find命令、if语句、磁盘管理、文件系统管理

原创

jk零度 2018-05-18 11:07:28 ©著作权

文章标签 系统运维 linux 文章分类 运维

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文件查找：在文件系统上查找符合条件的文件

文件查找：locate、find 非实时查找（数据库查找）locate 实时查找 find

locate 依赖于事先构建的索引：索引的构建是在系统较为空闲时自动进行（周期性任务）手动更新数据库（updatedb）索引构建过程需要遍历整个根文件系统，极其消耗资源

工作特点查找速度快、模糊查找、非实时查找

命令语法 locate keyword

find 实时查找工具，通过遍历指定路径下的文件系统完成文件查找

工作特点查找速度略慢、精确查找、实时查找

命令语法 find [option]… [查找路径] [查找条件] [处理动作] 查找路径：指定具体目标路径，默认为当前目录查找条件：指定的查找标准，可以为文件名、大小、类型、权限等标准进行，默认为找出指定路径下的所有文件处理动作：对符合条件的文件做什么操作，默认输出屏幕

查找条件：根据文件名查找： -name “文件名称” 支持使用glob 字符通配 * ? [] [^] [root@localhost ~]# find /etc -name fstab /etc/fstab

-name “文件名称” 不区分字母大小写 [root@localhost ~]# find /tmp -iname abc /tmp/abc /tmp/ABC

-regex “pattern” 以pattern匹配整个文件路径字符串，而不仅仅是文件名称

根据属主、属组查找： -user username 查找属主为指定用户的文件 [root@localhost ~]# find /tmp -user curry /tmp/curry

-group grpname 查找属组为指定组的文件 [root@localhost ~]# find /tmp -group curry /tmp/curry

-uid userid 查找属主为指定的uid号的文件 [root@localhost ~]# find /tmp -uid 505 /tmp/curry

-gid groupid 查找属组为指定到的gid号的文件 [root@localhost ~]# find /tmp -gid 505 /tmp/curry

-nouser 查找没有属主的文件 [root@localhost ~]# find /tmp -nouser /tmp/curry

-nogroup 查找没有属组的文件 [root@localhost ~]# find /tmp -nogroup /tmp/curry

根据文件类型查找： -type TYPE f 普通文件 [root@localhost ~]# find /tmp -type f /tmp/yum.log

d 目录文件 [root@localhost ~]# find /tmp -type d /tmp

l 符号链接文件 [root@localhost ~]# find /etc -type l /etc/pki/tls/cert.pem

s 套接字文件 [root@localhost ~]# find /dev -type s /dev/log

b 块设备文件 [root@localhost ~]# find /dev -type b /dev/ram7

c 字符设备文件 [root@localhost ~]# find /dev -type c /dev/vcsa6

p 管道文件 [root@localhost ~]# find /var -type p /var/spool/postfix/public/pickup

组合条件：与 –a [root@localhost ~]# find /tmp -user root -a -type f /tmp/yum.log

或 –o [root@localhost ~]# find /tmp -type d -o -type f /tmp /tmp/yum.log

非 –not ！ [root@localhost ~]# find /tmp -not -type d /tmp/yum.log /tmp/curry/.bash_profile /tmp/curry/.bashrc /tmp/curry/.bash_logout

[root@localhost ~]# find /tmp ! -type d /tmp/yum.log /tmp/curry/.bash_profile /tmp/curry/.bashrc /tmp/curry/.bash_logout

!a –a !b=!(a –o b) [root@localhost ~]# find /boot -not -type d -a -not -type f /boot/grub/menu.lst

[root@localhost ~]# find /boot -not ( -type d -o -type f ) /boot/grub/menu.lst

!a –o !b=!(a –a b) [root@localhost ~]# find /tmp -not -type d -o -not -type f /tmp /tmp/yum.log

[root@localhost ~]# find /tmp -not ( -type d -a -type f ) /tmp /tmp/yum.log

找出/tmp目录下，属主不是root，且文件名不是fstab的文件 find /tmp –not –user root –a –not –name ‘fstab’ –ls find /tmp –not ( -user root –o –name ‘fstab’ ) –ls

