通过上面的分析可以看出,View是Android中的视图呈现方式,但是View并不能单独的存在,需要依附在Window这个抽象的概念上,也就是说有界面的地方就有Window,线面我们就通过Activity、Dialog跟Toast来深入的了解下Window的创建过程到底是怎样的。

1. Activity中Window的创建过程

在介绍Activity中的Window的创建过程之前,我们先得了解下Activity的启动过程,后面会专门的写文章介绍Activity的启动过程,这里先简单介绍下,还是先上源码:

......
        Activity activity = null;
        try {
            java.lang.ClassLoader cl = appContext.getClassLoader();
            activity = mInstrumentation.newActivity(
                    cl, component.getClassName(), r.intent);
            StrictMode.incrementExpectedActivityCount(activity.getClass());
            r.intent.setExtrasClassLoader(cl);
            r.intent.prepareToEnterProcess();
            if (r.state != null) {
                r.state.setClassLoader(cl);
            }
        } catch (Exception e) {
            if (!mInstrumentation.onException(activity, e)) {
                throw new RuntimeException(
                    "Unable to instantiate activity " + component
                    + ": " + e.toString(), e);
            }
        }
......
                Window window = null;
                if (r.mPendingRemoveWindow != null && r.mPreserveWindow) {
                    window = r.mPendingRemoveWindow;
                    r.mPendingRemoveWindow = null;
                    r.mPendingRemoveWindowManager = null;
                }
                appContext.setOuterContext(activity);
                activity.attach(appContext, this, getInstrumentation(), r.token,
                        r.ident, app, r.intent, r.activityInfo, title, r.parent,
                        r.embeddedID, r.lastNonConfigurationInstances, config,
                        r.referrer, r.voiceInteractor, window, r.configCallback);

                if (customIntent != null) {
                    activity.mIntent = customIntent;
                }
......

Activity的启动过程很复杂,最终是有ActivityThread中的performLaunchActivity方法来完成的,看上图源码可以看出performLaunchActivity是通过类加载器获得Activity的实例的。然后调动Activity的attach方法为其关联运行过程中所依赖的一系列上下文环境变量。

在Activity的attach方法里,

  • 系统会创建Activity所属的Window对象并为其设置回调接口,这里Window对象实际上是PhoneWindow。
  • 给Activity初始化各种参数,如mUiThread等
  • 给PhoneWindow设置WindowManager,实际上设置的是WindowManagerImpl:
    下图给出一部分源码,有兴趣的同学还是直接看源码。
......
        mWindow = new PhoneWindow(this, window, activityConfigCallback);
        mWindow.setWindowControllerCallback(this);
        mWindow.setCallback(this);
        mWindow.setOnWindowDismissedCallback(this);
        mWindow.getLayoutInflater().setPrivateFactory(this);
        if (info.softInputMode != WindowManager.LayoutParams.SOFT_INPUT_STATE_UNSPECIFIED) {
            mWindow.setSoftInputMode(info.softInputMode);
        }
        if (info.uiOptions != 0) {
            mWindow.setUiOptions(info.uiOptions);
        }
        mUiThread = Thread.currentThread();

        mMainThread = aThread;
        mInstrumentation = instr;
        mToken = token;
        mIdent = ident;
        mApplication = application;
        mIntent = intent;
        mReferrer = referrer;
        mComponent = intent.getComponent();
        mActivityInfo = info;
        mTitle = title;
        mParent = parent;
        mEmbeddedID = id;
        mLastNonConfigurationInstances = lastNonConfigurationInstances;
        if (voiceInteractor != null) {
            if (lastNonConfigurationInstances != null) {
                mVoiceInteractor = lastNonConfigurationInstances.voiceInteractor;
            } else {
                mVoiceInteractor = new VoiceInteractor(voiceInteractor, this, this,
                        Looper.myLooper());
            }
        }
        mWindow.setWindowManager(
                (WindowManager)context.getSystemService(Context.WINDOW_SERVICE),
                mToken, mComponent.flattenToString(),
                (info.flags & ActivityInfo.FLAG_HARDWARE_ACCELERATED) != 0);
        if (mParent != null) {
            mWindow.setContainer(mParent.getWindow());
        }
        mWindowManager = mWindow.getWindowManager();
        mCurrentConfig = config;\
        mWindow.setColorMode(info.colorMode);
......

