前言

在使用Spring和SpringMVC的老版本进行开发时,我们需要配置很多的xml文件,非常的繁琐,总是让用户自行选择配置也是非常不好的。基于约定大于配置的规定,Spring提供了很多注解帮助我们简化了大量的xml配置;但是在使用SpringMVC时,我们还会使用到WEB-INF/web.xml,但实际上我们是完全可以使用Java类来取代xml配置的,这也是后来SpringBoott的实现原理。本篇就来看看Spring是如何实现完全的零XML配置。
正文

先来看一下原始的web.xml配置:

contextConfigLocation 
 classpath:spring.xml webAppRootKey ServicePlatform.root org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener 
 spring-dispatcher org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet 
 contextConfigLocation classpath:spring-dispatcher.xml 0 spring-dispatcher /

这里各个配置的作用简单说下,context-param是加载我们主的sping.xml配置,比如一些bean的配置和开启注解扫描等;listener是配置监听器,Tomcat启动会触发监听器调用;servlet则是配置我们自定义的Servlet实现,比如DispatcherServlet。还有其它很多配置就不一一说明了,在这里主要看到记住context-param和servlet配置,这是SpringIOC父子容器的体现。在之前的I文章中讲过IOC容器是以父子关系组织的,但估计大部分人都不能理解,除了看到复杂的继承体系,并没有看到父容器作用的体现,稍后来分析。
了解了配置,我们就需要思考如何替换掉这些繁琐的配置。实际上Tomcat提供了一个规范,有一个ServletContainerInitializer接口:

public interface ServletContainerInitializer {
 void onStartup(Set<Class<?>> var1, ServletContext var2) throws ServletException;
 }

Tomcat启动时会调用该接口实现类的onStartup方法,这个方法有两个参数,第二个不用说,主要是第一个参数什么?从哪里来?另外我们自定义的实现类又怎么让Tomcat调用呢?
首先解答最后一个问题,这里也是利用SPI来实现的,因此我们实现了该接口后,还需要在META-INF.services下配置。其次,这里传入的第一个参数也是我们自定义的扩展接口的实现类,我们可以通过我们自定义的接口实现很多需要在启动时做的事,比如加载Servlet,但是Tomcat又是怎么知道我们自定义的接口是哪个呢?这就需要用到@HandlesTypes注解,该注解就是标注在ServletContainerInitializer的实现类上,其值就是我们扩展的接口,这样Tomcat就知道需要传入哪个接口实现类到这个onStartup方法了。来看一个简单的实现:

@HandlesTypes(LoadServlet.class)
 public class MyServletContainerInitializer implements ServletContainerInitializer {
 @Override
 public void onStartup(Set<Class<?>> set, ServletContext servletContext) throws ServletException {
 Iterator var4;
 if (set != null) {
 var4 = set.iterator();
 while (var4.hasNext()) {
 Class<?> clazz = (Class<?>) var4.next();
 if (!clazz.isInterface() && !Modifier.isAbstract(clazz.getModifiers()) && LoadServlet.class.isAssignableFrom(clazz)) {
 try {
 ((LoadServlet) clazz.newInstance()).loadOnstarp(servletContext);
 } catch (Exception e) {
 e.printStackTrace();
 }
 }
 }
 }
 }
 }public interface LoadServlet {
void loadOnstarp(ServletContext servletContext);
}
public class LoadServletImpl implements LoadServlet {
 @Override
 public void loadOnstarp(ServletContext servletContext) {
 ServletRegistration.Dynamic initServlet = servletContext.addServlet(“initServlet”, “org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet”);
 initServlet.setLoadOnStartup(1);
 initServlet.addMapping("/init");
 }
 }

这就是Tomcat给我们提供的规范,通过这个规范我们就能实现Spring的零xml配置启动,直接来看Spring是如何做的。
根据上面所说我们可以在spring-web工程下找到META-INF/services/javax.servlet.ServletContainerInitializer配置:

