作者简介
胡中豪
云和恩墨西区交付工程师,多年一线 DBA 经验,曾服务于运营商、电网、政府行业、银行等行业客户;擅长数据库故障处理、性能优化、实施升级
1
将表空间设为只读,可以带来如下好处
1.1 减少数据库备份和恢复时间
对于只读表空间,只需要在第一备份时进行备份,在以后的备份中不需要再对备份过的只读表空间进行备份。
1.2 减少数据库启动和关闭的时间
在 shutdown immediate 关闭数据库时,会将 dirty data 同步到磁盘上,即写入 datafile,因此这个操作可能会占用较多的时间;同样在启动时也会有同步 datafile 的操作。
当表空间设置为只读后,在启动和关闭时就不会对只读表空间对应的数据文件进行处理,从而减少了数据库启动和关闭的时间。
1.3 防止对数据的误操作
只读表空间可以限制如下的操作:
Insert
Update
Delete
Truncate
Create
因为这些操作需要修改数据文件的 block,而对于只读表空间上的表字段的修改,或者删除表和索引,都是不受限制的,因为这些操作都是直接修改数据字典。
1.4 分区表的数据过期化处理
前提是分区表的每个分区都在单独的表空间上,当对应分区过期后,可以直接将该分区对应的表空间设置为只读,那么对应分区的数据也就不能被修改。注意:这里仅仅是针对修改,我们还是可以进行 DDL 操作的。
2
只读表空间数据修改测试
--创建表空间 hzh:
SQL> select file_name from dba_data_files;
FILE_NAME
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/oracle/oradata/test/system01.dbf
/oracle/oradata/test/sysaux01.dbf
/oracle/oradata/test/undotbs01.dbf
/oracle/oradata/test/users01.dbf
SQL>create tablespace hzh datafile '/oracle/oradata/test/hzh01.dbf'size 50Mautoextend off;
Tablespacecreated.
SQL>alter tablespace hzh add datafile '/oracle/oradata/test/hzh02.dbf' size 50Mautoextend off;
Tablespacealtered.
SQL> set line 160
SQL> col tablespace_name for a15
SQL> col file_name for a50
SQL> select tablespace_name,file_name from dba_data_files;
TABLESPACE_NAME FILE_NAME
--------------- --------------------------------------------------
SYSTEM /oracle/oradata/test/system01.dbf
SYSAUX /oracle/oradata/test/sysaux01.dbf
UNDOTBS1 /oracle/oradata/test/undotbs01.dbf
USERS /oracle/oradata/test/users01.dbf
HZH /oracle/oradata/test/hzh01.dbf
HZH /oracle/oradata/test/hzh02.dbf
--创建表
SQL> create table hzh1 tablespace hzh as select * from dba_objects;
Table created.
--创建索引:
SQL> create index idx_hzh1_id on hzh1(object_id);
Index created.
--表空间 hzh 设置为只读:
SQL> alter tablespace hzh read only;
Tablespace altered.
--删除表 hzh1 上的数据:
SQL> delete from hzh1 where rownum<100;
SQL>delete from hzh1 where rownum<100;
deletefrom hzh1 where rownum<100
*
ERRORat line 1:
ORA-00372:file 6 cannot be modified at this time
ORA-01110:data file 6: '/oracle/oradata/test/hzh02.dbf'
--因为表空间是只读的,所以无法删除。
--update 表 hzh1:
SQL> update hzh1 set object_id=1 where rownum=1;
update hzh1 set object_id=1 where rownum=1
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00372: file 6 cannot be modified at this time
ORA-01110: data file 6: '/oracle/oradata/test/hzh02.dbf'
--无法 update
--insert 数据:
SQL> insert into hzh1 select * from dba_objects;
insert into hzh1 select * from dba_objects
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00372: file 5 cannot be modified at this time
ORA-01110: data file 5: '/oracle/oradata/test/hzh01.dbf'
--无法 truncate:
SQL> truncate table hzh1;
truncate table hzh1
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00372: file 6 cannot be modified at this time
ORA-01110: data file 6: '/oracle/oradata/test/hzh02.dbf'
--同样,在只读表空间也无法进行 create table 操作,因为无法分配空间:
SQL> create table hzh2 tablespace hzh as select * from dba_objects;
create table hzh2 tablespace hzh as select * from dba_objects
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01647: tablespace 'HZH' is read-only, cannot allocate space in it
但是我们可以对只读表空间上的对象做一些不涉及表空间的操作,只修改数据字典的操作是可以进行的。
--添加列:
SQL>alter table hzh1 add col1 varchar2(20);
Tablealtered.
