IPv6隧道
如上图所示，当两个IPv6网络需要通信时，如果中间需要穿越IPv4网络，而由于IPv4网络中只能识别IPv4包头，并不能为IPv6数据提供正确的路径传输，这时就需要在IPv4网络中为IPv6创建一条隧道，来提供IPv6在IPv4中的传递，这样的隧道，就是把IPv6的数据全部封装在IPv4中，将IPv4当作链路层来传递的隧道形式，称为覆盖型隧道（Overlay Tunnels ）。由于隧道是建立在IPv4基础上的，隧道又必须有起点和终点来明确隧道的路径，所以覆盖型隧道的起点和终点最好是使用IPv4地址，有时必须是IPv4地址，并且隧道在传输IPv6数据时，也应该在隧道的两端添加IPv6地址，来完成两端IPv6网络的通信。隧道的起点和终点必须同时支持IPv4和IPv6。
当前在IOS中支持的覆盖型隧道共有以下几中：
Manual
点对点，只传递IPv6数据包。
模式为：ipv6ip
Generic routing encapsulation (GRE)
点对点，可以传递多种协议。
模式为：gre ip
IPv4-compatible
点到多点的，思科不建议使用。
模式为：ipv6ip auto-tunnel
6to4
点到多点的，使用地址为2002::/16。
模式为：ipv6ip 6to4
Intra-Site Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol (ISATAP)
是点到多点的。
模式为：ipv6ip isatap
以上隧道中，所有隧道的源均为IPv4地址，但是只有点对点隧道的终点为IPv4地址,其它都不需要。更多的是，点对点隧道必须要有IPv6地址，点对点隧道如下图：
注：CCIE考试中，IPv6隧道的考点为Manual 类型的隧道。
配置IPv6隧道：
说明：原来R1上的IPv6网络无法与R2上的IPv6网络通信，通过配置IPv6隧道之后，在隧道与相应IPv6接口上启用IPv6路由协议，如OSPFv3，使得两端IPv6网络可以通信。
1.初始配置
（1）R1初始配置：
r1(config)#int f0/0
r1(config-if)#ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
r1(config-if)#exi
r1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 f0/0
r1(config)#
r1(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing
r1(config)#int loopback 0
r1(config-if)#ipv6 address 2011:1:1:11::1/64
（2）R2初始配置：
r2(config)#int f0/1
r2(config-if)#ip add 20.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
r2(config-if)#exit
r2(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 f0/0
r2(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing
r2(config)#int loopback 0
r2(config-if)#ipv6 address 2022:2:2:22::2/64
测试IPv4连通性：
r1#ping 20.1.1.1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 20.1.1.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 64/108/196 ms
r1#
说明：R1与R2之间的IPv4连通性正常。
2.配置Manual 类型的IPv6隧道
（1）在R1上配置IPv6隧道
说明：配置的IPv6隧道的类型为Manual 类型，即模式为ipv6ip
r1(config)#int tunnel 0
r1(config-if)#ipv6 address 2012:1:1:11::1/64
r1(config-if)#tunnel source f0/0
r1(config-if)#tunnel destination 20.1.1.1
r1(config-if)#tunnel mode ipv6ip
（2）在R2上配置IPv6隧道
r2(config)#int tunnel 0
r2(config-if)#ipv6 address 2012:1:1:11::2/64
r2(config-if)#tunnel source f0/0
r2(config-if)#tunnel destination 10.1.1.1
r2(config-if)#tunnel mode ipv6ip
(3)查看两端隧道情况
r1#sh ipv6 interface brief tunnel 0
Tunnel0 [up/up]
FE80::A01:101
2012:1:1:11::1
r1#
r2#show ipv6 interface brief tunnel 0
Tunnel0 [up/up]
FE80::1401:101
2012:1:1:11::2
r2#
（4）测试隧道连通性：
r1#ping 2012:1:1:11::2
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 2012:1:1:11::2, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 212/279/332 ms
r1#
说明：隧道通信正常。
3.配置IPv6路由协议
说明：在路由器之间启用IPv6路由协议，在隧道之上传递两端IPv6网络信息。
(1)在R1上配置OSPFv3
r1(config)#ipv6 router ospf 2
r1(config-rtr)#router-id 1.1.1.1
r1(config)#int loopback 0
r1(config-if)#ipv6 ospf network point-to-point
r1(config-if)#ipv6 ospf 2 area 0
r1(config)#int tunnel 0
r1(config-if)#ipv6 ospf 2 area 0
(2)在R2上配置OSPFv3
r2(config)#ipv6 router ospf 2
