python学习6:用户输入和while循环
1 input()的工作原理
函数input()
让程序暂停运行,等待用户输入一些文本。获取用户输入后,python将其赋给一个变量,方便使用。
1.1 使用int()来获取数值输入
python会将用户输入解读为字符串,可以使用int()
,可以让python将输入视为数值。
height = input('How tall are you,in inches?')
height = int(height) # 在比较前,要将height(此时是字符串)转化成数值表示
if height >= 48:
print('\nYou\'re tall enough to ride.')
else:
print('\nYou\'ll be able to ride when you\'re a little older.')
结果:
How tall are you,in inches?28
You'll be able to ride when you're a little older.
注:将数值输入用于计算与比较前,务必将其转换为数值表示。
1.2 求模运算符
求模运算符**%**,可将两个数相除并返回余数,如:4%3 1
,可以依靠这一点判断一个数的奇偶性。
number = input('Enter a number,and I\'ll tell you if it\'s even or odd:')
number = int(number)
if number % 2 == 0:
print(f'\n The number {number} is even.')
else:
print(f'\nThe number {number} is odd.')
结果:
Enter a number,and I'll tell you if it's even or odd:8
The number 8 is even.
2 while循环
-
for
循环用于针对集合中的每个元素都执行一个代码块; -
while
循环则不断运行,直到指定的条件不满足为止。
2.1 使用while循环
current_number = 0
while current_number < 10:
current_number += 1
if current_number % 2 == 0:
continue
print(current_number)
结果:
1
3
5
7
9
2.2 让用户选择何时退出
可定义一个退出值,如若用户输入的不是这个值,程序就将接着运行。
2.3 使用标志
定义一个变量,用于判断整个程序是否处于活动状态。可以让程序在标志为True
时继续运行,并在任何事件导致标志的值为False
时让程序停止运行。
prompt = '\nTell me something, and I will repeat it back to you:'
prompt += "\nEnter 'quit' to end the program."
active = True
while active:
message = input(prompt)
if message == 'quit':
active = False
else:
print(message)
结果:
Tell me something, and I will repeat it back to you:
Enter 'quit' to end the program.first
first
Tell me something, and I will repeat it back to you:
Enter 'quit' to end the program.quit
2.4 使用break退出循环
- 要立即退出
while
循环,不再运行循环中余下的代码,也不管条件测试的结果如何,可使用break
语句。 -
break
语句用于控制程序流程,可用来控制哪些代码将执行、哪些代码不执行,从而让程序按要求执行要执行的代码,可使用在任意循环中。
2.5 在循环中使用continue
要返回循环开头,并根据条件测试结果决定是否继续执行循环,可使用continue
语句,可忽略余下代码,并返回循环开头。
current_number = 0
while current_number < 10:
current_number += 1
if current_number % 2 == 0:
continue
print(current_number)
结果:
1
3
5
7
9
2.6 避免无限循环
要避免无限循环,务必对每个while
循环进行测试,确保其按预期结束,程序至少有一个地方能让循环条件为False
,或者break
。
3 使用while循环处理列表和字典
要在遍历列表的同时对其进行修改,可使用while
循环。
3.1 在列表之间移动元素
使用一个while
循环,在验证用户的同时将其从未验证用户列表中提取出来,再将其加入另一个已验证用户列表中。
unconfirmed_users = ['alice', 'brian', 'candace']
confirmed_users = []
while unconfirmed_users:
current_user = unconfirmed_users.pop() # pop()以每次一个的方式从列表末尾删除一个元素
print(f"Verifying user:{current_user.title()}")
confirmed_users.append(current_user)
print("\nThe following users have been confirmed:")
for confirmed_user in confirmed_users:
print(confirmed_user.title())
结果:
Verifying user:Candace
The following users have been confirmed:
Candace
Verifying user:Brian
The following users have been confirmed:
Candace
Brian
Verifying user:Alice
The following users have been confirmed:
Candace
Brian
Alice
3.2 删除为特定值的所有列表元素
要删除所有特定元素,可不断运行一个while
循环,直到列表中不再包含特定值。
# 删除为特定值的所有列表元素
pets = ['dog', 'cat', 'dog', 'goldfish', 'cat', 'rabbit', 'cat']
print(pets)
# 通过while外加remove
while 'cat' in pets:
pets.remove('cat')
print(pets)
结果:
['dog', 'cat', 'dog', 'goldfish', 'cat', 'rabbit', 'cat']
['dog', 'dog', 'goldfish', 'rabbit']
3.3 使用用户输入来填充字典
可使用while
循环提示用户输入任意多的信息。
responses = {}
polling_active = True
while polling_active:
name = input("\nWhat is your name?")
response = input("Which mountain would you like to climb someday?")
responses[name] = response
repeat = input("Would you like to let another person respond?(yes/no)")
if repeat == 'no':
polling_active = False
print("\n---Poll Results---")
for name, response in responses.items():
print(f"{name} would like to climb {response}.")
结果:
What is your name?liuyang
Which mountain would you like to climb someday?dadongshan
Would you like to let another person respond?(yes/no)no
---Poll Results---
liuyang would like to climb dadongshan.