vue3的jest单元测试 vue项目单元测试_单元测试


单元测试(unit testing):是指对软件中的最小可测试单元进行检查和验证。代码的终极目标有两个,第一个是实现需求,第二个是提高代码质量和可维护性。单元测试是为了提高代码质量和可维护性,是实现代码的第二个目标的一种方法。对vue组件的测试是希望组件行为符合我们的预期。

本文将从框架选型,环境搭建,使用方式,vue组件测试编写原则四个方面讲述如何在vue项目中落地单元测试。


一、框架选型

cypress / vue-test-utils

选择vue-test-utils 是因为它是官方推荐的vue component 单元测试库。

选择cypress而不是jest 主要是因为:

  • 测试环境的一致性: 在cypress上面跑的测试代码是在浏览器环境上的,而非像jest等在node上的。另外由于cypress在浏览器环境上运行,测试dom相关无需各种mock(如node-canvas等)
  • 统一测试代码风格、避免技术负担: 本身定位 e2e, 但是支持 unit test。
  • 支持CI环境

此外cypress还有很多非常棒的Features,感兴趣的朋友自行参考cypress官方文档。


二、环境搭建

1、安装依赖

npm i cypress @cypress/webpack-preprocessor start-server-and-test nyc babel-plugin-istanbul @vue/test-utils -D

note: 如果是使用vue cli3创建的项目,可以使用


# vue add @vue/cli-plugin-e2e-cypress
# npm i @cypress/webpack-preprocessor start-server-and-test nyc babel-plugin-istanbul @vue/test-utils -D


@cypress/webpack-preprocessor:引入webpack 预处理器

start-server-and-test:启动dev-server 监听端口启动成功,再执行测试命令。cypress 需要dev-server启动才能测试。

nyc babel-plugin-istanbul:覆盖率统计相关

2、添加/修改cypress.json文件


{
    "baseUrl": "http://localhost:9001",
    "coverageFolder": "coverage",
    "integrationFolder": "src",
    "testFiles": "**/*.spec.js",
    "video": false,
    "viewportHeight": 900,
    "viewportWidth": 1600,
    "chromeWebSecurity": false
}


3、修改package.json配置


"scripts": {
        "cy:run": "cypress run",
        "cy:open": "cypress open",
        "cy:dev": "start-server-and-test start :9001 cy:open",
        "coverage": "nyc report -t=coverage",
        "test": "rm -rf coverage && start-server-and-test start :9001 cy:run && nyc report -t=coverage"
    },


4、修改cypress/plugins/index.js(使用vue add @vue/cli-plugin-e2e-cypress的是tests/e2e//plugins/index.js)


// vue cli3 版本
const webpack = require('@cypress/webpack-preprocessor');
const webpackOptions = require('@vue/cli-service/webpack.config');

webpackOptions.module.rules.forEach(rule => {
    if (!Array.isArray(rule.use)) return null;

    rule.use.forEach(opt => {
        if (opt.loader === 'babel-loader') {
            opt.options = {
                plugins: ['istanbul']
            };
        }
    });
});

const options = {
    webpackOptions,
    watchOptions: {},
};

module.exports = (on, config) => {
    on('file:preprocessor', webpack(options));

    return Object.assign({}, config, {
        integrationFolder: 'src',
        // screenshotsFolder: 'cypress/screenshots',
        // videosFolder: 'cypress/videos',
        // supportFile: 'cypress/support/index.js'
      })
};
// webpack4 版本

const webpack = require('@cypress/webpack-preprocessor');
const config = require('../../webpack.base');
config.mode = 'development';
config.module.rules[0].use.options = {
    plugins: ['istanbul']
};

module.exports = (on) => {
    const options = {
    // send in the options from your webpack.config.js, so it works the same
    // as your app's code
        webpackOptions: config,
        watchOptions: {},
    };

    on('file:preprocessor', webpack(options));
};


5、修改cypress/support


// support/index.js

import './commands';
import './istanbul';


在support目录里添加istanbul.js文件


// https://github.com/cypress-io/cypress/issues/346#issuecomment-365220178
// https://github.com/cypress-io/cypress/issues/346#issuecomment-368832585
/* eslint-disable */
const istanbul = require('istanbul-lib-coverage');

const map = istanbul.createCoverageMap({});
const coverageFolder = Cypress.config('coverageFolder');
const coverageFile = `${ coverageFolder }/out-${Date.now()}.json`;