--修改列:
SQL> alter table hzh1 modify col1 varchar2(200);
Table altered.
--drop 索引和表:
SQL> drop index idx_hzh1_id;
Index dropped.
SQL> drop table hzh1;
Table dropped.
由此,对于只读表空间上的对象,我们仅仅是不能进行修改,但是我们还是可以进行 drop,添加修改列等操作。 因为这些操作不涉及表空间的操作,仅仅是对 Oracle 数据字典的修改。
3
重建控制文件对只读表空间和临时表空间的影响
3.1 对只读表空间
假如存在一个只读的表空间,那么在重建控制文件之后,read-only 的数据文件会重命名为 MISSING00005 的格式,最后是5位数字。这个数据根据 file_id 对应,并且 datafile 也会变成 offline。
所以在重建控制文件之后,我们需要对只读文件的 datafile 进行 rename 操作,还原成原来的名称,并且修改其状态为 online。具体操作示例有说明。
在重建控制文件之前需要留意 datafile 的文件名称,如果有多个 datafile,那么就需要注意其顺序。这个需要注意一下。
3.2 TEMP 表空间
重建控制文件之后,原来的临时表空间中没有数据文件,需要单独添加。我们可以从 DBA_TABLESPACES 视图中查看到 TEMP 表空间,但是在 v$tempfile 视图中却查看不到 datafile,所以必须要手工添加 temporary datafile。
表空间 read-only 示例
--查看相关的信息
SQL> selecttablespace_name,status from dba_tablespaces;
TABLESPACE_NAME STATUS
--------------- ---------
SYSTEM ONLINE
SYSAUX ONLINE
UNDOTBS1 ONLINE
TEMP ONLINE
USERS ONLINE
HZH READ ONLY
SQL> selectfile_name,status,online_status from dba_data_files;
FILE_NAME STATUS ONLINE_
----------------------------------------------------------- -------
/oracle/oradata/test/system01.dbf AVAILABLE SYSTEM
/oracle/oradata/test/sysaux01.dbf AVAILABLE ONLINE
/oracle/oradata/test/undotbs01.dbf AVAILABLE ONLINE
/oracle/oradata/test/users01.dbf AVAILABLE ONLINE
/oracle/oradata/test/hzh01.dbf AVAILABLE ONLINE
/oracle/oradata/test/hzh02.dbf AVAILABLE ONLINE
--将表空间设置成读写
SQL> alter tablespace hzh readwrite;
Tablespace altered.
SQL> select tablespace_name,statusfrom dba_tablespaces;
TABLESPACE_NAME STATUS
--------------- ---------
SYSTEM ONLINE
SYSAUX ONLINE
UNDOTBS1 ONLINE
TEMP ONLINE
USERS ONLINE
HZH ONLINE
6 rows selected.
SQL> SQL> selectfile_name,status,online_status from dba_data_files;
FILE_NAME STATUS ONLINE_
----------------------------------------------------------- -------
/oracle/oradata/test/system01.dbf AVAILABLE SYSTEM
/oracle/oradata/test/sysaux01.dbf AVAILABLE ONLINE
/oracle/oradata/test/undotbs01.dbf AVAILABLE ONLINE
/oracle/oradata/test/users01.dbf AVAILABLE ONLINE
/oracle/oradata/test/hzh01.dbf AVAILABLE ONLINE
/oracle/oradata/test/hzh02.dbf AVAILABLE ONLINE
6 rows selected.
--重建控制文件测试
--先将表空间 read-only
SQL> alter tablespace hzh readonly;
Tablespace altered.