根据文件大小来查找： -size [+|-]#unit 常用单位 K M G

#unit (#-1,#] [root@localhost ~]# find /etc/sysconfig -size 4k /etc/sysconfig /etc/sysconfig/rhn [root@localhost ~]# ll -dh /etc/sysconfig/ drwxr-xr-x. 8 root root 4.0K Apr 11 08:51 /etc/sysconfig/ [root@localhost ~]# ll -dh /etc/sysconfig/rhn drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 4.0K Apr 11 08:50 /etc/sysconfig/rhn

[root@localhost ~]# find /dev -size 4k /dev /dev/.udev/db [root@localhost ~]# ll -dh /dev drwxr-xr-x. 17 root root 3.7K May 15 16:27 /dev [root@localhost ~]# ll -dh /dev/.udev/db drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 3.5K May 15 15:21 /dev/.udev/db

-#unit [0 ,#-1] [root@localhost ~]# find /etc/sysconfig -size -4k /etc/sysconfig/auditd /etc/sysconfig/rsyslog [root@localhost ~]# ll -h /etc/sysconfig/auditd -rw-r-----. 1 root root 646 Jan 14 2010 /etc/sysconfig/auditd [root@localhost ~]# ll -h /etc/sysconfig/rsyslog -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 163 Jul 17 2009 /etc/sysconfig/rsyslog

+#unit (#,00) [root@localhost ~]# find /etc/sysconfig -size +4k /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/network-functions /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-ipv6 [root@localhost ~]# ll -h /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/network-functions -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 9.8K Sep 1 2010 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/network-functions [root@localhost ~]# ll -h /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-ipv6 -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 11K Sep 1 2010 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-ipv6

根据时间戳查找：以天为时间 -atime [+|-]#

[#,#+1)

[root@localhost ~]# find /etc -atime 1 /etc/logrotate.d/yum [root@localhost ~]# date Tue May 15 16:40:05 CST 2018 [root@localhost ~]# stat /etc/logrotate.d/yum | grep "Access" Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root) Access: 2018-05-14 15:11:02.117301822 +0800

+# [#+1,00) [root@localhost ~]# find /etc -atime +10 /etc/filesystems [root@localhost ~]# date Tue May 15 16:42:48 CST 2018 [root@localhost ~]# stat /etc/filesystems | grep "Access" Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root) Access: 2013-10-02 17:06:18.000000000 +0800

-# [0，#) [root@localhost ~]# find /etc -atime -1 /etc [root@localhost ~]# date Tue May 15 16:44:09 CST 2018 [root@localhost ~]# stat /etc | grep "Access" Access: (0755/drwxr-xr-x) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root) Access: 2018-05-15 16:37:45.580611733 +0800

-mtime -ctime

以分钟为单位 -amin -mmin -cmin

根据权限查找 -perm [/|-]mode mode 精确权限匹配 [root@localhost ~]# find /tmp -perm 644 /tmp/test.txt

/mode 任何一类(u g o)对象的权限中只要有一位能匹配即可 [root@localhost ~]# find /tmp -perm /111 -ls 784897 4 drwxrwxrwt 6 root root 4096 May 15 16:47 /tmp

-mode 每一类对象都必须同时拥有为其指定的权限标准 [root@localhost ~]# find /tmp -perm -111 -ls 784897 4 drwxrwxrwt 6 root root 4096 May 15 16:47 /tmp

处理动作 -print 默认的处理动作，显示至屏幕 [root@localhost ~]# find /etc -name 'fstab' -print /etc/fstab

-ls 类似于对查找到的文件执行”ls -l”命令 [root@localhost ~]# find /etc -name 'fstab' -ls 654087 4 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 779 Apr 11 08:49 /etc/fstab

-delete 删除查找到的文件 [root@localhost ~]# find /tmp -name 'fstab' –delete

-fls /path/to/somefile 查找到的所有文件的长格式信息保存到指定文件中，覆盖重定向写入该文件 [root@localhost ~]# find /etc -name 'fstab' -fls /tmp/tom [root@localhost ~]# cat /tmp/tom 654087 4 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 779 Apr 11 08:49 /etc/fstab

-ok command {} ; 对查找到的每个文件执行由command指定的命令；对于每个文件执行命令之前，都会交互式要求用户确认； [root@localhost ~]# find /etc -name 'issue' -ok ls {} ; < ls ... /etc/issue > ? y /etc/issue [root@localhost ~]# find /etc -name 'issue' -ok ls -l {} ; < ls ... /etc/issue > ? y -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 75 Sep 3 2010 /etc/issue