@HandlesTypes(WebApplicationInitializer.class)
 public class SpringServletContainerInitializer implements ServletContainerInitializer {
 @Override
 public void onStartup(@Nullable Set<Class<?>> webAppInitializerClasses, ServletContext servletContext)
 throws ServletException {List<WebApplicationInitializer> initializers = new LinkedList<>();

	if (webAppInitializerClasses != null) {
		for (Class<?> waiClass : webAppInitializerClasses) {
			// Be defensive: Some servlet containers provide us with invalid classes,
			// no matter what @HandlesTypes says...
			if (!waiClass.isInterface() && !Modifier.isAbstract(waiClass.getModifiers()) &&
					WebApplicationInitializer.class.isAssignableFrom(waiClass)) {
				try {
					initializers.add((WebApplicationInitializer)
							ReflectionUtils.accessibleConstructor(waiClass).newInstance());
				}
				catch (Throwable ex) {
					throw new ServletException("Failed to instantiate WebApplicationInitializer class", ex);
				}
			}
		}
	}

	if (initializers.isEmpty()) {
		servletContext.log("No Spring WebApplicationInitializer types detected on classpath");
		return;
	}

	servletContext.log(initializers.size() + " Spring WebApplicationInitializers detected on classpath");
	AnnotationAwareOrderComparator.sort(initializers);
	for (WebApplicationInitializer initializer : initializers) {
		initializer.onStartup(servletContext);
	}
}
List<WebApplicationInitializer> initializers = new LinkedList<>();

	if (webAppInitializerClasses != null) {
		for (Class<?> waiClass : webAppInitializerClasses) {
			// Be defensive: Some servlet containers provide us with invalid classes,
			// no matter what @HandlesTypes says...
			if (!waiClass.isInterface() && !Modifier.isAbstract(waiClass.getModifiers()) &&
					WebApplicationInitializer.class.isAssignableFrom(waiClass)) {
				try {
					initializers.add((WebApplicationInitializer)
							ReflectionUtils.accessibleConstructor(waiClass).newInstance());
				}
				catch (Throwable ex) {
					throw new ServletException("Failed to instantiate WebApplicationInitializer class", ex);
				}
			}
		}
	}

	if (initializers.isEmpty()) {
		servletContext.log("No Spring WebApplicationInitializer types detected on classpath");
		return;
	}

	servletContext.log(initializers.size() + " Spring WebApplicationInitializers detected on classpath");
	AnnotationAwareOrderComparator.sort(initializers);
	for (WebApplicationInitializer initializer : initializers) {
		initializer.onStartup(servletContext);
	}
}

}

核心的实现就是WebApplicationInitializer,先看看其继承体系
在这里插入图片描述
AbstractReactiveWebInitializer不用管,主要看另外一边,但是都是抽象类,也就是说真的实例也是由我们自己实现,但需要我们实现什么呢?我们一般直接继承AbstractAnnotationConfigDispatcherServletInitializer类,有四个抽象方法需要我们实现:

//父容器
@Override
protected Class<?>[] getRootConfigClasses() {
    return new Class<?>[]{SpringContainer.class};
}

//SpringMVC配置子容器
@Override
protected Class<?>[] getServletConfigClasses() {
    return new Class<?>[]{MvcContainer.class};
}

//获取DispatcherServlet的映射信息
@Override
protected String[] getServletMappings() {
    return new String[]{"/"};
}

// filter配置
@Override
protected Filter[] getServletFilters() {
    MyFilter myFilter = new MyFilter();
    CorsFilter corsFilter = new CorsFilter();
    return new Filter[]{myFilter,corsFilter};
}

这里主要注意getRootConfigClasses和getServletConfigClasses方法,分别加载父、子容器:

@ComponentScan(value = “com.dark”,excludeFilters = {
 @ComponentScan.Filter(type = FilterType.ANNOTATION,classes = {Controller.class})
 })
 public class SpringContainer {
 }@ComponentScan(value = “com.dark”,includeFilters = {
 @ComponentScan.Filter(type = FilterType.ANNOTATION,classes = {Controller.class})
 },useDefaultFilters = false)
 public class MvcContainer {
 }

