安装前准备

高可用集群环境下,至少需要3台服务器,这里准备5台。

IP地址 主机名称 角色
10.0.0.5 node1 JournalNode、NameNode、ResourceManager
10.0.0.6 node2 JournalNode、NameNode、ResourceManager
10.0.0.7 node3 JournalNode、DataNode、NodeManager
10.0.0.8 node4 DataNode、NodeManager
10.0.0.9 node5 DataNode、NodeManager

需要保证每台服务器的配置都一致,以下步骤在5台服务器上都需要做一次。

操作系统准备

本次安装采用的操作系统是Ubuntu 20.04。

更新一下软件包列表。

sudo apt-get update

安装Java 8+

使用命令安装Java 8。

sudo apt-get install -y openjdk-8-jdk

配置环境变量。

vi ~/.bashrc

export JAVA_HOME=/usr/lib/jvm/java-8-openjdk-amd64

让环境变量生效。

source ~/.bashrc

下载Hadoop安装包

从Hadoop官网Apache Hadoop下载安装包软件。

image-20230120200957218.png

或者直接通过命令下载。

wget https://dlcdn.apache.org/hadoop/common/hadoop-3.3.4/hadoop-3.3.4.tar.gz

image-20230122004400490.png

安装Zookeeper

可以选择以下任意一种方式安装Zookeeper,本文选择集群环境安装。

单机环境安装

参考大数据必知必会:Zookeeper(1)单机环境安装

伪分布式安装

参考大数据必知必会:Zookeeper(2)伪分布式安装

集群环境安装

参考大数据必知必会:Zookeeper(3)集群环境安装

高可用集群安装

高可用集群是在多个节点上运行进程来实现Hadoop集群,并在集群中提供两个NameNode、两个ResourceManager节点。

配置域名解析

在后续使用过程中,都使用主机名称,所以需要配置域名解析。

配置 /etc/hosts

由于该配置文件的修改需要root权限,所以在每个节点上都手动配置。

10.0.0.5 node1
10.0.0.6 node2
10.0.0.7 node3
10.0.0.8 node4
10.0.0.8 node5

以下配置过程在node1上完成,并且配置完成后将配置文件复制到其他节点。

配置免密登录

Hadoop分布式集群的运行,需要配置密钥对实现免密登录。

  • 创建公私钥对
hadoop@node1:~$ ssh-keygen -t rsa
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/home/hadoop/.ssh/id_rsa): 
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): 
Enter same passphrase again: 
Your identification has been saved in /home/hadoop/.ssh/id_rsa
Your public key has been saved in /home/hadoop/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:pp2AC1bQAQ5J6CJJCij1QA7bgKOsVxpoPVNi+cxhcyg hadoop@node1
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 3072]----+
|O=*oo..          |
|OX E.* .         |
|X+* @ +          |
|B+.=.=           |
|= o++ . S        |
|..o. . = .       |
| .  . . o        |
|                 |
|                 |
+----[SHA256]-----+
  • 复制公钥
hadoop@node1:~$ cp ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
  • 复制到其他节点
hadoop@node1:~$ scp -r .ssh node1:~/
id_rsa.pub                                   100%  566     1.7MB/s   00:00    
authorized_keys                              100%  566     2.0MB/s   00:00    
known_hosts                                  100% 1332     4.5MB/s   00:00    
id_rsa                                       100% 2602    10.1MB/s   00:00    
hadoop@node1:~$ scp -r .ssh node2:~/
hadoop@node2's password: 
id_rsa.pub                                   100%  566   934.6KB/s   00:00    
authorized_keys                              100%  566   107.3KB/s   00:00    
known_hosts                                  100% 1332     2.5MB/s   00:00    
id_rsa                                       100% 2602     4.8MB/s   00:00    
hadoop@node1:~$ scp -r .ssh node3:~/
hadoop@node3's password: 
id_rsa.pub                                   100%  566     1.0MB/s   00:00    
authorized_keys                              100%  566     1.3MB/s   00:00    
known_hosts                                  100% 1332     2.8MB/s   00:00    
id_rsa                                       100% 2602     5.2MB/s   00:00    
hadoop@node1:~$ scp -r .ssh node4:~/
hadoop@node3's password: 
id_rsa.pub                                   100%  566     1.0MB/s   00:00    
authorized_keys                              100%  566     1.3MB/s   00:00    
known_hosts                                  100% 1332     2.8MB/s   00:00    
id_rsa                                       100% 2602     5.2MB/s   00:00    
hadoop@node1:~$ scp -r .ssh node5:~/
hadoop@node3's password: 
id_rsa.pub                                   100%  566     1.0MB/s   00:00    
authorized_keys                              100%  566     1.3MB/s   00:00    
known_hosts                                  100% 1332     2.8MB/s   00:00    
id_rsa                                       100% 2602     5.2MB/s   00:00    

