Closes file associated with stream, then opens file filename with specified mode and associates it with stream. Returns stream or NULL on error.

int fflush(FILE* stream);

Flushes stream stream and returns zero on success or EOF on error. Effect undefined for input stream. fflush(NULL) flushes all output streams.

int fclose(FILE* stream);

Closes stream stream (after flushing, if output stream). Returns EOF on error, zero otherwise.

int remove(const char* filename);

Removes specified file. Returns non-zero on failure.

int rename(const char* oldname, const char* newname);

Changes name of file oldname to newname. Returns non-zero on failure.

FILE* tmpfile();

Creates temporary file (mode "wb+") which will be removed when closed or on normal program termination. Returns stream or NULL on failure.

char* tmpnam(char s[L_tmpnam]);

Assigns to s (if s non-null) and returns unique name for a temporary file. Unique name is returned for each of the first TMP_MAX invocations.

int setvbuf(FILE* stream, char* buf, int mode, size_t size);

Controls buffering for stream stream. mode is _IOFBF for full buffering, _IOLBF for line buffering, _IONBF for no buffering. Non-null buf specifies buffer of size size to be used; otherwise, a buffer is allocated. Returns non-zero on error. Call must be before any other operation on stream.

void setbuf(FILE* stream, char* buf);

Controls buffering for stream stream. For null buf, turns off buffering, otherwise equivalent to (void)setvbuf(stream, buf, _IOFBF, BUFSIZ).

int fprintf(FILE* stream, const char* format, ...);

Converts (according to format format) and writes output to stream stream. Number of characters written, or negative value on error, is returned. Conversion specifications consist of:

%
(optional) flag:

-
left adjust
+
always sign
space
space if no sign
0
zero pad
#
Alternate form: for conversion character o, first digit will be zero, for [xX], prefix 0x or 0X to non-zero value, for [eEfgG], always decimal point, for [gG] trailing zeros not removed.
(optional) minimum width: if specified as *, value taken from next argument (which must be int).
(optional) . (separating width from precision):
(optional) precision: for conversion character s, maximum characters to be printed from the string, for [eEf], digits after decimal point, for [gG], significant digits, for an integer, minimum number of digits to be printed. If specified as *, value taken from next argument (which must be int).
(optional) length modifier:

h
short or unsigned short
l
long or unsigned long
L
long double
conversion character:

d,i
int argument, printed in signed decimal notation
o
int argument, printed in unsigned octal notation
x,X
int argument, printed in unsigned hexadecimal notation
u
int argument, printed in unsigned decimal notation
c
int argument, printed as single character
s
char* argument
f
double argument, printed with format [-]mmm.ddd
e,E
double argument, printed with format [-]m.dddddd(e|E)(+|-)xx
g,G
double argument
p
void* argument, printed as pointer
n
int* argument : the number of characters written to this point is written into argument
%
no argument; prints %

int printf(const char* format, ...);

printf(f, ...) is equivalent to fprintf(stdout, f, ...)

int sprintf(char* s, const char* format, ...);

Like fprintf, but output written into string s, which must be large enough to hold the output, rather than to a stream. Output is NUL-terminated. Returns length (excluding the terminating NUL).

int vfprintf(FILE* stream, const char* format, va_list arg);

Equivalent to fprintf with variable argument list replaced by arg, which must have been initialised by the va_start macro (and may have been used in calls to va_arg).

int vprintf(const char* format, va_list arg);

Equivalent to printf with variable argument list replaced by arg, which must have been initialised by the va_start macro (and may have been used in calls to va_arg).

int vsprintf(char* s, const char* format, va_list arg);

Equivalent to sprintf with variable argument list replaced by arg, which must have been initialised by the va_start macro (and may have been used in calls to va_arg).

int fscanf(FILE* stream, const char* format, ...);

Performs formatted input conversion, reading from stream stream according to format format. The function returns when format is fully processed. Returns number of items converted and assigned, or EOF if end-of-file or error occurs before any conversion. Each of the arguments following format must be a pointer. Format string may contain:

blanks and tabs, which are ignored
ordinary characters, which are expected to match next non-white-space of input
conversion specifications, consisting of:
- %
- (optional) assignment suppression character "*"
- (optional) maximum field width
- (optional) target width indicator:
  
  h
  argument is pointer to short rather than int
  l
  argument is pointer to long rather than int, or double rather than float
  L
  argument is pointer to long double rather than float
- conversion character:
  
