Java多线程-新特征-条件变量


条件变量是Java5线程中很重要的一个概念,顾名思义,条件变量就是表示条件的一种变量。但是必须说明,这里的条件是没有实际含义的,仅仅是个标记而已,并且条件的含义往往通过代码来赋予其含义。

这里的条件和普通意义上的条件表达式有着天壤之别。

条件变量都实现了java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition接口,条件变量的实例化是通过一个Lock对象上调用newCondition()方法来获取的,这样,条件就和一个锁对象绑定起来了。因此,Java中的条件变量只能和锁配合使用,来控制并发程序访问竞争资源的安全。

条件变量的出现是为了更精细控制线程等待与唤醒,在Java5之前,线程的等待与唤醒依靠的是Object对象的wait()和notify()/notifyAll()方法,这样的处理不够精细。

而在Java5中,一个锁可以有多个条件,每个条件上可以有多个线程等待,通过调用await()方法,可以让线程在该条件下等待。当调用signalAll()方法,又可以唤醒该条件下的等待的线程。有关Condition接口的API可以具体参考JavaAPI文档。

条件变量比较抽象,原因是他不是自然语言中的条件概念,而是程序控制的一种手段。

下面以一个银行存取款的模拟程序为例来揭盖Java多线程条件变量的神秘面纱:

有一个账户,多个用户(线程)在同时操作这个账户,有的存款有的取款,存款随便存,取款有限制,不能透支,任何试图透支的操作都将等待里面有足够存款才执行操作。

package cn.thread;

import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;

/**
 * 多线程-条件变量
 * 
 * @author 林计钦
 * @version 1.0 2013-7-26 下午02:43:07
 */
public class ThreadConditionTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ThreadConditionTest test = new ThreadConditionTest();

        // 创建并发访问的账户
        MyCount myCount = test.new MyCount("95599200901215522", 10000);
        // 创建一个线程池
        ExecutorService pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);
        Thread t1 = test.new SaveThread("张三", myCount, 2000);
        Thread t2 = test.new SaveThread("李四", myCount, 3600);
        Thread t3 = test.new DrawThread("王五", myCount, 2700);
        Thread t4 = test.new SaveThread("老张", myCount, 600);
        Thread t5 = test.new DrawThread("老牛", myCount, 1300);
        Thread t6 = test.new DrawThread("胖子", myCount, 800);
        // 执行各个线程
        pool.execute(t1);
        pool.execute(t2);
        pool.execute(t3);
        pool.execute(t4);
        pool.execute(t5);
        pool.execute(t6);
        // 关闭线程池
        pool.shutdown();
    }

    /**
     * 存款线程类
     */
    public class SaveThread extends Thread {
        private String name; // 操作人
        private MyCount myCount; // 账户
        private int x; // 存款金额

        SaveThread(String name, MyCount myCount, int x) {
            this.name = name;
            this.myCount = myCount;
            this.x = x;
        }

        public void run() {
            myCount.saving(x, name);
        }
    }

    /**
     * 取款线程类
     */
    public class DrawThread extends Thread {
        private String name; // 操作人
        private MyCount myCount; // 账户
        private int x; // 存款金额

        DrawThread(String name, MyCount myCount, int x) {
            this.name = name;
            this.myCount = myCount;
            this.x = x;
        }

        public void run() {
            myCount.drawing(x, name);
        }
    }

    /**
     * 普通银行账户,不可透支
     */
    public class MyCount {
        private String oid; // 账号
        private int cash; // 账户余额
        private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock(); // 账户锁
        private Condition _save = lock.newCondition(); // 存款条件
        private Condition _draw = lock.newCondition(); // 取款条件

        MyCount(String oid, int cash) {
            this.oid = oid;
            this.cash = cash;
        }

        /**
         * 存款
         * 
         * @param x
         *            操作金额
         * @param name
         *            操作人
         */
        public void saving(int x, String name) {
            lock.lock(); // 获取锁
            if (x > 0) {
                cash += x; // 存款
                System.out.println(name + "存款" + x + ",当前余额为" + cash);
            }
            _draw.signalAll(); // 唤醒所有等待线程。
            lock.unlock(); // 释放锁
        }

        /**
         * 取款
         * 
         * @param x
         *            操作金额
         * @param name
         *            操作人
         */
        public void drawing(int x, String name) {
            lock.lock(); // 获取锁
            try {
                if (cash - x < 0) {
                    _draw.await(); // 阻塞取款操作
                } else {
                    cash -= x; // 取款
                    System.out.println(name + "取款" + x + ",当前余额为" + cash);
                }
                _save.signalAll(); // 唤醒所有存款操作
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            } finally {
                lock.unlock(); // 释放锁
            }
        }
    }
}

张三存款2000,当前余额为12000 王五取款2700,当前余额为9300 老张存款600,当前余额为9900 老牛取款1300,当前余额为8600 胖子取款800,当前余额为7800 李四存款3600,当前余额为11400

假如我们不用锁和条件变量,如何实现此功能呢?下面是实现代码:

package cn.thread;

import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;

/**
 * 多线程-条件变量
 * 
 * @author 林计钦
 * @version 1.0 2013-7-26 下午02:43:07
 */
public class ThreadConditionTest2 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ThreadConditionTest2 test = new ThreadConditionTest2();