由于Activity实现了Window的Callback接口,因此当Window接收到外界的状态改变时就会回调Activity的方法。Callback接口中的方法很多,但是有几个却是我们都非常熟悉的,比如onAttachedToWindow、onDetachedFromWindow、dispatchTouchEvent,等等。

public interface Callback {
        public boolean dispatchKeyEvent(KeyEvent event);
        public boolean dispatchKeyShortcutEvent(KeyEvent event);
        public boolean dispatchTouchEvent(MotionEvent event);
        public boolean dispatchTrackballEvent(MotionEvent event);
        public boolean dispatchGenericMotionEvent(MotionEvent event);
......

到这里Window已经创建完成了,但是像之前文章说过的一样,只有Window其实只是一个空的架子,还需要View才能真正是出现视图。Activity的视图是怎么加到Window中的呢?这里就得说道一个我们很熟悉的方法setContentView。

......
    /**
     * Set the activity content from a layout resource.  The resource will be
     * inflated, adding all top-level views to the activity.
     * @param layoutResID Resource ID to be inflated.
     * @see #setContentView(android.view.View)
     * @see #setContentView(android.view.View, android.view.ViewGroup.LayoutParams)
     */
    public void setContentView(@LayoutRes int layoutResID) {
        getWindow().setContentView(layoutResID);
        initWindowDecorActionBar();
    }
......

从Activity的setContentView方法我们可以清楚的看到,getWindow()返回的实际上是上面创建的PhoneWindow,也就是它会调用PhoneWindow的setContentView,在该方法中会创建DecorView并完成布局视图的填充。下面我们看下PhoneWindow的setContentView的源码。

@Override
    public void setContentView(View view, ViewGroup.LayoutParams params) {
        // Note: FEATURE_CONTENT_TRANSITIONS may be set in the process of installing the window
        // decor, when theme attributes and the like are crystalized. Do not check the feature
        // before this happens.
        if (mContentParent == null) {
            installDecor();
        } else if (!hasFeature(FEATURE_CONTENT_TRANSITIONS)) {
            mContentParent.removeAllViews();
        }

        if (hasFeature(FEATURE_CONTENT_TRANSITIONS)) {
            view.setLayoutParams(params);
            final Scene newScene = new Scene(mContentParent, view);
            transitionTo(newScene);
        } else {
            mContentParent.addView(view, params);
        }
        mContentParent.requestApplyInsets();
        final Callback cb = getCallback();
        if (cb != null && !isDestroyed()) {
            cb.onContentChanged();
        }
        mContentParentExplicitlySet = true;
    }

通过上面的源码我们能清楚的看到大概分为以几个步骤:

  1. 如果没有DecorView,则需要创建,否则移除其中的mContentParent中所有的View。
  2. 将View添加到DecorView的mContentParent中。
  3. 回调Activity的onContentChanged方法通知Activity视图已经发生改变。

经过上面几个步骤,DecorView就创建完并初始化成功了。Activity的布局文件也已经成功添加到了DecorView的mContentParent中,但是这个时候DecorView还没有被WindowManager正式添加到Window中。这里需要正确理解Window的概念,Window更多表示的是一种抽象的功能集合,虽然说早在Activity的attach方法中Window就已经被创建了,但是这个时候由于DecorView并没有被WindowManager识别,所以这个时候的Window无法提供具体功能,因为它还无法接收外界的输入信息。在ActivityThread的handleResumeActivity方法中,首先会调用Activity的onResume方法,接着会调用Activity的makeVisible(),正是在makeVisible方法中,DecorView真正地完成了添加和显示这两个过程,到这里Activity的视图才能被用户看到。

void makeVisible() {
        if (!mWindowAdded) {
            ViewManager wm = getWindowManager();
            wm.addView(mDecor, getWindow().getAttributes());
            mWindowAdded = true;
        }
        mDecor.setVisibility(View.VISIBLE);
    }

2. Dialog中的Window的创建过程

Dialog的Window的创建过程跟Activity的很相似,大体有以下几个步骤。
-1. 创建Window
Dialog的Window的创建同样是PhoneWindow,这个剩下的跟Activity还是很类似的。具体看下下面的源码。