  d
  decimal integer; int* parameter required
  i
  integer; int* parameter required; decimal, octal or hex
  o
  octal integer; int* parameter required
  u
  unsigned decimal integer; unsigned int* parameter required
  x
  hexadecimal integer; int* parameter required
  c
  characters; char* parameter required; white-space is not skipped, and NUL-termination is not performed
  s
  string of non-white-space; char* parameter required; string is NUL-terminated
  e,f,g
  floating-point number; float* parameter required
  p
  pointer value; void* parameter required
  n
  chars read so far; int* parameter required
  [...]
  longest non-empty string from specified set; char* parameter required; string is NUL-terminated
  [^...]
  longest non-empty string not from specified set; char* parameter required; string is NUL-terminated
  %
  literal %; no assignment

int scanf(const char* format, ...);

scanf(f, ...) is equivalent to fscanf(stdin, f, ...)

int sscanf(char* s, const char* format, ...);

Like fscanf, but input read from string s.

int fgetc(FILE* stream);

Returns next character from (input) stream stream, or EOF on end-of-file or error.

char* fgets(char* s, int n, FILE* stream);

Copies characters from (input) stream stream to s, stopping when n-1 characters copied, newline copied, end-of-file reached or error occurs. If no error, s is NUL-terminated. Returns NULL on end-of-file or error, s otherwise.

int fputc(int c, FILE* stream);

Writes c, to stream stream. Returns c, or EOF on error.

char* fputs(const char* s, FILE* stream);

Writes s, to (output) stream stream. Returns non-negative on success or EOF on error.

int getc(FILE* stream);

Equivalent to fgetc except that it may be a macro.

int getchar(void);

Equivalent to getc(stdin).

char* gets(char* s);

Copies characters from stdin into s until newline encountered, end-of-file reached, or error occurs. Does not copy newline. NUL-terminates s. Returns s, or NULL on end-of-file or error. Should not be used because of the potential for buffer overflow.

int putc(int c, FILE* stream);

Equivalent to fputc except that it may be a macro.

int putchar(int c);

putchar(c) is equivalent to putc(c, stdout).

int puts(const char* s);

Writes s (excluding terminating NUL) and a newline to stdout. Returns non-negative on success, EOF on error.

int ungetc(int c, FILE* stream);

Pushes c (which must not be EOF), onto (input) stream stream such that it will be returned by the next read. Only one character of pushback is guaranteed (for each stream). Returns c, or EOF on error.

size_t fread(void* ptr, size_t size, size_t nobj, FILE* stream);

Reads (at most) nobj objects of size size from stream stream into ptr and returns number of objects read. (feof and ferror can be used to check status.)

size_t fwrite(const void* ptr, size_t size, size_t nobj, FILE* stream);

Writes to stream stream, nobj objects of size size from array ptr. Returns number of objects written.

int fseek(FILE* stream, long offset, int origin);

Sets file position for stream stream and clears end-of-file indicator. For a binary stream, file position is set to offset bytes from the position indicated by origin: beginning of file for SEEK_SET, current position for SEEK_CUR, or end of file for SEEK_END. Behaviour is similar for a text stream, but offset must be zero or, for SEEK_SET only, a value returned by ftell. Returns non-zero on error.

long ftell(FILE* stream);

Returns current file position for stream stream, or -1 on error.

void rewind(FILE* stream);

Equivalent to fseek(stream, 0L, SEEK_SET); clearerr(stream).

int fgetpos(FILE* stream, fpos_t* ptr);

Stores current file position for stream stream in *ptr. Returns non-zero on error.

int fsetpos(FILE* stream, const fpos_t* ptr);

Sets current position of stream stream to *ptr. Returns non-zero on error.

void clearerr(FILE* stream);

Clears end-of-file and error indicators for stream stream.

int feof(FILE* stream);

Returns non-zero if end-of-file indicator is set for stream stream.

int ferror(FILE* stream);

Returns non-zero if error indicator is set for stream stream.

void perror(const char* s);

Prints s (if non-null) and strerror(errno) to standard error as would:

fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s\n", (s != NULL ? s : ""), strerror(errno))

[Contents]

<stdlib.h>

EXIT_FAILURE

Value for status argument to exit indicating failure.

EXIT_SUCCESS

Value for status argument to exit indicating success.

RAND_MAX

Maximum value returned by rand().