-exec command {} ; 对查找到的每个文件执行由command指定的命令；{} 用于引用查找到的文件名称自身 [root@localhost ~]# find /etc -name 'issue' -exec ls {} ; /etc/issue [root@localhost ~]# find /etc -name 'issue' -exec ls -l {} ; -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 75 Sep 3 2010 /etc/issue

注意find传递查找到的文件至后面指定的命令时，查找到所有符合条件的文件一次性传递给后面的命令；有些命令不能接受过多参数，此时命令执行可能会失败，另一种方式可规避此问题； find | xargs command [root@localhost ~]# find /etc -name 'issue' | xargs ls /etc/issue [root@localhost ~]# find /etc -name 'issue' | xargs ls -l -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 75 Sep 3 2010 /etc/issue

练习： 1、查找/var目录下属主为root，且属组为mail的所有文件或目录； [root@localhost ~]# find /var -user root -group mail -ls 523542 4 drwxrwxr-x 2 root mail 4096 Apr 12 19:44 /var/spool/mail

2、查找/usr目录下不属于root、bin或hadoop的所有文件或目录 find /usr -not -user root -a -not -user bin -a -not -user hadoop –ls find /usr -not ( -user root -o -user bin -o -user hadoop ) –ls

3、查找/etc目录下最近一周内其内容修改过，同时属组不为root，也不是hadoop的文件或目录 find /etc -mtime 7 -not -group root -a -not -group hadoop –ls find /etc -mtime 7 -not ( -group root -o -group hadoop ) –ls

4、查找当前系统上没有属主或属组，且最近一周内曾被访问过的文件或目录 find / -nouser -a -nogroup -atime 7 –ls

5、查找/etc目录下大于1M且类型为普通文件的所有文件 find /etc -size +1M -type d –ls

6、查找/etc目录下所有用户都没有写权限的文件 [root@localhost ~]# find /etc -not -perm /222 -ls 654662 4 -r--r----- 1 root root 3502 Aug 3 2010 /etc/sudoers

7、查找/etc目录下至少有一类用户没有执行权限的文件 [root@localhost ~]# find /etc -not -perm -111 -ls 654311 4 drwx------ 2 root root 4096 Jun 30 2010 /etc/pki/CA/private

8、查找/etc/init.d目录下，所有用户都有执行权限，且其他用户有写权限的文件 find /etc/init.d -perm 113 linux文件系统上的特殊权限 suid、sgid、sticky

1、权限 r、w、x user、group、other

2、安全上下文前提：进程有属主和属组，文件有属主和属组（1）任何一个可执行程序文件能不能启动为进程，取决发起者对程序文件是否拥有执行权限（2）启动为进程后，其进程的属主为发起者，进程的属组为发起者所属的组（3）进程访问文件的权限，取决于进程的发起者（a）进程的发起者，同文件的属主，则应用文件属主权限（b）进程的发起者，属于文件的属组，则应用文件属组权限（c）应用文件”其他”权限

3、 suid （1）任何一个可执行程序文件能不能启动为进程，取决发起者对程序文件是否拥有执行权限（2）启动为进程之后，其进程的属主为原程序文件的属主

权限设定： chmod u+s file… [root@localhost ~]# chmod u+s /tmp/123 [root@localhost ~]# ll /tmp/123 -rwsrwxrwx. 1 root root 86 May 14 16:23 /tmp/123

chmod u-s file… [root@localhost ~]# chmod u-s /tmp/123 [root@localhost ~]# ll /tmp/123 -rwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 86 May 14 16:23 /tmp/123

4、 sgid 默认情况下，用户创建文件时，其属组为此用户所属的基本组；一旦某目录被设定了sgid，则对此目录有写权限的用户在此目录中创建的文件所属的组为此目录的属组；

权限设定： chmod g+s dir… [root@localhost ~]# chmod g+s /tmp/mydir [root@localhost ~]# ll -d /tmp/mydir drwxr-sr-x. 2 root root 4096 May 15 14:39 /tmp/mydir

chmod g-s dir… [root@localhost ~]# chmod g-s /tmp/mydir [root@localhost ~]# ll -d /tmp/mydir drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 May 15 14:39 /tmp/mydir