确保执行ssh命令的时候不需要输入密码。

hadoop@node1:~$ ssh node1
hadoop@node1:~$ ssh node2
hadoop@node1:~$ ssh node3
hadoop@node1:~$ ssh node4
hadoop@node1:~$ ssh node5

解压安装包

将安装包解压到目标路径。

hadoop@node1:~$ mkdir -p apps
hadoop@node1:~$ tar -xzf hadoop-3.3.4.tar.gz -C apps

image-20230122005658601.png

bin目录下存放的是Hadoop相关的常用命令,比如操作HDFS的hdfs命令,以及hadoop、yarn等命令。

etc目录下存放的是Hadoop的配置文件,对HDFS、MapReduce、YARN以及集群节点列表的配置都在这个里面。

sbin目录下存放的是管理集群相关的命令,比如启动集群、启动HDFS、启动YARN、停止集群等的命令。

share目录下存放了一些Hadoop的相关资源,比如文档以及各个模块的Jar包。

配置环境变量

在集群的每个节点上都配置Hadoop的环境变量,Hadoop集群在启动的时候可以使用start-all.sh一次性启动集群中的HDFS和Yarn,为了能够正常使用该命令,需要将其路径配置到环境变量中。

hadoop@node1:~$ vi ~/.bashrc

export HADOOP_HOME=/home/hadoop/apps/hadoop-3.3.4
export HADOOP_CONF_DIR=/home/hadoop/apps/hadoop-3.3.4/etc/hadoop
export YARN_CONF_DIR=/home/hadoop/apps/hadoop-3.3.4/etc/hadoop

export PATH=$HADOOP_HOME/bin:$HADOOP_HOME/sbin:$PATH

使环境变量生效。

hadoop@node1:~$ source ~/.bashrc

配置Hadoop集群

Hadoop软件安装完成后,每个节点上的Hadoop都是独立的软件,需要进行配置才能组成Hadoop集群。Hadoop的配置文件在$HADOOP_HOME/etc/hadoop目录下,主要配置文件有6个:

  • hadoop-env.sh主要配置Hadoop环境相关的信息,比如安装路径、配置文件路径等;
  • core-site.xml是Hadoop的核心配置文件,主要配置了Hadoop的NameNode的地址、Hadoop产生的文件目录等信息;
  • hdfs-site.xml是HDFS分布式文件系统相关的配置文件,主要配置了文件的副本数、HDFS文件系统在本地对应的目录等;
  • mapred-site.xml是关于MapReduce的配置文件,主要配置MapReduce在哪里运行;
  • yarn-site.xml是Yarn相关的配置文件,主要配置了Yarn的管理节点ResourceManager的地址、NodeManager获取数据的方式等;
  • workers是集群中节点列表的配置文件,只有在这个文件里面配置了的节点才会加入到Hadoop集群中,否则就是一个独立节点。

这几个配置文件如果不存在,可以通过复制配置模板的方式创建,也可以通过创建新文件的方式创建。需要保证在集群的每个节点上这6个配置保持同步,可以在每个节点单独配置,也可以在一个节点上配置完成后同步到其他节点。

hadoop-env.sh配置

hadoop@node1:~$ vi $HADOOP_HOME/etc/hadoop/hadoop-env.sh

export JAVA_HOME=/usr/lib/jvm/java-8-openjdk-amd64
export HADOOP_HOME=/home/hadoop/apps/hadoop-3.3.4
export HADOOP_CONF_DIR=/home/hadoop/apps/hadoop-3.3.4/etc/hadoop
export HADOOP_LOG_DIR=/home/hadoop/logs/hadoop

core-site.xml配置

hadoop@node1:~$ vi $HADOOP_HOME/etc/hadoop/core-site.xml

configuration>
    <property>
        <name>fs.defaultFS</name>
        <value>hdfs://wuxlabs</value>
    </property>
    <property>
        <name>hadoop.tmp.dir</name>
        <value>/home/hadoop/data/hadoop/temp</value>
    </property>
    <property>
        <name>ha.zookeeper.quorum</name> 
        <value>node1:2181,node2:2181,node3:2181</value>
        <final>false</final>
    </property>
</configuration>

