1、dict,字典

字典是以键值对(key-value)的形式存储数据的一种数据类型,在字典中键必须是唯一的,且是不可变的数据类型(int,str,tuple,bool)

通过键来找到对应的值

Ⅰ、增

(1)、直接赋值

有则修改,无则添加



dic = {'name':'abc', 'age':18, 'hobby':'sleep'}
dic['age'] = 20
dic['school'] = 'lalala'
print(dic)

{'name': 'abc', 'age': 20, 'hobby': 'sleep', 'school': 'lalala'}



(2)、setdefault()

有则不变,无则添加



dic = {'name':'abc', 'age':18, 'hobby':'sleep'}
dic.setdefault('age',20)
dic.setdefault('school','lalala')
print(dic)

{'name': 'abc', 'age': 18, 'hobby': 'sleep', 'school': 'lalala'}



Ⅱ、删

(1)pop

根据键弹出一个值,参数如下:

pop(key,default)  key:要弹出的值的键  default:如果此键不在字典里,返回的值,如果不写默认报错



dic = {'name':'abc', 'age':18, 'hobby':'sleep'}
a = dic.pop('name')
print(a,dic)

abc {'age': 18, 'hobby': 'sleep'}



dic = {'name':'abc', 'age':18, 'hobby':'sleep'}
a = dic.pop('school')
print(a,dic)

KeyError: 'school'



dic = {'name':'abc', 'age':18, 'hobby':'sleep'}
a = dic.pop('school','此键不在字典中!')
print(a)
print(dic)

此键不在字典中!
{'name': 'abc', 'age': 18, 'hobby': 'sleep'}



(2)、popitem()

随机弹出一对键值对,返回形式为元组形式的键值对,例如:



dic = {'name':'abc', 'age':18, 'hobby':'sleep'}
a = dic.popitem()
print(a)
print(dic)

('hobby', 'sleep')
{'name': 'abc', 'age': 18}



(3)、clear

清空字典



dic = {'name':'abc', 'age':18, 'hobby':'sleep'}
dic.clear()
print(dic)

{}



(4)、del

将字典在内存中删除



dic = {'name':'abc', 'age':18, 'hobby':'sleep'}
del dic
print(dic)

NameError: name 'dic' is not defined



Ⅲ、改

(1)、直接赋值

见  增  的   直接赋值

(2)、update()

用一个其他字典更新原字典



dic = {'name':'abc', 'age':18, 'hobby':'sleep'}
dic2 = {'school':'lalala','date':'aaaa'}
dic.update(dic2)
print(dic)

{'name': 'abc', 'age': 18, 'hobby': 'sleep', 'school': 'lalala', 'date': 'aaaa'}



如果其他字典中有与原字典相同的键,则覆盖原字典中的值



dic = {'name':'abc', 'age':18, 'hobby':'sleep'}
dic2 = {'name':'AAA','school':'lalala'}
dic.update(dic2)
print(dic)

{'name': 'AAA', 'age': 18, 'hobby': 'sleep', 'school': 'lalala'}



Ⅳ、查

(1)、以键查值

有一个缺点,找不到会报错



dic = {'name':'abc', 'age':18, 'hobby':'sleep'}
print(dic['name'])

abc



(2)、get()

可自定义找不到返回的内容

参数    get(键,找不到返回的内容)    找不到返回的内容默认为None



dic = {'name':'abc', 'age':18, 'hobby':'sleep'}
print(dic.get('name'))
print(dic.get('school'))
print(dic.get('school','没有此键'))

abc
None
没有此键



(3)、keys()

找到字典中所有的键,返回的数据类型为  dict_keys  ,  可与for搭配遍历字典的值



dic = {'name':'abc', 'age':18, 'hobby':'sleep'}
print(dic.keys())

dict_keys(['name', 'age', 'hobby'])



(4)、values()

找到字典中所有的值,返回的数据类型为  dict_values  ,  可与for搭配遍历字典的值



dic = {'name':'abc', 'age':18, 'hobby':'sleep'}
print(dic.values())

dict_values(['abc', 18, 'sleep'])



(5)、items()

找到字典中所有的j键值对,返回的数据类型为  dict_items  , 

可与for搭配遍历字典的键值对,循环时可以用两个变量分别接收键和值



dic = {'name':'abc', 'age':18, 'hobby':'sleep'}
print(dic.items())

dict_items([('name', 'abc'), ('age', 18), ('hobby', 'sleep')])



dic = {'name':'abc', 'age':18, 'hobby':'sleep'}
for i,j in dic.items() :
    print(i,j)

name abc
age 18
hobby sleep



2、set,集合

集合内的元素无序,不重复,可哈希,但集合本身是不可哈希的(不能作为字典的key)

集合主要有两大作用:

  1、去重

  2、数据关系测试

一、操作

Ⅰ、增

(1)、add()



set1 = {'abc', 18 ,'sleep'}
set1.add('lalala')
print(set1)

{'abc', 18, 'sleep', 'lalala'}



(2)、update()

迭代添加,添加的内容必须是可迭代的



set1 = {'abc', 18 ,'sleep'}
set1.update('def')
print(set1)

{'d', 'sleep', 'e', 18, 'f', 'abc'}



Ⅱ、删

(1)、remove()

remove的元素必须是集合内有的



set1 = {'abc', 18 ,'sleep'}
set1.remove(18)
print(set1)

{'abc', 'sleep'}



(2)、pop()

随机弹出一个元素



set1 = {'abc', 18 ,'sleep'}
a = set1.pop()
print(a,set1)

sleep {18, 'abc'}



(3)、clear,del

与其他数据类型用法相同

Ⅲ、查

由于集合的无序性,所以必须用for循环来遍历集合

二、作用

Ⅰ、去重



list1 = [111,222,333,111,222,333,555,444]
set1 = set(list1)
print(set1)

{555, 333, 111, 444, 222}



可以看到,集合和字典一样是用{}定义的,所以在定义一个空集合时,不能用{},而用set()



a = {}
b = set()
print(type(a))
print(type(b))

<class 'dict'>
<class 'set'>



Ⅱ、数据关系测试

(1)、交集  &或intersection



set1 = {1,2,3,4,5}
set2 = {3,4,5,6,7}
a = set1 & set2
print(a)

{3, 4, 5}



(2)、并集  | 或 union



set1 = {1,2,3,4,5}
set2 = {3,4,5,6,7}
a = set1 | set2
print(a)

{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}



(3)、判断是否时  子集(issubset)或  超集(issuperset)



set1 = {3,4,5}
set2 = {3,4,5,6,7}
print(set1.issubset(set2))
print(set2.issuperset(set1))

True
True



(4)、差集

直接进行减运算



set1 = {1,2,3,4,5}
set2 = {3,4,5,6,7}
print(set1 - set2)
print(set2 - set1)

{1, 2}
{6, 7}



(5)、反交集  ^  或  symmetric_difference



set1 = {1,2,3,4,5}
set2 = {3,4,5,6,7}
print(set1 ^ set2)

{1, 2, 6, 7}