在模式识别中一个最基本的方法,就是模板匹配法(template matching),它基本上是一种统计识别方法。 为了在图像中检测出已知形状的目标物,我们使用这个目标物的形状模板(或窗口)与图像匹配,在约定的某种准则下检测出目标物图像,通常称其为模板匹配法。它能检测出图像中上线条、曲线、图案等等。它的应用包括:目标模板与侦察图像相匹配;文字识别和语音识别等。
原理我们采用以下的算式来衡量模板T(m,n)与所覆盖的子图Sij(i,j)的关系,已知原始图像S(W,H),如图所示:
利用以下公式衡量它们的相似性:
上述公式中第一项为子图的能量,第三项为模板的能量,都和模板匹配无关。第二项是模板和子图的互为相关,随(i,j)而改变。当模板和子图匹配时,该项由最大值。在将其归一化后,得到模板匹配的相关系数:
当模板和子图完全一样时,相关系数R(i,j) = 1。在被搜索图S中完成全部搜索后,找出R的最大值Rmax(im,jm),其对应的子图Simjm即位匹配目标。显然,用这种公式做图像匹配计算量大、速度慢。我们可以使用另外一种算法来衡量T和Sij的误差,其公式为:
计算两个图像的向量误差,可以增加计算速度,根据不同的匹配方向选取一个误差阀值E0,当E(i,j)>E0时就停止该点的计算,继续下一点的计算。
最终的实验证明,被搜索的图像越大,匹配的速度越慢;模板越小,匹配的速度越快;阀值的大小对匹配速度影响大;
改进的模板匹配算法
将一次的模板匹配过程更改为两次匹配;
第一次匹配为粗略匹配。取模板的隔行隔列数据,即1/4的模板数据,在被搜索土上进行隔行隔列匹配,即在原图的1/4范围内匹配。由于数据量大幅减少,匹配速度显著提高。同时需要设计一个合理的误差阀值E0:
E0 = e0 * (m + 1) / 2 * (n + 1) / 2
式中:e0为各点平均的最大误差,一般取40~50即可;
m,n为模板的长宽;
第二次匹配是精确匹配。在第一次误差最小点(imin, jmin)的邻域内,即在对角点为(imin -1, jmin -1), (Imin + 1, jmin + 1)的矩形内,进行搜索匹配,得到最后结果。
流程图算法实现的关键问题是进行匹配,求最小距离,其解决方法是和训练集的样品逐一进行距离的计算,最后找出最相邻的样品得到类别号。
function varargout = IdentifyEnglish(varargin) % IDENTIFYENGLISH MATLAB code for IdentifyEnglish.fig % IDENTIFYENGLISH, by itself, creates a new IDENTIFYENGLISH or raises the existing % singleton*. % % H = IDENTIFYENGLISH returns the handle to a new IDENTIFYENGLISH or the handle to % the existing singleton*. % % IDENTIFYENGLISH('CALLBACK',hObject,eventData,handles,...) calls the local % function named CALLBACK in IDENTIFYENGLISH.M with the given input arguments. % % IDENTIFYENGLISH('Property','Value',...) creates a new IDENTIFYENGLISH or raises the % existing singleton*. Starting from the left, property value pairs are % applied to the GUI before IdentifyEnglish_OpeningFcn gets called. An % unrecognized property name or invalid value makes property application % stop. All inputs are passed to IdentifyEnglish_OpeningFcn via varargin. % % *See GUI Options on GUIDE's Tools menu. Choose "GUI allows only one % instance to run (singleton)". % % See also: GUIDE, GUIDATA, GUIHANDLES % Edit the above text to modify the response to help IdentifyEnglish % Last Modified by GUIDE v2.5 05-May-2019 16:46:08 % Begin initialization code - DO NOT EDIT gui_Singleton = 1; gui_State = struct('gui_Name', mfilename, ... 'gui_Singleton', gui_Singleton, ... 'gui_OpeningFcn', @IdentifyEnglish_OpeningFcn, ... 'gui_OutputFcn', @IdentifyEnglish_OutputFcn, ... 'gui_LayoutFcn', [] , ... 'gui_Callback', []); if nargin && ischar(varargin{1}) gui_State.gui_Callback = str2func(varargin{1}); end if nargout [varargout{1:nargout}] = gui_mainfcn(gui_State, varargin{:}); else gui_mainfcn(gui_State, varargin{:}); end % End initialization code - DO NOT EDIT % --- Executes just before IdentifyEnglish is made visible. function IdentifyEnglish_OpeningFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles, varargin) % This function has no output args, see OutputFcn. % hObject handle to figure % eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB % handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA) % varargin command line arguments to IdentifyEnglish (see VARARGIN) % Choose default command line output for IdentifyEnglish handles.output = hObject; % Update handles structure guidata(hObject, handles); % UIWAIT makes IdentifyEnglish wait for user response (see UIRESUME) % uiwait(handles.figure1); axis([0 240 0 240]); % --- Outputs from this function are returned to the command line. function varargout = IdentifyEnglish_OutputFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles) % varargout cell array for returning output args (see VARARGOUT); % hObject handle to figure % eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB % handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA) % Get default command line output from handles structure varargout{1} = handles.output; clc; % --- Executes on button press in pushbuttonSave. function pushbuttonSave_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles) % hObject handle to pushbuttonSave (see GCBO) % eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB % handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA) [f, p] = uiputfile({'*.bmp'},'save image file');%打开用于保存文件的对话框 str = strcat(p,f); %连接两个字符串(把路径和文件串联起来) px = getframe(handles.axes1);%使用 getframe 来将图像捕获为影片帧。 CurImg = frame2im(px);%然后,frame2im将捕获的影片帧转换为图像数据。 imwrite(CurImg,str,'bmp'); % --- Executes on mouse press over figure background, over a disabled or % --- inactive control, or over an axes background. function figure1_WindowButtonDownFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles) % hObject handle to figure1 (see GCBO) % eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB % handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA) global ButtonDown pos1 if strcmp(get(gcf,'SelectionType'),'normal') ButtonDown = 1; pos1 = get(handles.axes1,'CurrentPoint'); % disp(pos1); end % --- Executes on mouse motion over figure - except title and menu. function figure1_WindowButtonMotionFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles) % hObject handle to figure1 (see GCBO) % eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB % handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA) global ButtonDown pos1 if(ButtonDown == 1) pos = get(handles.axes1,'CurrentPoint'); line([pos1(1,1) pos(1,1)],[pos1(1,2) pos(1,2)],'LineStyle','-','LineWidth',8,'color','black','marker','.','markerSize',25); pos1 = pos; end % --- Executes on mouse press over figure background, over a disabled or % --- inactive control, or over an axes background. function figure1_WindowButtonUpFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles) % hObject handle to figure1 (see GCBO) % eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB % handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA) global ButtonDown ButtonDown = 0; % --- Executes on button press in pushbuttonClear. function pushbuttonClear_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles) % hObject handle to pushbuttonClear (see GCBO) % eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB % handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA) cla; % --- Executes on button press in pushbuttonIdentify. function pushbuttonIdentify_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles) % hObject handle to pushbuttonIdentify (see GCBO) % eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB % handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA) strSample = 'pattern.mat'; px = getframe(handles.axes1); CurImg = frame2im(px); %figure; imshow(CurImg); CurFea = GetFeature(CurImg);%把CurImg属性改成为5x5 load('pattern.mat'); label = Identify(pattern,CurFea); % msgbox(['字母识别为: ' label],'msg'); str = ['字母识别为:',label]; f = warndlg(str,'字母识别结果');