5、 sticky 对于一个多人可写的目录，如果设置了sticky，则每个用户仅能删除自己的文件

权限设定： chmod o+t dir… [root@localhost ~]# chmod o+t /tmp/mydir [root@localhost ~]# ll -d /tmp/mydir drwxr-xr-t. 2 root root 4096 May 15 14:39 /tmp/mydir

chmod o-t dir… [root@localhost ~]# ll -d /tmp/mydir drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 May 15 14:39 /tmp/mydir suid sgid sticky

二进制八进制 000 0 001 1 010 2 011 3 100 4 101 5 110 6 111 7

chmod 4777 /tmp/a.txt

几个权限位映射 suid user 占据属主的执行权限位 s 属主拥有x权限 [root@localhost ~]# ll /tmp/123 -rwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 86 May 14 16:23 /tmp/123 [root@localhost ~]# chmod u+s /tmp/123 [root@localhost ~]# ll /tmp/123 -rwsrwxrwx. 1 root root 86 May 14 16:23 /tmp/123

S 属主没有x权限 [root@localhost ~]# ll /tmp/123 -rw-rwxrwx. 1 root root 86 May 14 16:23 /tmp/123 [root@localhost ~]# chmod u+s /tmp/123 [root@localhost ~]# ll /tmp/123 -rwSrwxrwx. 1 root root 86 May 14 16:23 /tmp/123

sgid group 占据属组的执行权限位 s 属组拥有x权限 [root@localhost ~]# ll -d /tmp/mydir drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 May 15 14:39 /tmp/mydir [root@localhost ~]# chmod g+s /tmp/mydir [root@localhost ~]# ll -d /tmp/mydir drwxr-sr-x. 2 root root 4096 May 15 14:39 /tmp/mydir

S 属组没有x权限 [root@localhost ~]# ll -d /tmp/mydir drwxr--r-x. 2 root root 4096 May 15 14:39 /tmp/mydir [root@localhost ~]# chmod g+s /tmp/mydir [root@localhost ~]# ll -d /tmp/mydir drwxr-Sr-x. 2 root root 4096 May 15 14:39 /tmp/mydir

sticky other 占据other的执行权限位 t other拥有x权限 [root@localhost ~]# ll -d /tmp/mydir drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 May 15 14:39 /tmp/mydir [root@localhost ~]# chmod o+t /tmp/mydir [root@localhost ~]# ll -d /tmp/mydir drwxr-xr-t. 2 root root 4096 May 15 14:39 /tmp/mydir

T other 没有x权限 [root@localhost ~]# ll -d /tmp/mydir drwxr-xr--. 2 root root 4096 May 15 14:39 /tmp/mydir [root@localhost ~]# chmod o+t /tmp/mydir [root@localhost ~]# ll -d /tmp/mydir drwxr-xr-T. 2 root root 4096 May 15 14:39 /tmp/mydir

bash 脚本编程过程式编程语言顺序执行选择执行循环执行

选择执行 If 判断条件；then 条件为真的分支代码 fi [root@localhost ~]# cat /tmp/if.sh #!/bin/bash if id root &> /dev/null;then echo "user exist." fi [root@localhost ~]# bash /tmp/if.sh user exist.

if 判断条件；then 条件为真的分支代码 else 条件为假的分支代码 fi [root@localhost ~]# cat /tmp/if.sh #!/bin/bash if id abc &> /dev/null;then echo "user exist." else echo "user not exist." fi [root@localhost ~]# bash /tmp/if.sh user not exist.

linux 磁盘管理 I/O ports I/O 设备地址一切皆文件 open() read() write() close()

块设备 block 存取单位”块” 磁盘字符设备 char 存取单位”字符” 键盘 [root@localhost ~]# ll /dev | grep "^[bc]" crw-rw----. 1 root root 10, 62 May 17 19:59 crash brw-rw----. 1 root disk 253, 0 May 17 19:59 dm-0

设备文件关联至一个设备驱动程序，进而能够跟与之对应硬件设备进行通信

设备号码主设备号 major number 标识设备类型次设备号 minor number 标识同一类型下的不同设备 [root@localhost ~]# ll /dev | grep "^[bc]" crw-rw----. 1 root video 10, 175 May 16 21:04 agpgart brw-rw----. 1 root disk 253, 0 May 16 21:04 dm-0