r2(config-rtr)#router-id 2.2.2.2
r2(config)#int loopback 0
r2(config-if)#ipv6 ospf network point-to-point
r2(config-if)#ipv6 ospf 2 area 0
r2(config)#int tunnel 0
r2(config-if)#ipv6 ospf 2 area 0
4.查看结果
（1）查看邻居状态
R1：
r1#show ipv6 ospf neighbor
Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Interface ID Interface
2.2.2.2 1 FULL/ - 00:00:31 14 Tunnel0
r1#
R2：
r2#show ipv6 ospf neighbor
Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Interface ID Interface
1.1.1.1 1 FULL/ - 00:00:38 14 Tunnel0
r2
说明：两端OSPFv3邻居正常。
（2）查看路由信息
R1：
r1#show ipv6 route ospf
IPv6 Routing Table - 7 entries
Codes: C - Connected, L - Local, S - Static, R - RIP, B - BGP
U - Per-user Static route
I1 - ISIS L1, I2 - ISIS L2, IA - ISIS interarea, IS - ISIS summary
O - OSPF intra, OI - OSPF inter, OE1 - OSPF ext 1, OE2 - OSPF ext 2
ON1 - OSPF NSSA ext 1, ON2 - OSPF NSSA ext 2
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external
O 2022:2:2:22::/64 [110/11112]
via FE80::1401:101, Tunnel0
r1#
R2：
r2#show ipv6 route ospf
IPv6 Routing Table - 7 entries
Codes: C - Connected, L - Local, S - Static, R - RIP, B - BGP
U - Per-user Static route
I1 - ISIS L1, I2 - ISIS L2, IA - ISIS interarea, IS - ISIS summary
O - OSPF intra, OI - OSPF inter, OE1 - OSPF ext 1, OE2 - OSPF ext 2
ON1 - OSPF NSSA ext 1, ON2 - OSPF NSSA ext 2
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external
O 2011:1:1:11::/64 [110/11112]
via FE80::A01:101, Tunnel0
r2#
说明：两端通过OSPFv3学习到的IPv6路由正常。
5.测试两端IPv6网络通信情况
（1）测试R1到R2端IPv6网络的通信情况
r1#ping 2022:2:2:22::2
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 2022:2:2:22::2, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 120/181/268 ms
r1#
说明：由于隧道成功建立，并且通过OSPFv3正常学习到路由，到对端IPv6网络通信正常。
（2）测试R2到R1端IPv6网络的通信情况
r2#ping 2011:1:1:11::1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 2011:1:1:11::1, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 88/164/284 ms
r2#
说明：由于隧道成功建立，并且通过OSPFv3正常学习到路由，到对端IPv6网络通信正常。
隧道借用地址
说明：在现有IPv4网络上创建覆盖型IPv6隧道，隧道的起点和终点都使用了IPv4地址来定义，然后要使隧道运行正常，使隧道具有路由协议的连接功能，需要赋予隧道两端IPv6地址，从而提供IPv6的连通性，而隧道两端的IPv6地址可以不属于同一网段，当然属于同一网段是最好的选择。无论隧道两端的IPv6地址是否属于同一网段，IPv6路由协议都是可以正常使用的。如果隧道两端的IPv6地址属于同一网段，那么一切正常，隧道两端的地址可以相互ping通，路由协议也无须更多操作，而当隧道两端的IPv6地址不属于同一网段时，那么两端的地址是无法ping通的，但IPv6路由协议可以照常使用，这时，路由协议需要将隧道的地址当作额外路由进行重新通告一次。
下面在创建隧道时，将隧道两端的IPv6地址改为无编号借用地址（unnumbered），这时两端地址不属于同网段，再使用IPv6路由协议连通两端IPv6网络。
1.初始配置
r1:
r1(config)#int f0/0
r1(config-if)#ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
r1(config-if)#exi
r1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 f0/0
r1(config)#
r1(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing
r1(config)#int loopback 0
r1(config-if)#ipv6 address 2011:1:1:11::1/64
R2
r2(config)#int f0/1
r2(config-if)#ip add 20.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
r2(config-if)#exit
r2(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 f0/0
