 ){
                    mousePosition.x = e.offsetX;
                    mousePosition.y = e.offsetY;
                }else if( e.layerX || e.layerX==0 ){
                    mousePosition.x = e.layerX;
                    mousePosition.y = e.layerY;
                }
                
                clearTimeout(mouseTimer);
                mouseTimer = setTimeout(function(){
                    ctx.clearRect(0,0,canvas.width, canvas.height);
                    drawMarkers();
                    pieDraw(true);
                },10);
            });



 

 

--这样我们整个代码就编写完成了

全部代码如下:



<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en">
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title></title>
    <style>
        canvas{
            border: 1px solid #A4E2F9;
        }
    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <div height="400" width="600" style="margin:50px">
        <canvas id="chart"> 你的浏览器不支持HTML5 canvas </canvas>
    </div>
    
    <script type="text/javascript">
        function goChart(dataArr){
            
            // 声明所需变量
            var canvas,ctx;
            // 图表属性
            var cWidth, cHeight, cMargin, cSpace;
            // 饼状图属性
            var radius,ox,oy;//半径 圆心
            var tWidth, tHeight;//图例宽高
            var posX, posY, textX, textY;
            var startAngle, endAngle;
            var totleNb;
            // 运动相关变量
            var ctr, numctr, speed;
            //鼠标移动
            var mousePosition = {};
            
            //线条和文字
            var lineStartAngle,line,textPadding,textMoveDis;
        
            // 获得canvas上下文
            canvas = document.getElementById("chart");
            if(canvas && canvas.getContext){
                ctx = canvas.getContext("2d");
            }
            initChart(); 
            
            // 图表初始化
            function initChart(){
                // 图表信息
                cMargin = 20;
                cSpace = 40;
                
                canvas.width = canvas.parentNode.getAttribute("width")* 2 ;
                canvas.height = canvas.parentNode.getAttribute("height")* 2;
                canvas.style.height = canvas.height/2 + "px";
                canvas.style.width = canvas.width/2 + "px";
                cHeight = canvas.height - cMargin*2;
                cWidth = canvas.width - cMargin*2;
        
                //饼状图信息
                radius = cHeight*2/6;  //半径  高度的2/6
                ox = canvas.width/2 + cSpace;  //圆心
                oy = canvas.height/2;
                tWidth = 60; //图例宽和高
                tHeight = 20; 
                posX = cMargin;
                posY = cMargin;   //
                textX = posX + tWidth + 15
                textY = posY + 18;
                startAngle = endAngle = 90*Math.PI/180; //起始弧度 结束弧度
                rotateAngle = 0; //整体旋转的弧度
    
                //将传入的数据转化百分比
                totleNb = 0;
                new_data_arr = [];
                for (var i = 0; i < dataArr.length; i++){
                    totleNb += dataArr[i][0];
                }
                for (var i = 0; i < dataArr.length; i++){
                    new_data_arr.push( dataArr[i][0]/totleNb );
                }
                totalYNomber = 10;
                // 运动相关
                ctr = 1;//初始步骤
                numctr = 50;//步骤
                speed = 1.2; //毫秒 timer速度
                
                //指示线 和 文字
                lineStartAngle = -startAngle;
                line=40;         //画线的时候超出半径的一段线长
                textPadding=10;  //文字与线之间的间距
                textMoveDis = 200; //文字运动开始的间距
            }
        
            drawMarkers();
            //绘制比例图及文字
            function drawMarkers(){
                ctx.textAlign="left";
                for (var i = 0; i < dataArr.length; i++){
                    //绘制比例图及文字
                    ctx.fillStyle = dataArr[i][1];
                    ctx.fillRect(posX, posY + 40 * i, tWidth, tHeight);
                    ctx.moveTo(posX, posY + 40 * i);
                    ctx.font = 'normal 24px 微软雅黑';    //斜体 30像素 微软雅黑字体
                    ctx.fillStyle = dataArr[i][1]; //"#000000";
                    var percent = dataArr[i][2] + ":" + parseInt(100 * new_data_arr[i]) + "%";
                    ctx.fillText(percent, textX, textY + 40 * i);
                }
            };
            
            //绘制动画
            pieDraw();
            function pieDraw(mouseMove){
                
                for (var n = 0; n < dataArr.length; n++){
                    ctx.fillStyle = ctx.strokeStyle = dataArr[n][1];
                    ctx.lineWidth=1;
                    var step = new_data_arr[n]* Math.PI * 2; //旋转弧度
                    var lineAngle = lineStartAngle+step/2;   //计算线的角度
                    lineStartAngle += step;//结束弧度
                    