NULL

Null pointer constant.

div_t

Return type of div(). Structure having members:

int quot;: quotient
int rem;: remainder

ldiv_t

Return type of ldiv(). Structure having members:

long quot;: quotient
long rem;: remainder

size_t

Type for objects declared to store result of sizeof operator.

int abs(int n);

long labs(long n);

Returns absolute value of n.

div_t div(int num, int denom);

ldiv_t ldiv(long num, long denom);

Returns quotient and remainder of num/denom.

double atof(const char* s);

Equivalent to strtod(s, (char**)NULL) except that errno is not necessarily set on conversion error.

int atoi(const char* s);

Equivalent to (int)strtol(s, (char**)NULL, 10) except that errno is not necessarily set on conversion error.

long atol(const char* s);

Equivalent to strtol(s, (char**)NULL, 10) except that errno is not necessarily set on conversion error.

double strtod(const char* s, char** endp);

Converts initial characters (ignoring leading white space) of s to type double. If endp non-null, stores pointer to unconverted suffix in *endp. On overflow, sets errno to ERANGE and returns HUGE_VAL with the appropriate sign; on underflow, sets errno to ERANGE and returns zero; otherwise returns converted value.

long strtol(const char* s, char** endp, int base);

Converts initial characters (ignoring leading white space) of s to type long. If endp non-nu ll, stores pointer to unconverted suffix in *endp. If base between 2 and 36, that base used for conversion; if zero, leading (after any sign) 0X or 0x implies hexadecimal, leading 0 (after any sign) implies octal, otherwise decimal assumed. Leading 0X or 0x permitted for base hexadecimal. On overflow, sets errno to ERANGE and returns LONG_MAX or LONG_MIN (as appropriate for sign); otherwise returns converted value.

unsigned long strtoul(const char* s, char** endp, int base);

As for strtol except result is unsigned long and value on overflow is ULONG_MAX.

void* calloc(size_t nobj, size_t size);

Returns pointer to zero-initialised newly-allocated space for an array of nobj objects each of size size, or NULL on error.

void* malloc(size_t size);

Returns pointer to uninitialised newly-allocated space for an object of size size, or NULL on error.

void* realloc(void* p, size_t size);

Returns pointer to newly-allocated space for an object of size size, initialised, to minimum of old and new sizes, to existing contents of p (if non-null), or NULL on error. On success, old object deallocated, otherwise unchanged.

void free(void* p);

If p non-null, deallocates space to which it points.

void abort();

Terminates program abnormally, by calling raise(SIGABRT).

void exit(int status);

Terminates program normally. Functions installed using atexit are called (in reverse order to that in which installed), open files are flushed, open streams are closed and control is returned to environment. status is returned to environment in implementation-dependent manner. Zero or EXIT_SUCCESS indicates successful termination and EXIT_FAILURE indicates unsuccessful termination. Implementations may define other values.

int atexit(void (*fcm)(void));

Registers fcn to be called when program terminates normally (or when main returns). Returns non-zero on failure.

int system(const char* s);

If s is not NULL, passes s to environment for execution, and returns status reported by command processor; if s is NULL, non-zero returned if environment has a command processor.

char* getenv(const char* name);

Returns string associated with name name from implementation's environment, or NULL if no such string exists.

void* bsearch(const void* key, const void* base, size_t n, size_t size, int (*cmp)(const void* keyval, const void* datum));

Searches ordered array base (of n objects each of size size) for item matching key according to comparison function cmp. cmp must return negative value if first argument is less than second, zero if equal and positive if greater. Items of base are assumed to be in ascending order (according to cmp). Returns a pointer to an item matching key, or NULL if none found.

void qsort(void* base, size_t n, size_t size, int (*cmp)(const void*, const void*));

Arranges into ascending order array base (of n objects each of size size) according to comparison function cmp. cmp must return negative value if first argument is less than second, zero if equal and positive if greater.

int rand(void);

Returns pseudo-random number in range 0 to RAND_MAX.

void srand(unsigned int seed);

Uses seed as seed for new sequence of pseudo-random numbers. Initial seed is 1.

