golang编程之时间编程
编程离不开时间,时间管理,严格的说分成两块,一个是当前的时刻,对应的是一个点,还有是一段时间间隔。本文简单的讲讲go的时间相关的编程,比较简单,高手可以一笑而过。
golang对时间的支持,是package time做的事儿,里面有好多的函数,我就不一一举例学习,毕竟这是官方文档干的事情。我们初步的学习下常用的函数。
第一个是UNIX epoch time,确切的说就是自1970-01-01 00:00:00 GMT以来的秒数,不知道如何获取的,可以在shell下执行 date +%s
1. manu@manu-hacks:~/code/go/self$ date +%s
2. 1385131172
熟悉Linux下C编程的就是time函数的返回值:
1. <time.h>
2.
3. now = time(NULL);
golang中一个很重要的表征时间的数据类型是Time,基本就是三个成员变量 sec ,nsec,Location,详细意思可以参看注释。
1. type Time struct {
2. of
3. , year 1 00:00:00 UTC.
4. sec int64
5.
6. -negative nanosecond
7. .
8. in the range [0, 999999999].
9. nsec int32
10.
11. // loc specifies the Location that should be used to
12. , hour, month, day, and
13. this Time.
14. .
15. In that case it is interpreted to mean UTC.
16. loc *Location
17. }
OK,如何取到UNIX epoch time.
1. now := time.Now()
2.
用time package中Now()函数获取到当前的时间信息,Now()函数非常的重要,他是后面一切转换的起始点。从Now()我们获取到了Time,从 Time类型我们从容的获取到UNIX epoch time ,自然获取到year ,month ,day,weekday, hour,minute,second,nanosecond.
获取UNIX epoch time:
1. = now.Unix()
获取Year
1. func (t Time) Year() int
2.
3. cur_year := now.Year()
获取Month
1. func (t Time) Month() Month
2.
3. cur_month := now.Month()
4.
5. if cur_month == time.November {
6. ...
7. }
Month是int类型,fmt.Printf("%v") 或者fmt.Println可以打印出November来,同时Month type有String()函数,输出“November”这样的字符串
1. const (
2. = 1 +
3. February
4. March
5. April
6. May
7. June
8. July
9. August
10. September
11. October
12. November
13. December
14. )
year mon day,这些都可以在Date函数中一并返回:
1. func (t Time) Date() (year int, month Month, day int)
2.
3. year,mon,day = now.Date()
获取Hour
1. func (t Time) Hour() int
1. := now.Hour()
2.
Minute可以通过Minute()返回,second可以通过Second()返回。
time还提供了Clock()的同时返回 hour,minute,second = now.Clock().
在C语言中,我们用gmtime_r获取UTC时间,localtime_r获取本地时间,Golang我们也可以做到
1. #include<stdio.h>
2. #include<stdlib.h>
3. #include<time.h>
4.
5.
6. int main()
7. {
8. now = time(NULL);
9. ("elapsed %d second since 1970-01-01 00:00:00\n",now);
10.
11. ={0};
12. if (gmtime_r(&now,&now_utc_tm) != NULL)
13. {
14. ("UTC time is %d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d %s\n",
15. .tm_year+1900,now_utc_tm.tm_mon,
16. .tm_mday,now_utc_tm.tm_hour,
17. .tm_min,now_utc_tm.tm_sec,now_utc_tm.tm_zone);
18. }
19.
20. = {0} ;
21. if(localtime_r(&now,&now_local_tm) != NULL)
22. {
23. ("local time is %d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d %s\n",
24. .tm_year+1900,now_local_tm.tm_mon,
25. .tm_mday,now_local_tm.tm_hour,
26. .tm_min, now_local_tm.tm_sec,now_local_tm.tm_zone);
27. }
28.
29. ;
30.
31. }
golang的版本是:
1. package main
2.
3. import "fmt"
4. import "time"
5.
6.
7.
8. func main(){
9.
10. now := time.Now()
11. year,mon,day := now.UTC().Date()
12. hour,min,sec := now.UTC().Clock()
13. ,_ := now.UTC().Zone()
14. .Printf("UTC time is %d-%d-%d %02d:%02d:%02d %s\n",
15. year,mon,day,hour,min,sec,zone)
16.
17. year,mon,day = now.Date()
18. hour,min,sec = now.Clock()
19. ,_ = now.Zone()
20. .Printf("local time is %d-%d-%d %02d:%02d:%02d %s\n",
21. year,mon,day,hour,min,sec,zone)
22. }
输出分别是:
1. C版本的输出
2. ------------------
3. UTC time is 2013-10-22 15:49:18 GMT
4. local time is 2013-10-22 23:49:18 CST
5.
6. go版本的输出
7. ---------------------
8. UTC time is 2013-11-22 15:51:22 UTC
9. local time is 2013-11-22 23:51:22 CST
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
我们另一个关心的话题,是时间间隔,比如我们profile一个以非常耗时的function,我们会在函数开始前记下时刻值,函数结束后,再次记录下时刻值,然后两者的差值,就是函数运行时间。
这表明Time是可以相减的,
1. start_time := time.Now()
2. expensive_function
3. end_time :=time.Now()
4.
5. var duration Duration = end_time.Sub(start_time)
Duration是一种数据类型,其实是个int64类型,表征的是两个时刻之间的纳秒数。
1. type Duration int64
2.
3. const (
4. =
5. = 1000 *
6. = 1000 *
7. = 1000 *
8. = 60 *
9. = 60 *
10. )
Duration类型有Minutes()/Second()/Nanoseconds(), 将duration折算成分钟/秒/纳秒。
1. now := time.Now()
2. time.Sleep(3*time.Second);
3. := time.Now()
4.
5. time.Duration = end_time.Sub(now)
6. = dur_time.Minutes()
7. = dur_time.Seconds()
8. = dur_time.Nanoseconds()
9. .Printf("elasped %f minutes or \nelapsed %f seconds or \nelapsed %d nanoseconds\n",
10. ,elapsed_sec,elapsed_nano)
输出如下:
1. elasped 0.050005 minutes or
2. elapsed 3.000292 seconds or
3. elapsed 3000292435 nanoseconds
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
第二部分描述Duration明显用到了Sleep()函数,这个函数是以纳秒为单位的,相当于C语言中的nanosleep()
1. #include <time.h>
2. nanosleep(): _POSIX_C_SOURCE >= 199309L
3.
4. int nanosleep(const struct timespec *req, struct timespec *rem);
#include <unistd.h>
unsigned int sleep(unsigned int seconds);
Go中的time.Sleep一律是以纳秒为单位的,当然本质是Duration类型:
如果sleep 3秒中需要写成:
1. time.Sleep(3000000000)
这太不方便了,所以,Golang可以写成
1. time.Sleep(3*time.Second);
这样可读性就好多了,当然还有time.Minute,time.Hour
这个time package还有很多其他的内容,我就不一一赘述了。
参考文献:
1 golang package time