OSPF有哪几种 ospf有哪几种特殊区域

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IT智行领袖 2024-08-15 09:22:36

文章标签 OSPF有哪几种网络数据库 R3 OSPF 文章分类 云原生云计算

一、NSSA区域：

1.只有NSSA区域中才会现LSA7，可以存在ASBR,阻止LSA4/5

2.ABR将LSA7转成LSA5，传播到其他区域,这时，ABR也成为了ASBR，因为它也引入了LSA5,其它路由器看到LSA5的通告路由器是ABR。

二、实验拓扑如下:R1到R2属区域0，R2到R3属区域1并配置为NSSA区域，R1与R3分别运行RIP与EIGRP模拟OSPF外部路由,接口与IP地址信息如下所示.

OSPF有哪几种 ospf有哪几种特殊区域_OSPF

步骤一：配置3台路由器及路由协议，并如图发布网段.

R1: 
  
   

    Router> 
   
Router>en    
Router#conf t    
Router(config)#hostname R1    
R1(config-line)#exit    
R1(config)#interface f0/0    
R1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0    
R1(config-if)#no sh    
R1(config-if)#exit    
R1(config)#interface loopback 0    
R1(config-if)#ip address 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.0    
R1(config-if)#ip ospf network point-to-point       //防止学习32位的主机路由
R1(config-if)#int lo1    
R1(config-if)#ip address 1.1.2.1 255.255.255.0    
R1(config-if)#ip ospf network point-to-point       //防止学习32位的主机路由
R1(config-if)#exit    
R1(config)#router ospf 1           //启用OSPF路由协议
R1(config-router)#router-id 1.1.1.1        //指定ROUTE-ID
R1(config-router)#network 192.168.1.1 0.0.0.0 area 0       //发布网段到区域0
R1(config-router)#exit    
R1(config)#router rip         //启用RIP路由协议
R1(config-router)#version 2        //指定版本2
R1(config-router)#no auto-summary         //不要自动汇总
R1(config-router)#network 1.1.1.0       //发布网段
R1(config-router)#network 1.1.2.0        //同上
R1(config-router)#end    
R1#      

      
  
   
    
R2:      

    start 
   
Router>    
Router>en    
Router#conf t    
Router(config)#hostname R2    
R2(config)#interface f0/0    
R2(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0    
R2(config-if)#no sh    
R2(config-if)#exit    
R2(config)#interface f0/1    
R2(config-if)#ip address 192.168.2.2 255.255.255.0    
R2(config-if)#no sh    
R2(config-if)#exit    
R2(config)#interface loopback 0    
R2(config-if)#ip address 2.2.1.1 255.255.255.0    
R2(config-if)#ip ospf network point-to-point    
R2(config-if)#int lo1    
R2(config-if)#ip address 2.2.2.1 255.255.255.0    
R2(config-if)#ip ospf network point-to-point    
R2(config-if)#exit    
R2(config)#router ospf 1        //启用OSPF路由协议
R2(config-router)#router-id 2.2.2.2         //同上
R2(config-router)#network 192.168.1.2 0.0.0.0 area 0    
R2(config-router)#network 192.168.2.2 0.0.0.0 area 1    
R2(config-router)#network 2.2.1.1 0.0.0.0 area 0       
R2(config-router)#network 2.2.2.1 0.0.0.0 area 0    
R2(config-router)#end        
R2#      

      
  
   
    
R3:      

    Router> 
   
Router>en    
Router#conf t    
Router(config)#hostname R3    
R3(config)#interface f0/1    
R3(config-if)#ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0    
R3(config-if)#no sh    
R3(config-if)#exit    
R3(config)#interface loopback 0    
R3(config-if)#ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0    
R3(config-if)#int lo1    
R3(config-if)#ip address 172.16.2.1 255.255.255.0    
R3(config-if)#exit    
R3(config)#router ospf 1        //启用OSPF路由协议
R3(config-router)#router-id 3.3.3.3         //同上
R3(config-router)#network 192.168.2.1 0.0.0.0 area 1    
R3(config-router)#exit    
R3(config)#router eigrp 1    
R3(config-router)#no auto-summary    
R3(config-router)#network 172.16.1.0 0.0.0.255    
R3(config-router)#network 172.16.2.0 0.0.0.255    
R3(config-router)#end    
R3#

步骤二：在R1与R3上进行路由的重发布，使得路由器能够互相学习外部路由.

R1(config)#router ospf 1 
   
R1(config-router)#redistribute rip subnets       //将RIP重发布进OSPF 
   
R1(config-router)#exit    
R1(config)#router rip    
R1(config-router)#redistribute ospf 1 metric 1        //将OSPF重发布进RIP度量为1
R1(config-router)#end    
R1#      

    R3(config)#router ospf 1 
   
R3(config-router)#redistribute eigrp 1 subnets        //将EIGRP重发布进OSPF
R3(config-router)#exit    
R3(config)#router eigrp 1    
R3(config-router)#redistribute ospf 1 metric 100000 5 255 1 1500    
//将OSPF重发布进EIGRP，带宽=100000KM 廷迟=5 可靠性=255 负载=1 最大传输单元=1500    
R3(config-router)#end    
R3#

步骤三：将区域1配置为NSSA区域.

R2(config)#router ospf 1 
   
R2(config-router)#area 1 nssa        //将区域1配置为NSSA
R2(config-router)#end    
R2#      

    R3(config)#router ospf 1 
   
R3(config-router)#area 1 nssa        //将区域1配置为NSSA
R3(config-router)#end    
R3#

步骤四：在R1，R2与R3上分别验证

查看R1路由表：

R1#show ip route    
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP    
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area    
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2    
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP    
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2    
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route    
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route      

    Gateway of last resort is not set 
  
   

         1.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets 
   
C       1.1.1.0 is directly connected, Loopback0    
C       1.1.2.0 is directly connected, Loopback1    
     2.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets    
O       2.2.1.0 [110/2] via 192.168.1.2, 00:08:29, FastEthernet0/0    
O       2.2.2.0 [110/2] via 192.168.1.2, 00:08:29, FastEthernet0/0    
     172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets    
O E2    172.16.1.0 [110/20] via 192.168.1.2, 00:07:34, FastEthernet0/0    
O E2    172.16.2.0 [110/20] via 192.168.1.2, 00:07:34, FastEthernet0/0    
C    192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0    
O IA 192.168.2.0/24 [110/2] via 192.168.1.2, 00:08:04, FastEthernet0/0    
R1#        
//R1上可以学习到所有路由，因为它是正常区域，没有做任何配置，可以学习所以类型的LSA

查看R2路由表：

R2#show ip route    
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP    
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area    
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2    
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP    
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2    
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route    
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route      

    Gateway of last resort is not set 
  
   

         1.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets 
   
O E2    1.1.1.0 [110/20] via 192.168.1.1, 00:04:19, FastEthernet0/0    
O E2    1.1.2.0 [110/20] via 192.168.1.1, 00:04:19, FastEthernet0/0    
     2.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets    
C       2.2.1.0 is directly connected, Loopback0    
C       2.2.2.0 is directly connected, Loopback1    
     172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets    
O N2    172.16.1.0 [110/20] via 192.168.2.1, 00:04:19, FastEthernet0/1    
O N2    172.16.2.0 [110/20] via 192.168.2.1, 00:04:19, FastEthernet0/1    
C    192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0    
C    192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1    
R2#

//有人肯定会说NSSA区域不是不会学习5类LSA吗，怎么多了2条E2的路由？
因为R2是NSSA的ABR，它所要做的事情就是将7类型LSA转成5类LSA并传播到区域间每个路由器，还有NSSA区域可以学习本区域引入的外部路由，上面两条N2的路由为从R3上EIGRP所学的外部路由.

查看R3路由表：

R3#show ip route    
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP    
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area    
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2    
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP    
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2    
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route    
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route      

    Gateway of last resort is not set 
  
   

         2.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets 
   
O IA    2.2.1.0 [110/2] via 192.168.2.2, 00:13:21, FastEthernet0/1    
O IA    2.2.2.0 [110/2] via 192.168.2.2, 00:13:21, FastEthernet0/1    
     172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets    
C       172.16.1.0 is directly connected, Loopback0    
C       172.16.2.0 is directly connected, Loopback1    
O IA 192.168.1.0/24 [110/2] via 192.168.2.2, 00:13:21, FastEthernet0/1    
C    192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1    
R3#    
//R3属于NSSA区域内，而非NSSA区域ABR，所以它就验证了NSSA区域不能学习其它区域引入的外部路由。

疑问：为什么在R2上面会发生7类LSA转5类LSA？
我们来看看R2的OSPF链路状态数据库:

R2#show ip ospf database   
   

                    Type-7 AS External Link States (Area 1) 
  
   

    Link ID         ADV Router      Age         Seq#       Checksum Tag 
   
172.16.1.0      3.3.3.3         1501        0x80000001 0x00C09F 0    
172.16.2.0      3.3.3.3         1501        0x80000001 0x00B5A9 0      

                    Type-5 AS External Link States 
  
   

    Link ID         ADV Router      Age         Seq#       Checksum Tag 
   
1.1.1.0         1.1.1.1         483         0x80000002 0x00A3F4 0    
1.1.2.0         1.1.1.1         484         0x80000002 0x0098FE 0    
172.16.1.0      2.2.2.2         1495        0x80000001 0x0073FA 0    
172.16.2.0      2.2.2.2         1495        0x80000001 0x006805 0    
R2#

注：前面说过，只有NSSA区域存放7类LSA，所以7类LSA传播到其它区域根本就不识别，仔细看R2上5类与7类LSA的摘要，都存放了172.16.1.0与172.16.2.0，所以这就7类变5类LSA的转折点.

总结：相信通过这两篇文章，大家对OSPF的特殊区域有个比较好的认识与掌握.

转载于:https://blog.51cto.com/justim/271764

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