--将控制文件 dump 到 trace
SQL> oradebug setmypid
Statement processed.
SQL> alter database backupcontrolfile to trace;
Database altered.
SQL> oradebug tracefile_name
/oracle/app/oracle/diag/rdbms/test/test/trace/test_ora_30788.trc
--查看 trace 文件,取得控制文件创建的 SQL 代码
--在这个 trace 文件里对我们的影响写的很清楚:
-- Set #1. NORESETLOGS case
--
-- The following commands willcreate a new control file and use it
-- to open the database.
-- Data used by Recovery Managerwill be lost.
-- Additional logs may be requiredfor media recovery of offline
-- Use this only if the current versionsof all online logs are
-- available.
-- After mounting the createdcontrolfile, the following SQL
-- statement will place thedatabase in the appropriate
-- protection mode:
-- ALTER DATABASE SET STANDBY DATABASE TO MAXIMIZE PERFORMANCE
STARTUP NOMOUNT
CREATE CONTROLFILE REUSE DATABASE"TEST" NORESETLOGS NOARCHIVELOG
MAXLOGFILES 16
MAXLOGMEMBERS 3
MAXDATAFILES 100
MAXINSTANCES 8
MAXLOGHISTORY 292
LOGFILE
GROUP 1'/oracle/oradata/test/redo01.log' SIZE50M BLOCKSIZE 512,
GROUP 2 '/oracle/oradata/test/redo02.log' SIZE 50M BLOCKSIZE 512,
GROUP 3'/oracle/oradata/test/redo03.log' SIZE50M BLOCKSIZE 512
-- STANDBY LOGFILE
DATAFILE
'/oracle/oradata/test/system01.dbf',
'/oracle/oradata/test/sysaux01.dbf',
'/oracle/oradata/test/undotbs01.dbf',
'/oracle/oradata/test/users01.dbf'
CHARACTER SET ZHS16GBK
;
-- Commands to re-createincarnation table
-- Below log names MUST be changedto existing filenames on
-- disk. Any one log file from eachbranch can be used to
-- re-create incarnation records.
-- ALTER DATABASE REGISTER LOGFILE'/oracle/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/arch1_1_966556994.dbf';
-- Recovery is required if any ofthe datafiles are restored backups,
-- or if the last shutdown was notnormal or immediate.
RECOVER DATABASE
-- Database can now be openednormally.
ALTER DATABASE OPEN;
-- Files in read-only tablespacesare now named.
ALTER DATABASE RENAME FILE'MISSING00005'
TO'/oracle/oradata/test/hzh01.dbf';
ALTER DATABASE RENAME FILE'MISSING00006'
TO'/oracle/oradata/test/hzh02.dbf';
-- Online the files in read-onlytablespaces.
ALTER TABLESPACE "HZH"ONLINE;
-- Commands to add tempfiles totemporary tablespaces.
-- Online tempfiles have completespace information.
-- Other tempfiles may requireadjustment.
ALTER TABLESPACE TEMP ADD TEMPFILE'/oracle/oradata/test/temp01.dbf'
SIZE 61865984 REUSE AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 655360 MAXSIZE 32767M;
-- End of tempfile additions.
--
-- Set #2. RESETLOGS case
--
-- The following commands willcreate a new control file and use it
-- to open the database.
-- Data used by Recovery Managerwill be lost.
-- The contents of online logs willbe lost and all backups will
-- be invalidated. Use this only ifonline logs are damaged.