[Contents]

<string.h>

NULL: Null pointer constant.
size_t: Type for objects declared to store result of sizeof operator.
char* strcpy(char* s, const char* ct);: Copies ct to s including terminating NUL and returns s.
char* strncpy(char* s, const char* ct, size_t n);: Copies at most n characters of ct to s. Pads with NUL characters if ct is of length less than n. Note that this may leave s without NUL-termination. Return s.
char* strcat(char* s, const char* ct);: Concatenate ct to s and return s.
char* strncat(char* s, const char* ct, size_t n);: Concatenate at most n characters of ct to s. NUL-terminates s and return it.
int strcmp(const char* cs, const char* ct);: Compares cs with ct, returning negative value if cs<ct, zero if cs==ct, positive value if cs>ct.
int strncmp(const char* cs, const char* ct, size_t n);: Compares at most (the first) n characters of cs and ct, returning negative value if cs<ct, zero if cs==ct, positive value if cs>ct.
int strcoll(const char* cs, const char* ct);: Compares cs with ct according to locale, returning negative value if cs<ct, zero if cs==ct, positive value if cs>ct.
char* strchr(const char* cs, int c);: Returns pointer to first occurrence of c in cs, or NULL if not found.
char* strrchr(const char* cs, int c);: Returns pointer to last occurrence of c in cs, or NULL if not found.
size_t strspn(const char* cs, const char* ct);: Returns length of prefix of cs which consists of characters which are in ct.
size_t strcspn(const char* cs, const char* ct);: Returns length of prefix of cs which consists of characters which are not in ct.
char* strpbrk(const char* cs, const char* ct);: Returns pointer to first occurrence in cs of any character of ct, or NULL if none is found.
char* strstr(const char* cs, const char* ct);: Returns pointer to first occurrence of ct within cs, or NULL if none is found.
size_t strlen(const char* cs);: Returns length of cs.
char* strerror(int n);: Returns pointer to implementation-defined message string corresponding with error n.
char* strtok(char* s, const char* t);: Searches s for next token delimited by any character from ct. Non-NULL s indicates the first call of a sequence. If a token is found, it is NUL-terminated and returned, otherwise NULL is returned. ct need not be identical for each call in a sequence.
size_t strxfrm(char* s, const char* ct, size_t n);: Stores in s no more than n characters (including terminating NUL) of a string produced from ct according to a locale-specific transformation. Returns length of entire transformed string.
void* memcpy(void* s, const void* ct, size_t n);: Copies n characters from ct to s and returns s. s may be corrupted if objects overlap.
void* memmove(void* s, const void* ct, size_t n);: Copies n characters from ct to s and returns s. s will not be corrupted if objects overlap.
int memcmp(const void* cs, const void* ct, size_t n);: Compares at most (the first) n characters of cs and ct, returning negative value if cs<ct, zero if cs==ct, positive value if cs>ct.
void* memchr(const void* cs, int c, size_t n);: Returns pointer to first occurrence of c in first n characters of cs, or NULL if not found.
void* memset(void* s, int c, size_t n);: Replaces each of the first n characters of s by c and returns s.

[Contents]

<time.h>

CLOCKS_PER_SEC

The number of clock_t units per second.

NULL

Null pointer constant.

clock_t

An arithmetic type elapsed processor representing time.

time_t

An arithmetic type representing calendar time.

struct tm

Represents the components of calendar time:

int tm_sec;: seconds after the minute
int tm_min;: minutes after the hour
int tm_hour;: hours since midnight
int tm_mday;: day of the month
int tm_mon;: months since January
int tm_year;: years since 1900
int tm_wday;: days since Sunday
int tm_yday;: days since January 1
int tm_isdst;: Daylight Saving Time flag : is positive if DST is in effect, zero if not in effect, negative if information not known.

Implementations may change field order and include additional fields.

clock_t clock(void);

Returns elapsed processor time used by program or -1 if not available.

time_t time(time_t* tp);

Returns current calendar time or -1 if not available. If tp is non-NULL, return value is also assigned to *tp.

double difftime(time_t time2, time_t time1);

Returns the difference in seconds between time2 and time1.

time_t mktime(struct tm* tp);

If necessary, adjusts fields of *tp to fall withing normal ranges. Returns the corresponding calendar time, or -1 if it cannot be represented.

char* asctime(const struct tm* tp);

Returns the given time as a string of the form:
Sun Jan 3 13:08:42 1988\n\0

char* ctime(const time_t* tp);

Returns string equivalent to calendar time tp converted to local time. Equivalent to:
asctime(localtime(tp))

struct tm* gmtime(const time_t* tp);

Returns calendar time *tp converted to Coordinated Universal Time, or NULL if not available.

struct tm* localtime(const time_t* tp);

Returns calendar time *tp converted into local time.

size_t strftime(char* s, size_t smax, const char* fmt, const struct tm* tp);

Formats *tp into s according to fmt. Places no more than smax characters into s, and returns number of characters produced (excluding terminating NUL), or 0 if greater than smax. Formatting conversions (%c) are: