Administering User Security管理用户安全
show parameter case;
you should be able to: 1、Create and manage database user accounts: 2、Authenticate users 3、Assign default storage areas (tablespaces) 4、Grant and revoke privileges 5、Create and manage roles 6、Create and manage profiles: 7、Implement standard password security features 8、Control resource usage by users
Database User Accounts
Each database user account has: A unique username An authentication method A default tablespace A temporary tablespace A user profile An initial consumer group An account status A schema: Is a collection of database objects that are owned by a database user Has the same name as the user account
Predefined Administrative Accounts
SYS account: Is granted the DBA role, as well as several other roles. Has all privileges with ADMIN OPTION Is required for startup, shutdown, and some maintenance commands Owns the data dictionary and the Automatic Workload Repository (AWR)
SYSTEM account is granted the DBA, MGMT_USER, and AQ_ADMINISTRATOR_ROLE roles.
DBSNMP account is granted the OEM_MONITOR role.
SYSMAN account is granted the MGMT_USER, RESOURCE and SELECT_CATALOG_ROLE roles. These accounts are not used for routine operations.
create , update 操作 with admin option 转授权限, revoke时系统权限不会级联回收，但对象权限会级联回收，对象如scott.emp表
Administrator Authentication
Operating system security: DBAs must have the OS privileges to create and delete files. Typical database users should not have the OS privileges to create or delete database files.
Administrator security: For SYSDBA, SYSOPER, and SYSASM connections: DBA user by name is audited for password file and strong authentication methods OS account name is audited for OS authentication OS authentication takes precedence over password file authentication for privileged users Password file uses case-sensitive passwords
There are two types of user privileges: System: Enables users to perform particular actions in the database Object: Enables users to access and manipulate a specific object
Benefits of Roles 角色的好处: Easier privilege management Dynamic privilege management Selective availability of privileges
profile show parameter resource_limit; resource_limit 必须为真true,所有profile设定才能生效，默认为false;
Supplied Password Verification Function: VERIFY_FUNCTION_11G
The VERIFY_FUNCTION_11G function insures that the password is: At least eight characters Different from the username, username with a number, or username reversed Different from the database name or the database name with a number A string with at least one alphabetic and one numeric character Different from the previous password by at least three letters Tip: Use this function as a template to create your own customized password verification.
最小权限化原则
