一、环境介绍
- Ubuntu 16.04 Desktop 64位版本
- Docker 默认版本
二、Ubuntu 16.04下载与虚拟机安装
虚拟机VMware 12 Pro版本：注册码：VY1DU-2VXDH-08DVQ-PXZQZ-P2KV8
官网地址：https://www.vmware.com/
三、虚拟机安装Ubuntu16.04桌面版
VMware虚拟机的新建和安装过程省略。内存建议>2G,存储空间建议>100G(后面相关的软件很多)。虚拟机的设置参考如下图：
虚拟机核数可以根据自己电脑的核数设置，例如下图代表计算器是4核
安装配置Ubuntu过程如下：
直接选择：Install Ubuntu
勾选下载更新，继续
删除磁盘的数据，安装ubutun，直接安装
disk设置，默认继续即可
时区选择
键盘布局，直接下一步
设置虚拟机名称和用户信息：docker/docker 【安装的时候如果窗口太小无法看到选项，使用tab键切换选项，Enter即可】
安装完毕重启
四、Ubuntu 16的基本设置
0.克隆虚拟机
安装完毕一台虚拟机之后，为了拓展方便，可以先克隆一台虚拟机做备份。
VMware中关闭虚拟机-选择虚拟机-虚拟机-管理-克隆
clone成功后，虚拟机列表显示克隆的机器
1.显示器分辨率设置
登录Ubuntu 16，打开All Settings-Displays-Resolution-Apply.设置合适的分辨率并保存
2.系统IP设置
All Settings-Network
打开设置选项
勾选General中的这两个选项
IPV4设置中，建议固定IP，使用DHCP也可以
3.启用root用户并设置密码(以后装服务的时候全部使用root账户)
查看Ubuntu的版本命令
root@docker:~# lsb_release -a
No LSB modules are available.
Distributor ID: Ubuntu
Description: Ubuntu 16.04.4 LTS
Release: 16.04
Codename: xenial
$sudo passwd root
输入密码，root有密码是可以SSH远程登录的基础
4.开启SSH服务并允许root用户远程SSH登录
- 进入su账户
$su
$apt-get install openssh-server
- 启动ssh服务
$service ssh start/stop/restart
- 查看服务运行，如果显示，表示服务运行中
$ps -ef | grep ssh
- 设置ssh服务为开机时自动启动
$vi /etc/rc.local
在exit 0 之前添加 /etc/init.d ssh start
- 开启root远程SSH登录权限
$vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config
修改："PermitRootLogin *" 修改成 "PermitRootLogin yes"
使用XShell通过root用户远程登录成功即可：
5.安装vim
$sudo apt install vim
6.查看服务器启动的端口
$netstat -ntlp
7.阿里软件源设置
默认的Ubuntu的软件源是在国外，安装软件的过程有点慢，可以添加阿里的Ubuntu软件源，安装软件的过程会大大提速。
$vi /etc/apt/sources.list
在文件最前面追加如下信息：
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ trusty main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ trusty-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ trusty-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ trusty-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ trusty main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ trusty-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ trusty-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ trusty-backports main restricted universe multiverse
完整的sources.list如下：
1 #deb cdrom:[Ubuntu 16.04 LTS _Xenial Xerus_ - Release amd64 (20160420.1)]/ xenial main restricted
2
3 deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ trusty main restricted universe multiverse
4 deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ trusty-security main restricted universe multiverse
5 deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates main restricted universe multiverse
6 deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ trusty-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
7 deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ trusty-backports main restricted universe multiverse
8 deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ trusty main restricted universe multiverse
9 deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ trusty-security main restricted universe multiverse
10 deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates main restricted universe multiverse
11 deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ trusty-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
12 deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ trusty-backports main restricted universe multiverse
13 # See http://help.ubuntu.com/community/UpgradeNotes for how to upgrade to
14 # newer versions of the distribution.
15 deb http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted
16 # deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted
17
18 ## Major bug fix updates produced after the final release of the
19 ## distribution.
20 deb http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted
21 # deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted
22
23 ## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu
24 ## team, and may not be under a free licence. Please satisfy yourself as to
25 ## your rights to use the software. Also, please note that software in
26 ## universe WILL NOT receive any review or updates from the Ubuntu security
27 ## team.
28 deb http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial universe
29 # deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial universe
30 deb http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates universe
31 # deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates universe
32
33 ## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu
34 ## team, and may not be under a free licence. Please satisfy yourself as to
35 ## your rights to use the software. Also, please note that software in
36 ## multiverse WILL NOT receive any review or updates from the Ubuntu
37 ## security team.
38 deb http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial multiverse
39 # deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial multiverse
40 deb http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates multiverse
41 # deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates multiverse
42
43 ## N.B. software from this repository may not have been tested as
44 ## extensively as that contained in the main release, although it includes
45 ## newer versions of some applications which may provide useful features.
46 ## Also, please note that software in backports WILL NOT receive any review
47 ## or updates from the Ubuntu security team.
48 deb http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse
49 # deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse
50
51 ## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from Canonical's
52 ## 'partner' repository.
53 ## This software is not part of Ubuntu, but is offered by Canonical and the
54 ## respective vendors as a service to Ubuntu users.
55 # deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu xenial partner
56 # deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu xenial partner
57
58 deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security main restricted
59 # deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security main restricted
60 deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security universe
61 # deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security universe
62 deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security multiverse
63 # deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security multiverse
resources.list
8.同步数据源与系统更新升级
设置完新的数据源之后,同步数据源并升级系统
$apt-get update
$apt-get upgrade
9.重启虚拟机
重启机器有多种命令：
>$reboot
>$init 6
>$shutdown -h now
10.init的7种级别
init一共分为7个级别，这7个级别的所代表的含义如下
0：停机或者关机（千万不能将initdefault设置为0）
1：单用户模式，只root用户进行维护
2：多用户模式，不能使用NFS(Net File System)
3：完全多用户模式（标准的运行级别）
4：安全模式
5：图形化（即图形界面）
6：重启（千万不要把initdefault设置为6）
11.建立虚拟机快照
按照上述步骤设置完Ubuntu之后，建议建立快照。以便后面做docker及其他软件安装的异常的还原点。VMware建立快照的步骤：