[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/partitions major minor #blocks name

8 0 20971520 sda 8 1 512000 sda1 8 2 20458496 sda2 8 16 20971520 sdb 8 17 1060258 sdb1 8 18 2104515 sdb2 253 0 19472384 dm-0 253 1 983040 dm-1

硬盘接口类型并行接口 ide 速率 133MB/s scsi 速率 640MB/s

串行接口 sata 速率 6Gbps sas 速率 6Gbps usb 速率 480MB/s

rpm:rotations per minute 每分钟转速

/dev/dev_file 磁盘设备的设备文件命名

ide /dev/hd scsi stat sas usb /dev/sd 不同设备：a-z /dev/sda,/dev/sdb… 不同设备上的不同分区1,2 /dev/sda1,/dev/sda5…

机械式硬盘 track 磁道 cylinder 柱面 sector 扇区

如何分区按柱面进行分区

0磁盘0扇区 512bytes mbr master boot record 主引导记录 446bytes boot loader 引导加载器 64bytes 分区表 16bytes 标识一个分区 2bytes mbr有效性标识

4个主分区 3个主分区+1个扩展分区（内含多个逻辑分区）

问题：UEFI、GPT

分区管理工具 fdisk parted sfdisk fdisk 对于一块硬盘来讲，最多只能管理15个分区 [root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x0001e741

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 64 512000 83 Linux Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda2 64 2611 20458496 8e Linux LVM

Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x0c5b3623

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 1 132 1060258+ 83 Linux /dev/sdb2 133 394 2104515 83 Linux

Disk /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root: 19.9 GB, 19939721216 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2424 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000

Disk /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_swap: 1006 MB, 1006632960 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 122 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000

[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 1 132 1060258+ 83 Linux /dev/sdb2 133 394 2104515 83 Linux

fdisk device 子命令：管理功能 p print 显示已有分区 p print the partition table Command (m for help): p

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 1 132 1060258+ 83 Linux /dev/sdb2 133 394 2104515 83 Linux

n new 创建分区 n add a new partition Command (m for help): n Command action e extended p primary partition (1-4)

d delete 删除分区 d   delete a partition
Command (m for help): d

Partition number (1-4):

w write 写入磁盘并退出 w   write table to disk and exit
Command (m for help): w

The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. Syncing disks.

q quit 放弃更新并退出 q   quit without saving changes
Command (m for help): q

m 获取帮助 m   print this menu
Command (m for help): m

Command action a toggle a bootable flag b edit bsd disklabel c toggle the dos compatibility flag d delete a partition l list known partition types m print this menu n add a new partition o create a new empty DOS partition table p print the partition table q quit without saving changes s create a new empty Sun disklabel t change a partition's system id u change display/entry units v verify the partition table w write table to disk and exit x extra functionality (experts only)

l 列出所有分区id l   list known partition types
Command (m for help): l

0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris
1 FAT12 39 Plan 9 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 2 XENIX root 3c PartitionMagic 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 3 XENIX usr 40 Venix 80286 84 OS/2 hidden C: c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 4 FAT16 <32M 41 PPC PReP Boot 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx
5 Extended 42 SFS 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data
6 FAT16 4d QNX4.x 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS / . 7 HPFS/NTFS 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 88 Linux plaintext de Dell Utility
8 AIX 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 8e Linux LVM df BootIt
9 AIX bootable 50 OnTrack DM 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access
a OS/2 Boot Manag 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O
b W95 FAT32 52 CP/M 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor
c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a0 IBM Thinkpad hi eb BeOS fs
e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a5 FreeBSD ee GPT
f W95 Ext'd (LBA) 55 EZ-Drive a6 OpenBSD ef EFI (FAT-12/16/ 10 OPUS 56 Golden Bow a7 NeXTSTEP f0 Linux/PA-RISC b 11 Hidden FAT12 5c Priam Edisk a8 Darwin UFS f1 SpeedStor
12 Compaq diagnost 61 SpeedStor a9 NetBSD f4 SpeedStor
14 Hidden FAT16 <3 63 GNU HURD or Sys ab Darwin boot f2 DOS secondary
16 Hidden FAT16 64 Novell Netware af HFS / HFS+ fb VMware VMFS
17 Hidden HPFS/NTF 65 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fc VMware VMKCORE 18 AST SmartSleep 70 DiskSecure Mult b8 BSDI swap fd Linux raid auto 1b Hidden W95 FAT3 75 PC/IX bb Boot Wizard hid fe LANstep
1c Hidden W95 FAT3 80 Old Minix be Solaris boot ff BBT
1e Hidden W95 FAT1