hdfs-site.xml配置

hadoop@node1:~$ vi $HADOOP_HOME/etc/hadoop/hdfs-site.xml

<configuration>
    <property>
        <name>dfs.replication</name>
        <value>3</value>
    </property>
    <property>
        <name>dfs.namenode.name.dir</name>
        <value>/home/hadoop/data/hadoop/hdfs/name</value>
    </property>
    <property>
        <name>dfs.datanode.data.dir</name>
        <value>/home/hadoop/data/hadoop/hdfs/data</value>
    </property>
    <property>
        <name>dfs.nameservices</name>
        <value>wuxlabs</value>
        <final>false</final>
    </property>
    <property>
        <name>dfs.ha.namenodes.wuxlabs</name>
        <value>nn1,nn2</value>
        <final>false</final>
    </property>
    <property>
        <name>dfs.namenode.rpc-address.wuxlabs.nn1</name>
        <value>node1:8020</value>
        <final>false</final>
    </property>
    <property>
        <name>dfs.namenode.rpc-address.wuxlabs.nn2</name>
        <value>node2:8020</value>
        <final>false</final>
    </property>
    <property>
        <name>dfs.namenode.http-address.wuxlabs.nn1</name>
        <value>node1:9870</value>
    </property>
    <property>
        <name>dfs.namenode.http-address.wuxlabs.nn2</name>
        <value>node2:9870</value>
    </property>
    <property>
        <name>dfs.namenode.shared.edits.dir</name>
        <value>qjournal://node1:8485;node2:8485;node3:8485/wuxlabs</value>
        <final>false</final>
    </property>
    <property>
        <name>dfs.ha.automatic-failover.enabled.wuxlabs</name>
        <value>true</value>
        <final>false</final>
    </property>
    <property>
        <name>dfs.client.failover.proxy.provider.wuxlabs</name>
        <value>org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.server.namenode.ha.ConfiguredFailoverProxyProvider</value>
        <final>false</final>
    </property>
    <property>
        <name>dfs.journalnode.edits.dir</name>
        <value>/home/hadoop/data/hadoop/journal</value>
        <final>false</final>
    </property>
    <property>
        <name>dfs.ha.fencing.methods</name>
        <value>sshfence</value>
        <final>false</final>
    </property>
    <property>
        <name>dfs.ha.fencing.ssh.private-key-files</name>
        <value>/home/hadoop/.ssh/id_rsa</value>
    </property>
    <property>
        <name>dfs.permissions</name>
        <value>false</value>
    </property>
</configuration>

mapred-site.xml配置

hadoop@node1:~$ vi $HADOOP_HOME/etc/hadoop/mapred-site.xml

<configuration>
    <property>
        <name>mapreduce.framework.name</name>
        <value>yarn</value>
    </property>
    <property>
        <name>mapreduce.application.classpath</name>
        <value>$HADOOP_HOME/share/hadoop/mapreduce/*:$HADOOP_HOME/share/hadoop/mapreduce/lib/*</value>
    </property>
</configuration>

yarn-site.xml配置

hadoop@node1:~$ vi $HADOOP_HOME/etc/hadoop/yarn-site.xml

<configuration>
    <property>
        <name>yarn.nodemanager.aux-services</name>
        <value>mapreduce_shuffle</value>
    </property>
    <property>
        <name>yarn.resourcemanager.ha.enabled</name>
        <value>true</value>
    </property>
    <property>
        <name>yarn.resourcemanager.cluster-id</name>
        <value>wuxlabs</value>
    </property>
    <property>
        <name>yarn.resourcemanager.ha.rm-ids</name>
        <value>rm1,rm2</value>
    </property>
    <property>
        <name>yarn.resourcemanager.hostname.rm1</name>
        <value>node1</value>
    </property>
    <property>
        <name>yarn.resourcemanager.hostname.rm2</name>
        <value>node2</value>
    </property>
    <property>
        <name>yarn.resourcemanager.webapp.address.rm1</name>
        <value>node1:8088</value>
    </property>
    <property>
        <name>yarn.resourcemanager.webapp.address.rm2</name>
        <value>node2:8088</value>
    </property>
    <property>
        <name>yarn.resourcemanager.zk-address</name>
        <value>node1:2181,node2:2181,node3:2181</value>
    </property>
</configuration>

workers配置

hadoop@node1:~$ vi $HADOOP_HOME/etc/hadoop/workers

node3
node4
node5

将软件及配置信息复制到其他节点

在node1上配置好环境变量及配置文件,可以手动再在其他节点上完成同样的配置,或者直接将node1的文件复制到其他节点。

hadoop@node1:~$ scp -r .bashrc apps node2:~/
hadoop@node1:~$ scp -r .bashrc apps node3:~/
hadoop@node1:~$ scp -r .bashrc apps node4:~/
hadoop@node1:~$ scp -r .bashrc apps node5:~/