r2(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing
r2(config)#int loopback 0
r2(config-if)#ipv6 address 2022:2:2:22::2/64
测试IPv4连通性：
r1#ping 20.1.1.1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 20.1.1.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 64/108/196 ms
r1#
说明：R1与R2之间的IPv4连通性正常。
2.配置unnumbered地址的IPv6隧道
（1）在R1上配置IPv6隧道
r1(config)#int tunnel 0
r1(config-if)#ipv6 unnumbered loopback 0
r1(config-if)#tunnel source f0/0
r1(config-if)#tunnel destination 20.1.1.1
r1(config-if)#tunnel mode ipv6ip
（2）在R2上配置IPv6隧道
r2(config)#int tunnel 0
r2(config-if)#ipv6 unnumbered loopback 0
r2(config-if)#tunnel source f0/0
r2(config-if)#tunnel destination 10.1.1.1
r2(config-if)#tunnel mode ipv6ip
(3)查看两端隧道情况
r1#show ipv6 interface brief tunnel 0
Tunnel10 [up/up]
FE80::A01:101
unnumbered (Loopback0)
r1#
r2#show ipv6 interface brief tunnel 0
Tunnel10 [up/up]
FE80::1401:101
unnumbered (Loopback0)
r2#
（4）测试隧道连通性：
r1#ping 2022:2:2:22::2
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 2022:2:2:22::2, timeout is 2 seconds:
.....
Success rate is 0 percent (0/5)
r1#
说明：由于隧道两端地址不属于同一网段，所以没有对端路由信息，无法ping通。
3.配置IPv6路由协议
(1)在R1上配置OSPFv3
r1(config)#ipv6 router ospf 10
r1(config-rtr)#router-id 1.1.1.1
r1(config)#int loopback 0
r1(config-if)#ipv6 ospf network point-to-point
r1(config-if)#ipv6 ospf 10 area 0
r1(config)#int tunnel 0
r1(config-if)#ipv6 ospf 10 area 0
(2)在R2上配置OSPFv3
r2(config)#ipv6 router ospf 10
r2(config-rtr)#router-id 2.2.2.2
r2(config)#int loopback 0
r2(config-if)#ipv6 ospf network point-to-p
r2(config-if)#ipv6 ospf 10 area 0
r2(config)#int tunnel 10
r2(config-if)#ipv6 ospf 10 area 0
4.查看结果
（1）查看邻居状态
r1#show ipv6 ospf neighbor
Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Interface ID Interface
2.2.2.2 1 FULL/ - 00:00:37 15 Tunnel10
r1#
r2#show ipv6 ospf neighbor
Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Interface ID Interface
1.1.1.1 1 FULL/ - 00:00:36 15 Tunnel10
r2#
说明：两端OSPFv3邻居正常。
（2）查看路由信息
R1：
r1#show ipv6 route ospf
IPv6 Routing Table - 7 entries
Codes: C - Connected, L - Local, S - Static, R - RIP, B - BGP
U - Per-user Static route
I1 - ISIS L1, I2 - ISIS L2, IA - ISIS interarea, IS - ISIS summary
O - OSPF intra, OI - OSPF inter, OE1 - OSPF ext 1, OE2 - OSPF ext 2
ON1 - OSPF NSSA ext 1, ON2 - OSPF NSSA ext 2
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external
O 2022:2:2:22::/64 [110/11112]
via FE80::1401:101, Tunnel10
r1#
R2：
r2#show ipv6 route ospf
IPv6 Routing Table - 7 entries
Codes: C - Connected, L - Local, S - Static, R - RIP, B - BGP
U - Per-user Static route
I1 - ISIS L1, I2 - ISIS L2, IA - ISIS interarea, IS - ISIS summary
O - OSPF intra, OI - OSPF inter, OE1 - OSPF ext 1, OE2 - OSPF ext 2
ON1 - OSPF NSSA ext 1, ON2 - OSPF NSSA ext 2
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external
O 2011:1:1:11::/64 [110/11112]
via FE80::A01:101, Tunnel10
r2#