t 调整分区id t   change a partition's system id
Command (m for help): t

Partition number (1-4): 1 Hex code (type L to list codes): 82 Changed system type of partition 1 to 82 (Linux swap / Solaris) 查看内核是否已经识别新的分区 cat /proc/partations [root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/partitions major minor #blocks name

8 0 20971520 sda 8 1 512000 sda1 8 2 20458496 sda2 8 16 20971520 sdb 8 17 1060258 sdb1 8 18 2104515 sdb2 8 19 3156772 sdb3 253 0 19472384 dm-0 253 1 983040 dm-1

通知内核重新读取硬盘分区表 partx –a /dev/device [root@localhost ~]# partx -a /dev/sdb BLKPG: Device or resource busy error adding partition 1 BLKPG: Device or resource busy error adding partition 2 BLKPG: Device or resource busy error adding partition 3

partx –n M:N /dev/device [root@localhost ~]# partx -n 1:3 /dev/sdb

1: 63- 2120579 ( 2120517 sectors, 1085 MB)

2: 2120580- 6329609 ( 4209030 sectors, 2155 MB)

3: 6329610- 12643154 ( 6313545 sectors, 3232 MB)

4: 0- -1 ( 0 sectors, 0 MB)

kpartx –a /dev/device [root@localhost ~]# kpartx -a /dev/sdb

kpartx –f /dev/device [root@localhost ~]# kpartx -f /dev/sdb sdb1 : 0 2120517 /dev/sdb 63 sdb2 : 0 4209030 /dev/sdb 2120580

centos 5 使用partprobe partprobe [dev/device]

linux文件系统管理 linux文件系统 ext2 ext3 ext4 xfs btrfs reiserfs swap 交换分区虚拟内存 iso9660 光盘分区

windows fat32 ntfs unix ffs ufs jfs2 网络文件系统 nfs cifs 集群文件系统 gfs2 ocfs2 分布式文件系统 ceph moosefs mogilefs glusterfs lustre

根据其是否支持”journal”功能日志型文件系统 ext3 ext4 xfs… 非日志型文件系统 ext2 vfat

文件系统的组成部分内核中的模块 ext4 xfs vfat 用户空间的管理工具 mkfs.ext4 mkfs.xfs mkfs.vfat

linux的虚拟文件系统 vfs

创建文件系统 mkfs命令 1、 mkfs.fs_type /dev/device ext4 xfs btrfs vfat [root@localhost ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb2 mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Filesystem label= OS type: Linux Block size=4096 (log=2) Fragment size=4096 (log=2) Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks 131648 inodes, 526128 blocks 26306 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user First data block=0 Maximum filesystem blocks=541065216 17 block groups 32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group 7744 inodes per group Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912

Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (16384 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

This filesystem will be automatically checked every 33 mounts or 180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.

2、 mkfs –t fs_type /dev/device -L ‘LABEL’ 设定卷标 [root@localhost ~]# mkfs -t ext4 -L mydata /dev/sdb2 mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Filesystem label=mydata OS type: Linux Block size=4096 (log=2) Fragment size=4096 (log=2) Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks 131648 inodes, 526128 blocks 26306 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user First data block=0 Maximum filesystem blocks=541065216 17 block groups 32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group 7744 inodes per group Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912

Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (16384 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

This filesystem will be automatically checked every 29 mounts or 180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.

mke2fs ext系列文件系统专用管理用具 -t {ext2|ext3|ext4} 文件系统 [root@localhost ~]# mkfs -t ext2 /dev/sdb2 mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Filesystem label= OS type: Linux Block size=4096 (log=2) Fragment size=4096 (log=2) Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks 131648 inodes, 526128 blocks 26306 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user First data block=0 Maximum filesystem blocks=541065216 17 block groups 32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group 7744 inodes per group Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912