启动前的准备

启动JournalNode

在node1、node2、node3上启动JournalNode。

hadoop@node1:~$ hdfs --daemon start journalnode

格式化NameNode1

在启动集群前,需要对NameNode进行格式化,在node1上执行以下命令:

hadoop@node1:~$ hdfs namenode -format

启动NameNode1

先在node1上启动NameNode。

hadoop@node1:~$ hdfs --daemon start namenode

启动完成后,访问node1的9870端口,此时的node1是standby的。

image-20230124001208142.png

格式化Zookeeper

在node1上执行Zookeeper格式化。

hadoop@node1:~$ hdfs zkfc -formatZK

同步NameNode2

在node2上拉取NameNode的镜像。

hadoop@node2:~$ hdfs namenode -bootstrapStandby

启动NameNode2

在node2上启动NameNode。

hadoop@node2:~$ hdfs --daemon start namenode

启动完成后,访问node2的9870端口,此时的node2是standby的。

image-20230124001545859.png

停止进程

此时,

  • node1上启动了QuorumPeerMain、NameNode、JournalNode
  • node2上启动了QuorumPeerMain、NameNode、JournalNode
  • node3上启动了QuorumPeerMain、JournalNode
  • node4上没有启动进程
  • node5上没有启动进程

先停止Hadoop相关的所有进程,保留Zookeeper的进程QuorumPeerMain。

hadoop@node1:~$ stop-all.sh
WARNING: Stopping all Apache Hadoop daemons as hadoop in 10 seconds.
WARNING: Use CTRL-C to abort.
Stopping namenodes on [node1 node2]
Stopping datanodes
Stopping journal nodes [node2 node3 node1]
WARNING: YARN_CONF_DIR has been replaced by HADOOP_CONF_DIR. Using value of YARN_CONF_DIR.
Stopping nodemanagers
WARNING: YARN_CONF_DIR has been replaced by HADOOP_CONF_DIR. Using value of YARN_CONF_DIR.
node4: WARNING: YARN_CONF_DIR has been replaced by HADOOP_CONF_DIR. Using value of YARN_CONF_DIR.
node3: WARNING: YARN_CONF_DIR has been replaced by HADOOP_CONF_DIR. Using value of YARN_CONF_DIR.
node5: WARNING: YARN_CONF_DIR has been replaced by HADOOP_CONF_DIR. Using value of YARN_CONF_DIR.
Stopping resourcemanagers on [ node1 node2]
WARNING: YARN_CONF_DIR has been replaced by HADOOP_CONF_DIR. Using value of YARN_CONF_DIR.
node1: WARNING: YARN_CONF_DIR has been replaced by HADOOP_CONF_DIR. Using value of YARN_CONF_DIR.
node2: WARNING: YARN_CONF_DIR has been replaced by HADOOP_CONF_DIR. Using value of YARN_CONF_DIR.

启动集群

在node1上执行start-all.sh命令启动集群。

hadoop@node1:~$ jps
275701 Jps
214989 QuorumPeerMain
hadoop@node1:~$ start-all.sh
WARNING: Attempting to start all Apache Hadoop daemons as hadoop in 10 seconds.
WARNING: This is not a recommended production deployment configuration.
WARNING: Use CTRL-C to abort.
Starting namenodes on [node1 node2]
Starting datanodes
Starting journal nodes [node2 node3 node1]
WARNING: YARN_CONF_DIR has been replaced by HADOOP_CONF_DIR. Using value of YARN_CONF_DIR.
Starting resourcemanagers on [ node1 node2]
WARNING: YARN_CONF_DIR has been replaced by HADOOP_CONF_DIR. Using value of YARN_CONF_DIR.
node1: WARNING: YARN_CONF_DIR has been replaced by HADOOP_CONF_DIR. Using value of YARN_CONF_DIR.
node2: WARNING: YARN_CONF_DIR has been replaced by HADOOP_CONF_DIR. Using value of YARN_CONF_DIR.
Starting nodemanagers
WARNING: YARN_CONF_DIR has been replaced by HADOOP_CONF_DIR. Using value of YARN_CONF_DIR.
node4: WARNING: YARN_CONF_DIR has been replaced by HADOOP_CONF_DIR. Using value of YARN_CONF_DIR.
node5: WARNING: YARN_CONF_DIR has been replaced by HADOOP_CONF_DIR. Using value of YARN_CONF_DIR.
node3: WARNING: YARN_CONF_DIR has been replaced by HADOOP_CONF_DIR. Using value of YARN_CONF_DIR.
hadoop@node1:~$ jps
278677 NameNode
280787 Jps
279688 ResourceManager
214989 QuorumPeerMain
279115 JournalNode