说明：两端通过OSPFv3学习到的IPv6路由正常。
5.测试两端IPv6网络通信情况
r1#ping 2022:2:2:22::2
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 2022:2:2:22::2, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 120/181/268 ms
r1#
说明：由于隧道成功建立，并且通过OSPFv3正常学习到路由，到对端IPv6网络通信正常。
（2）测试R2到R1端IPv6网络的通信情况
r2#ping 2011:1:1:11::1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 2011:1:1:11::1, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 88/164/284 ms
r2#
说明：由于隧道成功建立，并且通过OSPFv3正常学习到路由，到对端IPv6网络通信正常。
IPv6组播
概述
在理解IPv6组播之前，必须了解IPv4组播，了解IPv4 PIM，了解IGMP，这些知识在本篇不再详细讲述，相关详细内容，请参见IPv4 组播部分。
要启用IPv6组播，必须先开IPv6单播。
IPv6组播地址：
IPv6组播地址的范围是FF00::/8 (1111 1111)。
因为一个正常的IPv6地址包含128位，在IPv6组播地址中，第一段共16位的格式被拆分成三部分：第一部分共8位，全部为1，即使用FF来表示。第二部分共4位，表示组播地址的存活期，如果为0表示永久，如果为1表示临时。第三部分共4位，表示组播地址的范围，分为node, link, site, organization,global分别表示为1, 2, 5, 8,E，除了此五种以外，0和F为保留范围，而其它全部称为未分配，建议使用未分配的地址范围。组播地址的表示格式如下图：
在IPv6中没有广播地址，只有组播，所以使用组播代替广播。
无论是路由器还是主机，所有IPv6接口默认加入FF02::1 ，
而所有路由器的IPv6接口默认加入FF02::2。
MLD （Multicast Listener Discovery）
在IPv6组播中，MLD协议与IPv4组播中的IGMP协议功能相同，是用于发现接收者的协议。
路由器发送MLD查询消息来确认接收者，而主机发送MLD报告来加入一个组，主机可以在同一时间属于多个组。
MLD共有两个版本，ver1和ver2，
MLD ver 1是基于IPv4 IGMP v2
MLD ver 2是基于IPv4 IGMP v3
IOS同时使用两个。
PIM
IPv6 PIM的功能同IPv4 PIM，而IPv6 PIM只使用SM（稀疏）模式，所以网络中必须存在RP，而RP的位置可以通过静态配置和BSR通告两种方法确认。
在配置IPv6 PIM时，当开启IPv6组播功能后，所有正常启用IPv6功能的接口自动开启IPv6 PIM，所以IPv6 PIM无须手工配置；并且须明白DR在组播中的作用，详细内容请参见IPv4组播部分。
配置IPv6组播
1.初始配置
（1）R1初始配置：
r1(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing
r1(config)#ipv6 router ospf 10
r1(config-rtr)#router-id 1.1.1.1
r1(config)#int f0/0
r1(config-if)#ipv6 address 2012:1:1:11::1/64
r1(config-if)#ipv6 ospf 10 area 0
r1(config)#int loopback 0
r1(config-if)#ipv6 address 2011:1:1:11::1/64
r1(config-if)#ipv6 ospf network point-to-point
r1(config-if)#ipv6 ospf 10 area 0
（2）R2初始配置：
r2(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing
r2(config)#ipv6 router ospf 10
r2(config-rtr)#router-id 2.2.2.2
r2(config)#interface f0/0
r2(config-if)#ipv6 address 2012:1:1:11::2/64
r2(config-if)#ipv6 ospf 10 area 0
r2(config)#int loopback 0
r2(config-if)#ipv6 address 2022:2:2:22::2/64
r2(config-if)#ipv6 ospf network point-to-point
r2(config-if)#ipv6 ospf 10 area 0
r2(config)#int s0/0
r2(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay
r2(config-if)#no frame-relay inverse-arp
r2(config-if)#no arp frame-relay
r2(config-if)#ipv6 address 2023:1:1:11::2/64
r2(config-if)#frame-relay map ipv6 2023:1:1:11::3 203 broadcast
r2(config-if)#frame-relay map ipv6 FE80::213:1AFF:FE2F:380 203 broadcast
r2(config-if)#ipv6 ospf network point-to-point
r2(config-if)#ipv6 ospf 10 area 0
（3）R3初始配置：
r3(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing
r3(config)#ipv6 router ospf 10
r3(config-rtr)#router-id 3.3.3.3
r3(config)#interface loopback 0
r3(config-if)#ipv6 address 2033:3:3:33::3/64
r3(config-if)#ipv6 ospf network point-to-point
r3(config-if)#ipv6 ospf 10 area 0