看到这两个类上的注解应该不陌生了吧,父容器扫描装载了所有不带@Controller注解的类,子容器则相反,但需要对象时首先从当前容器中找,如果没有则从父容器中获取,为什么要这么设计呢?直接放到一个容器中不行么?先思考下, 稍后解答。
回到onStartup方法中,直接回调用到AbstractDispatcherServletInitializer类:

public void onStartup(ServletContext servletContext) throws ServletException {
	super.onStartup(servletContext);
	//注册DispatcherServlet
	registerDispatcherServlet(servletContext);
}

先是调用父类:

public void onStartup(ServletContext servletContext) throws ServletException {
	registerContextLoaderListener(servletContext);
}

protected void registerContextLoaderListener(ServletContext servletContext) {

	//创建spring上下文,注册了SpringContainer
	WebApplicationContext rootAppContext = createRootApplicationContext();
	if (rootAppContext != null) {
		//创建监听器
		ContextLoaderListener listener = new ContextLoaderListener(rootAppContext);
		listener.setContextInitializers(getRootApplicationContextInitializers());
		servletContext.addListener(listener);
	}
}

然后调用createRootApplicationContext创建父容器:

protected WebApplicationContext createRootApplicationContext() {
	Class<?>[] configClasses = getRootConfigClasses();
	if (!ObjectUtils.isEmpty(configClasses)) {
		AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext();
		context.register(configClasses);
		return context;
	}
	else {
		return null;
	}
}

可以看到就是创建了一个AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext对象,并将我们的配置类SpringContainer注册了进去。接着创建Tomcat启动加载监听器ContextLoaderListener,该监听器有一个contextInitialized方法,会在Tomcat启动时调用。

 http://www.sina.com.cn/mid/search.shtml?q=%E8%85%BE%E9%BE%99%E5%AE%A2%E6%9C%8D%E5%BC%80%E6%88%B7_181-8361-5678 public void contextInitialized(ServletContextEvent event) {
 initWebApplicationContext(event.getServletContext());
 }
*/
public WebApplicationContext initWebApplicationContext(ServletContext servletContext) {
	long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
	try {
		// Store context in local instance variable, to guarantee that
		// it is available on ServletContext shutdown.
		if (this.context == null) {
			this.context = createWebApplicationContext(servletContext);
		}
		if (this.context instanceof ConfigurableWebApplicationContext) {
			ConfigurableWebApplicationContext cwac = (ConfigurableWebApplicationContext) this.context;
			if (!cwac.isActive()) {
				// The context has not yet been refreshed -> provide services such as
				// setting the parent context, setting the application context id, etc
				if (cwac.getParent() == null) {
					// The context instance was injected without an explicit parent ->
					// determine parent for root web application context, if any.
					ApplicationContext parent = loadParentContext(servletContext);
					cwac.setParent(parent);
				}
				configureAndRefreshWebApplicationContext(cwac, servletContext);
			}
		}
		servletContext.setAttribute(WebApplicationContext.ROOT_WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE, this.context);

		ClassLoader ccl = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader();
		if (ccl == ContextLoader.class.getClassLoader()) {
			currentContext = this.context;
		}
		else if (ccl != null) {
			currentContextPerThread.put(ccl, this.context);
		}

		return this.context;
	}
}

可以看到就是去初始化容器,这个和之前分析xml解析是一样的,主要注意这里封装了ServletContext对象,并将父容器设置到了该对象中。
父容器创建完成后自然就是子容器的创建,来到registerDispatcherServlet方法:
http://www.sina.com.cn/mid/search.shtml?q=%E6%96%B0%E8%85%BE%E9%BE%99%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85_181-8361-5678 protected void registerDispatcherServlet(ServletContext servletContext) {
String servletName = getServletName();
Assert.hasLength(servletName, “getServletName() must not return null or empty”);

//创建springmvc的上下文,注册了MvcContainer类
	WebApplicationContext servletAppContext = createServletApplicationContext();
	Assert.notNull(servletAppContext, "createServletApplicationContext() must not return null");

	//创建DispatcherServlet
	FrameworkServlet dispatcherServlet = createDispatcherServlet(servletAppContext);
	Assert.notNull(dispatcherServlet, "createDispatcherServlet(WebApplicationContext) must not return null");
	dispatcherServlet.setContextInitializers(getServletApplicationContextInitializers());