Dialog(@NonNull Context context, @StyleRes int themeResId, boolean createContextThemeWrapper) {
        if (createContextThemeWrapper) {
            if (themeResId == ResourceId.ID_NULL) {
                final TypedValue outValue = new TypedValue();
                context.getTheme().resolveAttribute(R.attr.dialogTheme, outValue, true);
                themeResId = outValue.resourceId;
            }
            mContext = new ContextThemeWrapper(context, themeResId);
        } else {
            mContext = context;
        }
        mWindowManager = (WindowManager) context.getSystemService(Context.WINDOW_SERVICE);

        final Window w = new PhoneWindow(mContext);
        mWindow = w;
        w.setCallback(this);
        w.setOnWindowDismissedCallback(this);
        w.setOnWindowSwipeDismissedCallback(() -> {
            if (mCancelable) {
                cancel();
            }
        });
        w.setWindowManager(mWindowManager, null, null);
        w.setGravity(Gravity.CENTER);
        mListenersHandler = new ListenersHandler(this);
    }

-2. 初始化DecorView并将Dialog的界面添加到DecorView中
这个过程跟Activity也是类似的,也是通过Window去添加指定的布局。

/**
     * Set the screen content from a layout resource.  The resource will be
     * inflated, adding all top-level views to the screen.
     * @param layoutResID Resource ID to be inflated.
     */
    public void setContentView(@LayoutRes int layoutResID) {
        mWindow.setContentView(layoutResID);
    }

-3. 将DecorView添加到Window中并显示
Dialog的show方法中,会通过WindowManager将DecorView添加到Window中,源码如下

......
 mDecor = mWindow.getDecorView();
 ......
 mWindowManager.addView(mDecor, l);
 mShowing = true;
......

其实从上面的三个步骤能看出,Dialog的Window创建过程跟Activity的很类似,几乎没有多少区别。当Dialog关闭时,会通过WindowManager来移除DecorView。
普通的Dialog有个不同之处,就是必须要使用Activity的Context,如果使用Application的Context会报错。这个地方是因为普通的Dialog需要token,而token一般是Activity才会有,这个时候如果一定要用Application的Context,需要Dialog是系统的Window才行,这就需要一开始设置Window的type,一般选择TYPE_SYSTEM_OVERLAY指定Window的类型为系统Window。

3 Toast的Window创建过程

Toast和Dialog不同,它的工作过程就稍显复杂。首先Toast也是基于Window来实现的,但是由于Toast具有定时取消这一功能,所以系统采用了Handler。在Toast的内部有两类IPC过程,第一类是Toast访问NotificationManagerService,第二类是Notification-ManagerService回调Toast里的TN接口。关于IPC的一些知识,可以移步Android中的IPC方式。为了便于描述,下面将NotificationManagerService简称为NMS。
Toast属于系统Window,它内部的视图由两种方式指定,一种是系统默认的样式,另一种是通过setView方法来指定一个自定义View,不管如何,它们都对应Toast的一个View类型的内部成员mNextView。Toast提供了show和cancel分别用于显示和隐藏Toast,它们的内部是一个IPC过程,下面我们看下show方法跟cancel方法。

/**
     * Show the view for the specified duration.
     */
    public void show() {
        if (mNextView == null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("setView must have been called");
        }
        INotificationManager service = getService();
        String pkg = mContext.getOpPackageName();
        TN tn = mTN;
        tn.mNextView = mNextView;
        try {
            service.enqueueToast(pkg, tn, mDuration);
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
            // Empty
        }
    }
/**
     * Close the view if it's showing, or don't show it if it isn't showing yet.
     * You do not normally have to call this.  Normally view will disappear on its own
     * after the appropriate duration.
     */
    public void cancel() {
        mTN.cancel();
    }