r3(config)#int s0/0
r3(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay
r3(config-if)#no frame-relay inverse-arp
r3(config-if)#no arp frame-relay
r3(config-if)#ipv6 address 2023:1:1:11::3/64
r3(config-if)#frame-relay map ipv6 2023:1:1:11::2 302 broadcast
r3(config-if)#frame-relay map ipv6 FE80::213:1AFF:FE2F:1200 302 broadcast
r3(config-if)#ipv6 ospf network point-to-point
r3(config-if)#ipv6 ospf 10 area 0
2.开启IPv6组播
（1）在R1上开启IPv6组播
r1(config)#ipv6 multicast-routing
（2）在R2上开启IPv6组播
r2(config)#ipv6 multicast-routing
（3）在R3上开启IPv6组播
r3(config)#ipv6 multicast-routing
3.配置IPv6 PIM
说明：在配置IPv6 PIM时，当开启IPv6组播功能后，所有正常启用IPv6功能的接口自动开启IPv6 PIM，所以IPv6 PIM无须手工配置。
（1）查看R1上的PIM状态
r1#show ipv6 pim neighbor
Neighbor Address Interface Uptime Expires DR pri Bidir
FE80::213:1AFF:FE2F:1200 FastEthernet0/0 00:00:43 00:01:31 1 (DR) B
r1#
说明：由于IPv6单播和IPv6组播已正常开启，所以IPv6 PIM邻居也已经正常建立。
（2）查看R2上的PIM状态
r2#show ipv6 pim neighbor
Neighbor Address Interface Uptime Expires DR pri Bidir
FE80::212:D9FF:FEF9:C8A0 FastEthernet0/0 00:00:56 00:01:18 1 B
FE80::213:1AFF:FE2F:380 Serial0/0 00:00:55 00:01:28 10 (DR) B
r2#
说明：由于IPv6单播和IPv6组播已正常开启，所以IPv6 PIM邻居也已经正常建立。
（3）查看R3上的PIM状态
r3#show ipv6 pim neighbor
Neighbor Address Interface Uptime Expires DR pri Bidir
FE80::213:1AFF:FE2F:1200 Serial0/0 00:01:09 00:01:37 1 B
r3#
说明：由于IPv6单播和IPv6组播已正常开启，所以IPv6 PIM邻居也已经正常建立。
4.配置MLD
说明：因为MLD的功能同IGMP，所以配置的目的为加入某个组。
（1）在R1上配置加入组ff04::1
说明：建议使用未分配的组播地址范围。
r1(config)#interface loopback 0
r1(config-if)#ipv6 mld join-group ff04::1
5.配置静态RP
说明：静态配置所有设备的RP为R1的loopback 0
（1）在R1上配置静态RP
r1(config)#ipv6 pim rp-address 2011:1:1:11::1
（2）在R2上配置静态RP
r2(config)#ipv6 pim rp-address 2011:1:1:11::1
（3）在R3上配置静态RP
r3(config)#ipv6 pim rp-address 2011:1:1:11::1
6.查看结果
（1）查看R1上的RP情况
r1#show ipv6 pim group-map ff04::
FF00::/8*
SM, RP: 2011:1:1:11::1
RPF: Tu2,2011:1:1:11::1 (us)
Info source: Static
Uptime: 00:01:15, Groups: 1
r1#
说明：由于已手工配置RP，所以RP正常。
（2）查看R2上的RP情况
r2#show ipv6 pim group-map ff04::
FF00::/8*
SM, RP: 2011:1:1:11::1
RPF: Fa0/0,FE80::212:D9FF:FEF9:C8A0
Info source: Static
Uptime: 00:01:40, Groups: 0
r2#
说明：由于已手工配置RP，所以RP正常。
（3）查看R3上的RP情况
r3#show ipv6 pim group-map ff04::
FF00::/8*
SM, RP: 2011:1:1:11::1
RPF: Se0/0,FE80::213:1AFF:FE2F:1200
Info source: Static
Uptime: 00:01:41, Groups: 0
r3
说明：由于已手工配置RP，所以RP正常。
7.测试组播通信情况
（1）测试R1的组播通信情况
r1#ping ff04::1
Output Interface: Loopback0
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to FF04::1, timeout is 2 seconds:
Packet sent with a source address of 2011:1:1:11::1
Reply to request 0 received from 2011:1:1:11::1, 16 ms
Reply to request 1 received from 2011:1:1:11::1, 0 ms
Reply to request 2 received from 2011:1:1:11::1, 0 ms
Reply to request 3 received from 2011:1:1:11::1, 0 ms
Reply to request 4 received from 2011:1:1:11::1, 0 ms
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 0/3/16 ms
5 multicast replies and 0 errors.