	ServletRegistration.Dynamic registration = servletContext.addServlet(servletName, dispatcherServlet);
	if (registration == null) {
		throw new IllegalStateException("Failed to register servlet with name '" + servletName + "'. " +
				"Check if there is another servlet registered under the same name.");
	}

	/*
	* 如果该元素的值为负数或者没有设置,则容器会当Servlet被请求时再加载。
		如果值为正整数或者0时,表示容器在应用启动时就加载并初始化这个servlet,
		值越小,servlet的优先级越高,就越先被加载
	* */
	registration.setLoadOnStartup(1);
	registration.addMapping(getServletMappings());
	registration.setAsyncSupported(isAsyncSupported());

	Filter[] filters = getServletFilters();
	if (!ObjectUtils.isEmpty(filters)) {
		for (Filter filter : filters) {
			registerServletFilter(servletContext, filter);
		}
	}

	customizeRegistration(registration);
}

protected WebApplicationContext createServletApplicationContext() {
	AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext();
	Class<?>[] configClasses = getServletConfigClasses();
	if (!ObjectUtils.isEmpty(configClasses)) {
		context.register(configClasses);
	}
	return context;
}

这里也是创建了一个AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext对象,不同的只是这里注册的配置类就是我们的Servlet配置了。然后创建了DispatcherServlet对象,并将上下文对象设置了进去。看到这你可能会疑惑,既然父子容器创建的都是相同类的对象,何来的父子容器之说?别急,这个在初始化该上文时就明白了。但是这里的初始化入口在哪呢?没有看到任何监听器的创建和调用。实际上这里的上下文对象初始化是在Servlet初始化时实现的,即init方法,直接来到HttpServletBean的init方法(分析SpringMVC源码时讲过):
http://www.sina.com.cn/mid/search.shtml?q=%E7%BC%85%E7%94%B8%E8%85%BE%E9%BE%99%E5%A8%B1%E4%B9%90_181-8361-5678 public final void init() throws ServletException {
…省略

// Let subclasses do whatever initialization they like.
	initServletBean();
}

protected final void initServletBean() throws ServletException {
	try {
		this.webApplicationContext = initWebApplicationContext();
		initFrameworkServlet();
	}
}

protected WebApplicationContext initWebApplicationContext() {
	//这里会从servletContext中获取到父容器,就是通过监听器加载的容器
	WebApplicationContext rootContext =
			WebApplicationContextUtils.getWebApplicationContext(getServletContext());
	WebApplicationContext wac = null;

	if (this.webApplicationContext != null) {
		// A context instance was injected at construction time -> use it
		wac = this.webApplicationContext;
		if (wac instanceof ConfigurableWebApplicationContext) {
			ConfigurableWebApplicationContext cwac = (ConfigurableWebApplicationContext) wac;
			if (!cwac.isActive()) {
				if (cwac.getParent() == null) {
					cwac.setParent(rootContext);
				}
				//容器加载
				configureAndRefreshWebApplicationContext(cwac);
			}
		}
	}
	if (wac == null) {
		wac = findWebApplicationContext();
	}
	if (wac == null) {
		wac = createWebApplicationContext(rootContext);
	}

	if (!this.refreshEventReceived) {
		synchronized (this.onRefreshMonitor) {
			onRefresh(wac);
		}
	}

	if (this.publishContext) {
		// Publish the context as a servlet context attribute.
		String attrName = getServletContextAttributeName();
		getServletContext().setAttribute(attrName, wac);
	}

	return wac;
}

看到这里想你也应该明白了,首先从ServletContext中拿到父容器,然后设置到当前容器的parent中,实现了父子容器的组织,而这样设计好处我想也是很清楚的,子容器目前装载的都是MVC的配置和Bean,简单点说就是Controller,父容器中都是Service,Controller是依赖于Service的,如果不构建这样的层级关系并优先实例化父容器,你怎么实现Controller层的依赖注入成功呢?
总结

本篇结合之前的文章,分析了SpringMVC零XML配置的实现原理,也补充了之前未分析到父子容器关系,让我们能从细节上更加全面的理解SpringIOC的实现原理,相信看完本篇对于SpringBoot的实现你也会有自己的想法。