Cypress.on('window:before:unload', e => {
    const coverage = e.currentTarget.__coverage__;

    if (coverage) {
        map.merge(coverage);
    }
});

after(() => {
    cy.window().then(win => {
        const specWin = win.parent.document.querySelector('iframe[id~="Spec:"]').contentWindow;
        const unitCoverage = specWin.__coverage__;
        const coverage = win.__coverage__;

        if (unitCoverage) {
            map.merge(unitCoverage);
        }

        if (coverage) {
            map.merge(coverage);
        }

        cy.writeFile(coverageFile, JSON.stringify(map));
        cy.exec('npx nyc report --reporter=html -t=coverage')
        cy.exec('npm run coverage')
            .then(coverage => {
                // output coverage report
                const out = coverage.stdout
                    // 替换bash红色标识符
                    .replace(/[31;1m/g, '')
                    .replace(/[0m/g, '')
                    // 替换粗体标识符
                    .replace(/[3[23];1m/g, '');
                console.log(out);
            })
            .then(() => {
                // output html file link to current test report
                const link = Cypress.spec.absolute
                    .replace(Cypress.spec.relative, `${coverageFolder}/${Cypress.spec.relative}`)
                    .replace('cypress.spec.', '');
                console.log(`check coverage detail: file://${link}.html`);
            });
    });
});


6、修改package.json (推荐使用git push hooks 里跑test)


"gitHooks": {
        "pre-push": "npm run test"
    },
    "nyc": {
        "exclude": [
            "**/*.spec.js",
            "cypress",
            "example"
        ]
    }


note: 如果项目使用了sass来写css,则必须指定node版本为v8.x.x,这个算是cypress的bug。Issuess


# npm install n -g
# sudo n v8.9.0
# npm rebuild node-sass


这样在git push之前会先跑单元测试,通过了才可以push成功。


vue3的jest单元测试 vue项目单元测试_json_02



三、使用方法

  • 对于各个 utils 内的方法以及 vue组件,只需在其目录下补充同名的 xxx.spec.js,即可为其添加单元测试用例。
  • 断言语法采用 cypress 断言: https://docs.cypress.io/guides/references/assertions.html#Chai
  • vue组件测试使用官方推荐的test-utils: https://vue-test-utils.vuejs.org/
  • npm 命令测试:
  • npm run cy:run (终端测试,前置条件:必须启动本地服务)
  • npm run cy:open (GUI 测试,前置条件:必须启动本地服务)
  • npm run cy:dev (GUI测试, 自动启动本地服务,成功后打开GUI)
  • npm run test (终端测试, 自动启动本地服务,并且统计覆盖率,在终端运行,也是CI运行的测试命令)

四、测试原则

1、明白要测试的是什么

不推荐一味追求行级覆盖率,因为它会导致我们过分关注组件的内部实现细节,而只关注其输入和输出。一个简单的测试用例将会断言一些输入 (用户的交互或 prop 的改变) 提供给某组件之后是否导致预期结果 (渲染结果或触发自定义事件)。

2、测试公共接口


vue3的jest单元测试 vue项目单元测试_vue引入link_03


a、如果模板有逻辑,我们应该测试它


// template
<button ref="logOutButton" v-if="loggedIn">Log out</button>
// Button.spec.js

const PropsData = {
    loggedIn: true,
};

it('hides the logOut button if user is not logged in', () => {
    const wrapper = mount(UserSettingsBar, { PropsData });
    const { vm } = wrapper;
    expect(vm.$refs.logOutButton).to.exist();
    wrapper.setProps({ loggedIn: false });
    expect(vm.$refs.logOutButton).not.to.exist();
});


原则:Props in Rendered Output


vue3的jest单元测试 vue项目单元测试_单元测试_04


b、什么超出了我们组件的范围

  • 实现细节,过分关注组件的内部实现细节,从而导致琐碎的测试。
  • 测试框架本身, 这是vue应该去做的事情。
1、<p> {{ myProp }} </p>
expect(p.text()).to.be(/ prop value /);

2、prop 校验


c、权衡


vue3的jest单元测试 vue项目单元测试_json_05


Integration Test


vue3的jest单元测试 vue项目单元测试_json_06


// Count.spec.js

it('should display the updated count after button is clicked', () => {
    const wrapper = mount(Count, { 
        count: 0
    });

    const ButtonInstance = wrapper.find(Button);
    const buttonEl = ButtonInstance.find('button')[0]; // find button click
    buttonE1.trigger('click');

    const CounterDisplayInstance = wrapper.find(CounterDisplay);
    const displayE1 = CounterDisplayInstance.find('.count-display')[0];
    expect(displayE1.text()).to.equal('1'); // find display, assert render
});


Shallow Test


vue3的jest单元测试 vue项目单元测试_vue引入link_07


// Count.spec.js

it('should pass the "count" prop to CounterDisplay', () => {
    const counterWrapper = shallow(Counter, {
        count: 10
    });
    const counterDisplayWrapper = counterWrapper.find(CounterDisplay);
    // we dont't care how this will be rendered
    expect(counterDisplayWrapper.propsData().count).to.equal(10);
});

it('should update the "count" prop by 1 on Button "increment" event', () => {
    const counterWrapper = shallow(Counter, {
        count: 10
    });
    const buttonWrapper = counterWrapper.find(Button);
    // we don't care how this was triggered
    buttonWrapper.vm.$emit('increment');
    expect(CounterDisplay.propsData().count).to.equal(11);
});


vue3的jest单元测试 vue项目单元测试_单元测试_08



参考:

cypress-vue-unit-test

Vue Test Utils

Component Tests with Vue.js