r1#
说明：在测试组播时，出口必须全部写出。从结果中可以看出，由于PIM已成功建立，RP已正确学到，所以组播通信正常。
（2）测试R2的组播通信情况
r2#ping ff04::1
Output Interface: FastEthernet0/0
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to FF04::1, timeout is 2 seconds:
Packet sent with a source address of 2012:1:1:11::2
Reply to request 0 received from 2011:1:1:11::1, 4 ms
Reply to request 1 received from 2011:1:1:11::1, 0 ms
Reply to request 2 received from 2011:1:1:11::1, 0 ms
Reply to request 3 received from 2011:1:1:11::1, 0 ms
Reply to request 4 received from 2011:1:1:11::1, 0 ms
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 0/0/4 ms
5 multicast replies and 0 errors.
r2#
说明：从结果中可以看出，由于PIM已成功建立，RP已正确学到，所以组播通信正常。
（3）测试R3的组播通信情况
r3#ping ff04::1
Output Interface: Serial0/0
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to FF04::1, timeout is 2 seconds:
Packet sent with a source address of 2023:1:1:11::3
Request 0 timed out
Request 1 timed out
Request 2 timed out
Request 3 timed out
Request 4 timed out
Success rate is 0 percent (0/5)
0 multicast replies and 0 errors.
r3#
说明：R3的组播无法ping通，由于PIM的DR选举问题。原因请参见IPv4组播部分。
8.解决组播通信问题
说明：由于R3与R2之间为多路访问，DR位置错误，所以组播无法通信，切换DR位置以解决组播通信问题。
（1）改R2为网络中的DR
r2(config)#interface s0/0
r2(config-if)#ipv6 pim dr-priority 100
（2）查看当前网络中DR情况
r3#show ipv6 pim neighbor
Neighbor Address Interface Uptime Expires DR pri Bidir
FE80::213:1AFF:FE2F:1200 Serial0/0 00:10:02 00:01:24 100 (DR) B
r3#
说明：DR已成功变为R2。
（3）测试R3的组播通信情况
r3#ping ff04::1
Output Interface: Serial0/0
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to FF04::1, timeout is 2 seconds:
Packet sent with a source address of 2023:1:1:11::3
Reply to request 0 received from 2011:1:1:11::1, 68 ms
Reply to request 0 received from 2011:1:1:11::1, 80 ms
Reply to request 1 received from 2011:1:1:11::1, 64 ms
Reply to request 1 received from 2011:1:1:11::1, 76 ms
Reply to request 2 received from 2011:1:1:11::1, 65 ms
Reply to request 2 received from 2011:1:1:11::1, 77 ms
Reply to request 3 received from 2011:1:1:11::1, 68 ms
Reply to request 3 received from 2011:1:1:11::1, 80 ms
Reply to request 4 received from 2011:1:1:11::1, 124 ms
Reply to request 4 received from 2011:1:1:11::1, 168 ms
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 64/87/168 ms
10 multicast replies and 0 errors.