-- After mounting the createdcontrolfile, the following SQL
-- statement will place thedatabase in the appropriate
-- protection mode:
-- ALTER DATABASE SET STANDBY DATABASE TO MAXIMIZE PERFORMANCE
STARTUP NOMOUNT
CREATE CONTROLFILE REUSE DATABASE"TEST" RESETLOGS NOARCHIVELOG
MAXLOGFILES 16
MAXLOGMEMBERS 3
MAXDATAFILES 100
MAXINSTANCES 8
MAXLOGHISTORY 292
LOGFILE
GROUP 1'/oracle/oradata/test/redo01.log' SIZE50M BLOCKSIZE 512,
GROUP 2'/oracle/oradata/test/redo02.log' SIZE50M BLOCKSIZE 512,
GROUP 3'/oracle/oradata/test/redo03.log' SIZE50M BLOCKSIZE 512
-- STANDBY LOGFILE
DATAFILE
'/oracle/oradata/test/system01.dbf',
'/oracle/oradata/test/sysaux01.dbf',
'/oracle/oradata/test/undotbs01.dbf',
'/oracle/oradata/test/users01.dbf'
CHARACTER SET ZHS16GBK
;
-- Commands to re-createincarnation table
-- Below log names MUST be changedto existing filenames on
-- disk. Any one log file from eachbranch can be used to
-- re-create incarnation records.
-- ALTER DATABASE REGISTER LOGFILE'/oracle/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/arch1_1_966556994.dbf';
-- Recovery is required if any ofthe datafiles are restored backups,
-- or if the last shutdown was notnormal or immediate.
RECOVER DATABASE USING BACKUPCONTROLFILE
-- Database can now be openedzeroing the online logs.
ALTER DATABASE OPEN RESETLOGS;
-- Files in read-only tablespacesare now named.
ALTER DATABASE RENAME FILE'MISSING00005'
TO'/oracle/oradata/test/hzh01.dbf';
ALTER DATABASE RENAME FILE'MISSING00006'
TO'/oracle/oradata/test/hzh02.dbf';
-- Online the files in read-onlytablespaces.
ALTER TABLESPACE "HZH"ONLINE;
-- Commands to add tempfiles totemporary tablespaces.
-- Online tempfiles have completespace information.
-- Other tempfiles may requireadjustment.
ALTER TABLESPACE TEMP ADD TEMPFILE'/oracle/oradata/test/temp01.dbf'
SIZE 61865984 REUSE AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 655360 MAXSIZE 32767M;
-- End of tempfile additions.
--
由此 trace 文件可以确认,重建控制文件需要单独处理只读表空间和 TEMP 表空间。
3.3 使用 NORESETLOGS 模式重建控制文件
具体的操作步骤,在 trace 文件里有说明。
--DB 启动到 nomount 状态
SQL> shutdown immediate
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL> startup nomount
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 1006305280bytes
FixedSize 2234600 bytes
VariableSize 650118936 bytes
DatabaseBuffers 348127232 bytes
RedoBuffers 5824512 bytes
SQL>
--重建控制文件
SQL> CREATE CONTROLFILE REUSEDATABASE "TEST" NORESETLOGS NOARCHIVELOG
2 MAXLOGFILES 16
3 MAXLOGMEMBERS 3
4 MAXDATAFILES 100
5 MAXINSTANCES 8
6 MAXLOGHISTORY 292
7 LOGFILE
8 GROUP 1 '/oracle/oradata/test/redo01.log' SIZE 50M BLOCKSIZE 512,
9 GROUP 2 '/oracle/oradata/test/redo02.log' SIZE 50M BLOCKSIZE 512,
10 GROUP 3'/oracle/oradata/test/redo03.log' SIZE50M BLOCKSIZE 512
11 -- STANDBY LOGFILE
12 DATAFILE
13 '/oracle/oradata/test/system01.dbf',
14 '/oracle/oradata/test/sysaux01.dbf',
15 '/oracle/oradata/test/undotbs01.dbf',
16 '/oracle/oradata/test/users01.dbf'
17 CHARACTER SET ZHS16GBK
18 ;
Control file created.
--控制文件的位置在初始化参数里指定。
--打开数据库
SQL> alterdatabase open;
Database altered.
--查看表空间和数据文件的状态:
SQL> selecttablespace_name,status from dba_tablespaces;
TABLESPACE_NAME STATUS
---------------------------------------
SYSTEM ONLINE
SYSAUX ONLINE
UNDOTBS1 ONLINE
TEMP ONLINE
USERS ONLINE
HZH READ ONLY
SQL> set lines 200
SQL> /
FILE_ID FILE_NAME STATUS ONLINE_
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------
4/oracle/oradata/test/users01.dbf AVAILABLE ONLINE
3 /oracle/oradata/test/undotbs01.dbf AVAILABLEONLINE
2/oracle/oradata/test/sysaux01.dbf AVAILABLEONLINE
1/oracle/oradata/test/system01.dbf AVAILABLESYSTEM
5 /oracle/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/MISSING00005 AVAILABLE OFFLINE
6/oracle/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/MISSING00006 AVAILABLE OFFLINE
6 rows selected.