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    var  x0=ox+radius*Math.cos(lineAngle),//圆弧上线与圆相交点的x坐标
                         y0=oy+radius*Math.sin(lineAngle),//圆弧上线与圆相交点的y坐标
                         x1=ox+(radius+line)*Math.cos(lineAngle),//圆弧上线与圆相交点的x坐标
                         y1=oy+(radius+line)*Math.sin(lineAngle),//圆弧上线与圆相交点的y坐标
                         x2=x1,//转折点的x坐标
                         y2=y1,
                         linePadding=ctx.measureText(dataArr[n][2]).width+10; //获取文本长度来确定折线的长度
                         
                         ctx.moveTo(x0,y0);
                         //对x1/y1进行处理,来实现折线的运动
                         yMove = y0+(y1-y0)*ctr/numctr;
                         ctx.lineTo(x1,yMove);
                         if(x1<=x0){
                             x2 -= line;
                             ctx.textAlign="right";
                             ctx.lineTo(x2-linePadding,yMove);
                            ctx.fillText(dataArr[n][2],x2-textPadding-textMoveDis*(numctr-ctr)/numctr,y2-textPadding);
                         }else{
                             x2 += line;
                             ctx.textAlign="left";
                             ctx.lineTo(x2+linePadding,yMove);
                            ctx.fillText(dataArr[n][2],x2+textPadding+textMoveDis*(numctr-ctr)/numctr,y2-textPadding);
                         }
                         
                        ctx.stroke();
                        
                }
                
                //设置旋转
                ctx.save();
                ctx.translate(ox, oy);
                ctx.rotate((Math.PI*2/numctr)*ctr/2);
                
                //绘制一个圆圈
                ctx.strokeStyle = "rgba(0,0,0,"+ 0.5*ctr/numctr +")"
                ctx.beginPath();
                ctx.arc(0, 0 ,(radius+20)*ctr/numctr, 0, Math.PI*2, false);
                ctx.stroke();
                
                for (var j = 0; j < dataArr.length; j++){
                    
                    //绘制饼图
                    endAngle = endAngle + new_data_arr[j]* ctr/numctr * Math.PI * 2; //结束弧度
                    
                    ctx.beginPath();
                    ctx.moveTo(0,0); //移动到到圆心
                    ctx.arc(0, 0, radius*ctr/numctr, startAngle, endAngle, false); //绘制圆弧
                    
                    ctx.fillStyle = dataArr[j][1];
                    if(mouseMove && ctx.isPointInPath(mousePosition.x*2, mousePosition.y*2)){
                        ctx.globalAlpha = 0.8;
                    }
                    
                      ctx.closePath();
                      ctx.fill();
                    ctx.globalAlpha = 1;
                    
                    startAngle = endAngle; //设置起始弧度
                    if( j == dataArr.length-1 ){
                        startAngle = endAngle = 90*Math.PI/180; //起始弧度 结束弧度
                    }
                }
                
                ctx.restore();
                    
                if(ctr<numctr){
                    ctr++;
                    setTimeout(function(){
                        //ctx.clearRect(-canvas.width,-canvas.width,canvas.width*2, canvas.height*2);
                        ctx.clearRect(-canvas.width, -canvas.height,canvas.width*2, canvas.height*2);
                        drawMarkers();
                        pieDraw();
                    }, speed*=1.085);
                }
            }
            
            //监听鼠标移动
            var mouseTimer = null;
            canvas.addEventListener("mousemove",function(e){
                e = e || window.event;
                if( e.offsetX || e.offsetX==0 ){
                    mousePosition.x = e.offsetX;
                    mousePosition.y = e.offsetY;
                }else if( e.layerX || e.layerX==0 ){
                    mousePosition.x = e.layerX;
                    mousePosition.y = e.layerY;
                }
                
                clearTimeout(mouseTimer);
                mouseTimer = setTimeout(function(){
                    ctx.clearRect(0,0,canvas.width, canvas.height);
                    drawMarkers();
                    pieDraw(true);
                },10);
            });
            
        }
        
        var chartData = [[50,"#2dc6c8","瓜子"], [100,"#b6a2dd", "花生"], [200,"#5ab1ee","土豆"], [700,"#d7797f","南瓜四号"]];
        
        goChart(chartData);


    </script>
</body>
</html>



 

 

 

 

好了,今天就讲到这里,希望大家把代码都自己敲一遍。