r3#
说明：修改DR后，R3的组播通信正常。
配置BSR
说明：前面通过手工静态配置RP来使组播正常通信，下面通过配置BSR来自动选举RP。
配置R1的loopback0为C-BSR和C-RP。
1.配置C-BSR
（1）配置R1的loopback0为C-BSR
r1(config)#ipv6 pim bsr candidate bsr 2011:1:1:11::1
2.配置C-RP
（1）配置R1的loopback0为C-RP
r1(config)#ipv6 pim bsr candidate rp 2011:1:1:11::1
3.查看结果
（1）查看R1上的RP情况
r1#show ipv6 pim group-map ff04::
FF00::/8*
SM, RP: 2011:1:1:11::1
RPF: Tu2,2011:1:1:11::1 (us)
Info source: BSR From: 2011:1:1:11::1(00:01:31), Priority: 192
Uptime: 00:00:58, Groups: 1
r1#
说明：由于BSR配置正确，所以RP正常。
（2）查看R2上的RP情况
r2#show ipv6 pim group-map ff04::
FF00::/8*
SM, RP: 2011:1:1:11::1
RPF: Fa0/0,FE80::212:D9FF:FEF9:C8A0
Info source: BSR From: 2011:1:1:11::1(00:02:20), Priority: 192
Uptime: 00:01:09, Groups: 1
r2#
说明：由于BSR配置正确，所以RP正常。
（3）查看R3上的RP情况
r3#show ipv6 pim group-map ff04::
FF00::/8*
SM, RP: 2011:1:1:11::1
RPF: Se0/0,FE80::213:1AFF:FE2F:1200
Info source: BSR From: 2011:1:1:11::1(00:02:09), Priority: 192
Uptime: 00:01:20, Groups: 0
r3#
说明：由于BSR配置正确，所以RP正常。
4.测试组播通信情况
（1）测试R1的组播通信情况
r1#ping ff04::1
Output Interface: Loopback0
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to FF04::1, timeout is 2 seconds:
Packet sent with a source address of 2011:1:1:11::1
Reply to request 0 received from 2011:1:1:11::1, 8 ms
Reply to request 1 received from 2011:1:1:11::1, 0 ms
Reply to request 2 received from 2011:1:1:11::1, 0 ms
Reply to request 3 received from 2011:1:1:11::1, 0 ms
Reply to request 4 received from 2011:1:1:11::1, 0 ms
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 0/1/8 ms
5 multicast replies and 0 errors.
r1#
说明： RP已正确学到，所以组播通信正常。
（2）测试R2的组播通信情况
r2#ping ff04::1
Output Interface: FastEthernet0/0
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to FF04::1, timeout is 2 seconds:
Packet sent with a source address of 2012:1:1:11::2
Reply to request 0 received from 2011:1:1:11::1, 12 ms
Reply to request 1 received from 2011:1:1:11::1, 0 ms
Reply to request 2 received from 2011:1:1:11::1, 8 ms
Reply to request 3 received from 2011:1:1:11::1, 0 ms
Reply to request 4 received from 2011:1:1:11::1, 0 ms
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 0/4/12 ms
5 multicast replies and 0 errors.
r2#
说明： RP已正确学到，所以组播通信正常。
（3）测试R3的组播通信情况
r3#ping ff04::1
Output Interface: Serial0/0
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to FF04::1, timeout is 2 seconds:
Packet sent with a source address of 2023:1:1:11::3
Reply to request 0 received from 2011:1:1:11::1, 120 ms
Reply to request 0 received from 2011:1:1:11::1, 132 ms
Reply to request 1 received from 2011:1:1:11::1, 100 ms
Reply to request 1 received from 2011:1:1:11::1, 116 ms
Reply to request 1 received from 2011:1:1:11::1, 128 ms
Reply to request 2 received from 2011:1:1:11::1, 100 ms
Reply to request 2 received from 2011:1:1:11::1, 116 ms
Reply to request 3 received from 2011:1:1:11::1, 100 ms
Reply to request 3 received from 2011:1:1:11::1, 116 ms
Reply to request 4 received from 2011:1:1:11::1, 101 ms
Reply to request 4 received from 2011:1:1:11::1, 117 ms
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 100/113/132 ms
11 multicast replies and 0 errors.
r3#
说明： RP已正确学到，所以组播通信正常。
IPv6 邻居发现协议（ND协议）
由于IPv6 ND协议中，几乎所有有用功能均为自动开启，无须手工干预，所以在此不再详细解释ND协议的运行过程，详细内容请自行参考Cisco文档中IOS 12.4 T部分。