--注意这里,我们之前 read only 的 hzh 表空间还是 read only 的,但是其对应的数据文件名称发生了改变,变成了 MISSING00005,最后是5位数字,这个数据根据 file_id 对应。
同时注意这里的 datafile 状态变成了 offline。
--如果我们现在直接 online 或者 read write 表空间,都会报错:
SQL> alter tablespace hzh online;
alter tablespace hzh online
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01157: cannot identify/lock data file 5 - seeDBWR trace file
ORA-01111: name for data file 5 is unknown - renameto correct file
ORA-01110: data file 5:'/oracle/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/MISSING00005'
SQL> alter tablespace hzh read write;
alter tablespace hzh read write
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01135: file 5 accessed for DML/query is offline
ORA-01111: name for data file 5 is unknown - renameto correct file
ORA-01110: data file 5:'/oracle/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/MISSING00005'
也是提示我们需要对文件进行 rename。
--现在对2个 datafile 进行 rename 操作:
SQL> ALTER DATABASE RENAME FILE'MISSING00005'
2 TO '/oracle/oradata/test/hzh01.dbf';
ALTER DATABASE RENAME FILE'MISSING00006'
Database altered.
SQL> 2 TO '/oracle/oradata/test/hzh02.dbf';
Database altered.
--再将表空间 online:
SQL> alter tablespace hzh read write;
alter tablespace hzh read write
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01135: file 5 accessed forDML/query is offline
ORA-01110: data file 5:'/oracle/oradata/test/hzh01.dbf'
因为之前的 datafile 是 offline 的,所以我们直接修改表空间模式时,提示我们要访问的 datafile 是 offline 的。
我们使用命令将表空间下的所有 datafile online,
SQL> alter tablespace hzhonline;
Tablespace altered.
也可以使用 alter database datafile 命令分次处理单个的 datafile。
现在我们就可以看到数据文件已经正常了:
SQL> select file_name,status,online_statusfrom dba_data_files;
FILE_NAME STATUS ONLINE_
------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------
/oracle/oradata/test/users01.dbf AVAILABLE ONLINE
/oracle/oradata/test/undotbs01.dbf AVAILABLEONLINE
/oracle/oradata/test/sysaux01.dbf AVAILABLEONLINE
/oracle/oradata/test/system01.dbf AVAILABLESYSTEM
/oracle/oradata/test/hzh01.dbf AVAILABLE ONLINE
/oracle/oradata/test/hzh02.dbf AVAILABLE ONLINE
6 rows selected.
但是我们的表空间还是 read only 的状态:
SQL> select tablespace_name,status fromdba_tablespaces;
TABLESPACE_NAME STATUS
------------------------------ ---------
SYSTEM ONLINE
SYSAUX ONLINE
UNDOTBS1 ONLINE
TEMP ONLINE
USERS ONLINE
HZH READ ONLY
--但是要注意,我们重建控制文件之后还需要添加 Temp 表空间。虽然从 dba_tablespaces 视图里可以查看到 TEMP 表空间,但是该表空间确实没有数据文件的,我们需要单独添加。
SQL> select * from v$tempfile;
no rows selected
--所以为了系统的正常运行,需要给 TEMP 表空间添加数据文件:
SQL> ALTER TABLESPACE TEMP ADD TEMPFILE'/oracle/oradata/test/temp01.dbf'
SIZE 61865984 REUSE AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 655360 MAXSIZE 32767M; 2
Tablespace altered.
再次查询就 OK 了:
SQL> select name from v$tempfile;
NAME
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/oracle/oradata/test/temp01.dbf
至此,我们重建控制文件的操作就算全部完成。
The End.