从上面的代码可以看到,显示和隐藏Toast都需要通过NMS来实现,由于NMS运行在系统的进程中,所以只能通过远程调用的方式来显示和隐藏Toast。需要注意的是TN这个类,它是一个Binder类,在Toast和NMS进行IPC的过程中,当NMS处理Toast的显示或隐藏请求时会跨进程回调TN中的方法,这个时候由于TN运行在Binder线程池中,所以需要通过Handler将其切换到当前线程中。这里的当前线程是指发送Toast请求所在的线程。注意,由于这里使用了Handler,所以这意味着Toast无法在没有Looper的线程中弹出,这是因为Handler需要使用Looper才能完成切换线程的功能.
从上面源码show方法我们可以看到,Toast的显示调用了NMS的enqueueToast方法。enqueueToast方法有三个参数,分别是:pkg当前应用包名、tn远程回调和mDuration显示时长。
enqueueToast首先将Toast请求封装为ToastRecord对象并将其添加到一个名为mToastQueue的队列中。mToastQueue其实是一个ArrayList。对于非系统应用来说,mToastQueue中最多能同时存在50个ToastRecord,这样做是为了防止DOS(DenialofService)。如果不这么做,试想一下,如果我们通过大量的循环去连续弹出Toast,这将会导致其他应用没有机会弹出Toast,那么对于其他应用的Toast请求,系统的行为就是拒绝服务,这就是拒绝服务攻击的含义,这种手段常用于网络攻击中。

// Limit the number of toasts that any given package except the android
                        // package can enqueue.  Prevents DOS attacks and deals with leaks.
                        if (!isSystemToast) {
                            int count = 0;
                            final int N = mToastQueue.size();
                            for (int i=0; i<N; i++) {
                                 final ToastRecord r = mToastQueue.get(i);
                                 if (r.pkg.equals(pkg)) {
                                     count++;
                                     if (count >= MAX_PACKAGE_NOTIFICATIONS) {
                                         Slog.e(TAG, "Package has already posted " + count
                                                + " toasts. Not showing more. Package=" + pkg);
                                         return;
                                     }
                                 }
                            }
                        }
                    // If it's at index 0, it's the current toast.  It doesn't matter if it's
                    // new or just been updated.  Call back and tell it to show itself.
                    // If the callback fails, this will remove it from the list, so don't
                    // assume that it's valid after this.
                    if (index == 0) {
                        showNextToastLocked();
                    }

正常情况下,一个应用不可能达到上限,当ToastRecord被添加到mToastQueue中后,NMS就会通过showNextToastLocked方法来显示当前的Toast。下面的代码很好理解,需要注意的是,Toast的显示是由ToastRecord的callback来完成的,这个callback实际上就是Toast中的TN对象的远程Binder,通过callback来访问TN中的方法是需要跨进程来完成的,最终被调用的TN中的方法会运行在发起Toast请求的应用的Binder线程池中。

@GuardedBy("mToastQueue")
    void showNextToastLocked() {
        ToastRecord record = mToastQueue.get(0);
        while (record != null) {
            if (DBG) Slog.d(TAG, "Show pkg=" + record.pkg + " callback=" + record.callback);
            try {
                record.callback.show(record.token);
                scheduleTimeoutLocked(record);
                return;
            } catch (RemoteException e) {
                Slog.w(TAG, "Object died trying to show notification " + record.callback
                        + " in package " + record.pkg);
                // remove it from the list and let the process die
                int index = mToastQueue.indexOf(record);
                if (index >= 0) {
                    mToastQueue.remove(index);
                }
                keepProcessAliveIfNeededLocked(record.pid);
                if (mToastQueue.size() > 0) {
                    record = mToastQueue.get(0);
                } else {
                    record = null;
                }
            }
        }
    }

从上面的源码可以看到,Toast显示之后,通过scheduleTimeoutLocked来发送一个延时消息,时长当然是根据一开始设置的时间。具体看下代码:

@GuardedBy("mToastQueue")
    private void scheduleTimeoutLocked(ToastRecord r)
    {
        mHandler.removeCallbacksAndMessages(r);
        Message m = Message.obtain(mHandler, MESSAGE_TIMEOUT, r);
        long delay = r.duration == Toast.LENGTH_LONG ? LONG_DELAY : SHORT_DELAY;
        mHandler.sendMessageDelayed(m, delay);
    }