        // 创建并发访问的账户
        MyCount myCount = test.new MyCount("95599200901215522", 10000);
        // 创建一个线程池
        ExecutorService pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);
        Thread t1 = test.new SaveThread("张三", myCount, 2000);
        Thread t2 = test.new SaveThread("李四", myCount, 3600);
        Thread t3 = test.new DrawThread("王五", myCount, 2700);
        Thread t4 = test.new SaveThread("老张", myCount, 600);
        Thread t5 = test.new DrawThread("老牛", myCount, 1300);
        Thread t6 = test.new DrawThread("胖子", myCount, 800);
        // 执行各个线程
        pool.execute(t1);
        pool.execute(t2);
        pool.execute(t3);
        pool.execute(t4);
        pool.execute(t5);
        pool.execute(t6);
        // 关闭线程池
        pool.shutdown();
    }

    /**
     * 存款线程类
     */
    class SaveThread extends Thread {
        private String name; // 操作人
        private MyCount myCount; // 账户
        private int x; // 存款金额

        SaveThread(String name, MyCount myCount, int x) {
            this.name = name;
            this.myCount = myCount;
            this.x = x;
        }

        public void run() {
            myCount.saving(x, name);
        }
    }

    /**
     * 取款线程类
     */
    class DrawThread extends Thread {
        private String name; // 操作人
        private MyCount myCount; // 账户
        private int x; // 存款金额

        DrawThread(String name, MyCount myCount, int x) {
            this.name = name;
            this.myCount = myCount;
            this.x = x;
        }

        public void run() {
            myCount.drawing(x, name);
        }
    }

    /**
     * 普通银行账户,不可透支
     */
    class MyCount {
        private String oid; // 账号
        private int cash; // 账户余额

        MyCount(String oid, int cash) {
            this.oid = oid;
            this.cash = cash;
        }

        /**
         * 存款
         * 
         * @param x
         *            操作金额
         * @param name
         *            操作人
         */
        public synchronized void saving(int x, String name) {
            if (x > 0) {
                cash += x; // 存款
                System.out.println(name + "存款" + x + ",当前余额为" + cash);
            }
            notifyAll(); // 唤醒所有等待线程。
        }

        /**
         * 取款
         * 
         * @param x
         *            操作金额
         * @param name
         *            操作人
         */
        public synchronized void drawing(int x, String name) {
            if (cash - x < 0) {
                try {
                    wait();
                } catch (InterruptedException e1) {
                    e1.printStackTrace();
                }
            } else {
                cash -= x; // 取款
                System.out.println(name + "取款" + x + ",当前余额为" + cash);
            }
            notifyAll(); // 唤醒所有存款操作
        }
    }

}

结合先前同步代码知识,举一反三,将此例改为同步代码块来实现,代码如下:

package cn.thread;

import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;

/**
 * 多线程-条件变量
 * 
 * @author 林计钦
 * @version 1.0 2013-7-26 下午02:43:07
 */
public class ThreadConditionTest3 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ThreadConditionTest3 test = new ThreadConditionTest3();

        // 创建并发访问的账户
        MyCount myCount = test.new MyCount("95599200901215522", 10000);
        // 创建一个线程池
        ExecutorService pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);
        Thread t1 = test.new SaveThread("张三", myCount, 2000);
        Thread t2 = test.new SaveThread("李四", myCount, 3600);
        Thread t3 = test.new DrawThread("王五", myCount, 2700);
        Thread t4 = test.new SaveThread("老张", myCount, 600);
        Thread t5 = test.new DrawThread("老牛", myCount, 1300);
        Thread t6 = test.new DrawThread("胖子", myCount, 800);
        // 执行各个线程
        pool.execute(t1);
        pool.execute(t2);
        pool.execute(t3);
        pool.execute(t4);
        pool.execute(t5);
        pool.execute(t6);
        // 关闭线程池
        pool.shutdown();
    }

    /**
     * 存款线程类
     */
    class SaveThread extends Thread {
        private String name; // 操作人
        private MyCount myCount; // 账户
        private int x; // 存款金额

        SaveThread(String name, MyCount myCount, int x) {
            this.name = name;
            this.myCount = myCount;
            this.x = x;
        }

        public void run() {
            myCount.saving(x, name);
        }
    }

    /**
     * 取款线程类
     */
    class DrawThread extends Thread {
        private String name; // 操作人
        private MyCount myCount; // 账户
        private int x; // 存款金额

        DrawThread(String name, MyCount myCount, int x) {
            this.name = name;
            this.myCount = myCount;
            this.x = x;
        }

        public void run() {
            myCount.drawing(x, name);
        }
    }

    /**
     * 普通银行账户,不可透支
     */
    class MyCount {
        private String oid; // 账号
        private int cash; // 账户余额

        MyCount(String oid, int cash) {
            this.oid = oid;
            this.cash = cash;
        }

        /**
         * 存款
         * 
         * @param x
         *            操作金额
         * @param name
         *            操作人
         */
        public synchronized void saving(int x, String name) {
            if (x > 0) {
                synchronized (this) {
                    cash += x; // 存款
                    System.out.println(name + "存款" + x + ",当前余额为" + cash);
                    notifyAll(); // 唤醒所有等待线程。
                }
            }
        }

        /**
         * 取款
         * 
         * @param x
         *            操作金额
         * @param name
         *            操作人
         */
        public synchronized void drawing(int x, String name) {
            synchronized (this) {
                if (cash - x < 0) {
                    try {
                        wait();
                    } catch (InterruptedException e1) {
                        e1.printStackTrace();
                    }
                } else {
                    cash -= x; // 取款
                    System.out.println(name + "取款" + x + ",当前余额为" + cash);
                }
            }
            notifyAll(); // 唤醒所有存款操作
        }
    }

}

对比以上三种方式,从控制角度上讲,第一种最灵活,第二种代码最简单,第三种容易犯错。