上面LONG_DELAY是3.5s,SHORT_DELAY是2s。延时过后,NMS会通过cancelToastLocked来隐藏Toast并从mToastQueue中移除,我们看下源码就能清楚的了解这个过程,下面是cancelToastLocked方法,可以看到移除Toast之后如果mToastQueue有Toast又调用了showNextToastLocked方法。

@GuardedBy("mToastQueue")
    void cancelToastLocked(int index) {
        ToastRecord record = mToastQueue.get(index);
        try {
            record.callback.hide();
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
            Slog.w(TAG, "Object died trying to hide notification " + record.callback
                    + " in package " + record.pkg);
            // don't worry about this, we're about to remove it from
            // the list anyway
        }

        ToastRecord lastToast = mToastQueue.remove(index);
        mWindowManagerInternal.removeWindowToken(lastToast.token, true, DEFAULT_DISPLAY);

        keepProcessAliveIfNeededLocked(record.pid);
        if (mToastQueue.size() > 0) {
            // Show the next one. If the callback fails, this will remove
            // it from the list, so don't assume that the list hasn't changed
            // after this point.
            showNextToastLocked();
        }
    }

经过上面的分析,我们了解到Toast的显示和隐藏过程实际上是通过Toast中的TN这个类来实现的,它有两个方法show和hide,分别对应Toast的显示和隐藏。由于这两个方法是被NMS以跨进程的方式调用的,因此它们运行在Binder线程池中。为了将执行环境切换到Toast请求所在的线程,在它们的内部使用了Handler,具体看下源码:

......
           mHandler = new Handler(looper, null) {
                @Override
                public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
                    switch (msg.what) {
                        case SHOW: {
                            IBinder token = (IBinder) msg.obj;
                            handleShow(token);
                            break;
                        }
                        case HIDE: {
                            handleHide();
                            // Don't do this in handleHide() because it is also invoked by
                            // handleShow()
                            mNextView = null;
                            break;
                        }
                        case CANCEL: {
                            handleHide();
                            // Don't do this in handleHide() because it is also invoked by
                            // handleShow()
                            mNextView = null;
                            try {
                                getService().cancelToast(mPackageName, TN.this);
                            } catch (RemoteException e) {
                            }
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                }
            };
......
         /**
         * schedule handleShow into the right thread
         */
        @Override
        public void show(IBinder windowToken) {
            if (localLOGV) Log.v(TAG, "SHOW: " + this);
            mHandler.obtainMessage(SHOW, windowToken).sendToTarget();
        }
        /**
         * schedule handleHide into the right thread
         */
        @Override
        public void hide() {
            if (localLOGV) Log.v(TAG, "HIDE: " + this);
            mHandler.obtainMessage(HIDE).sendToTarget();
        }

上述代码中,mShow和mHide是两个Runnable,它们内部分别调用了handleShow和handleHide方法。由此可见,handleShow和handleHide才是真正完成显示和隐藏Toast的地方。TN的handleShow中会将Toast的视图添加到Window中。代码如下。

......
                // Since the notification manager service cancels the token right
                // after it notifies us to cancel the toast there is an inherent
                // race and we may attempt to add a window after the token has been
                // invalidated. Let us hedge against that.
                try {
                    mWM.addView(mView, mParams);
                    trySendAccessibilityEvent();
                } catch (WindowManager.BadTokenException e) {
                    /* ignore */
                }
......

上面的handleShow代码段,我们能清楚的看到,mWM将Toast添加了进去。handleHide的源码如下:

public void handleHide() {
            if (localLOGV) Log.v(TAG, "HANDLE HIDE: " + this + " mView=" + mView);
            if (mView != null) {
                // note: checking parent() just to make sure the view has
                // been added...  i have seen cases where we get here when
                // the view isn't yet added, so let's try not to crash.
                if (mView.getParent() != null) {
                    if (localLOGV) Log.v(TAG, "REMOVE! " + mView + " in " + this);
                    mWM.removeViewImmediate(mView);
                }

                mView = null;
            }
        }

到这里Toast的Window创建就介绍完了,相信大家看后应该有了新的理解。
当然还有很多其他的通过Window实现的组件,诸如PopWindow、菜单栏和状态栏能,这里不再一一介绍了,还是那句话,看源码,里面的注释写的也是比较详细的。

参考:任玉刚.Android开发艺术探索.电子工业出版社