此时,

  • node1上的进程是
hadoop@node1:~$ jps
278677 NameNode
280787 Jps
279688 ResourceManager
214989 QuorumPeerMain
279115 JournalNode
  • node2上的进程是
hadoop@node2:~$ jps
208369 QuorumPeerMain
264902 JournalNode
265264 ResourceManager
267858 Jps
264569 NameNode
  • node3上的进程是
hadoop@node3:~$ jps
215379 QuorumPeerMain
281221 Jps
278194 NodeManager
277487 DataNode
277754 JournalNode
  • node4上的进程是
hadoop@node4:~$ jps
183811 DataNode
187559 Jps
184343 NodeManager
  • node5上的进程是
hadoop@node5:~$ jps
186215 NodeManager
189848 Jps
185704 DataNode

启动zkfc

在node1和node2上启动zkfc。

hadoop@node1:~$ hdfs --daemon start zkfc
hadoop@node2:~$ hdfs --daemon start zkfc

启动完成后,在node1和node2上就会启动DFSZKFailoverController进程。

此时,两个NameNode中的一个,这里是node1,就会变成active的。

image-20230124003720849.png

访问Hadoop

访问HDFS

上传一个文件到HDFS。

hadoop@node1:~$ hdfs dfs -put .bashrc /

打开node1的HDFS Web UI查看相关信息,默认端口9870。

image-20230124003950770.png

打开node2的HDFS Web UI查看相关信息,默认端口9870,由于状态是standby的,所以不能操作。

image-20230124004412749.png

访问YARN

打开node1的YARN Web UI查看相关信息,默认端口8088,状态是standby的。

image-20230124004510065.png

打开node2的YARN Web UI查看相关信息,默认端口8088,状态是active的。

image-20230124004605699.png

相关命令

HDFS相关的命令

操作HDFS使用的命令是hdfs,命令格式为:

Usage: hdfs [OPTIONS] SUBCOMMAND [SUBCOMMAND OPTIONS]

支持的Client命令主要有:

    Client Commands:

classpath            prints the class path needed to get the hadoop jar and the required libraries
dfs                  run a filesystem command on the file system
envvars              display computed Hadoop environment variables
fetchdt              fetch a delegation token from the NameNode
getconf              get config values from configuration
groups               get the groups which users belong to
lsSnapshottableDir   list all snapshottable dirs owned by the current user
snapshotDiff         diff two snapshots of a directory or diff the current directory contents with a snapshot
version              print the version
  • 强制切换NameNode状态
hdfs haadmin -transitionToActive --forcemanual nn1
hdfs haadmin -transitionToStandby --forcemanual nn2

YARN相关的命令

操作HDFS使用的命令是yarn,命令格式为:

Usage: yarn [OPTIONS] SUBCOMMAND [SUBCOMMAND OPTIONS]
 or    yarn [OPTIONS] CLASSNAME [CLASSNAME OPTIONS]
  where CLASSNAME is a user-provided Java class

支持的Client命令主要有:

    Client Commands:

applicationattempt   prints applicationattempt(s) report
app|application      prints application(s) report/kill application/manage long running application
classpath            prints the class path needed to get the hadoop jar and the required libraries
cluster              prints cluster information
container            prints container(s) report
envvars              display computed Hadoop environment variables
fs2cs                converts Fair Scheduler configuration to Capacity Scheduler (EXPERIMENTAL)
jar <jar>            run a jar file
logs                 dump container logs
nodeattributes       node attributes cli client
queue                prints queue information
schedulerconf        Updates scheduler configuration
timelinereader       run the timeline reader server
top                  view cluster information
version              print the version

yarn jar 可以执行一个jar文件。

验证Hadoop

案例验证

  • 验证案例1,统计含有“dfs”的字符串

创建一个input目录。

hadoop@node1:~$ hdfs dfs -mkdir /input

将Hadoop的配置文件复制到input目录下。

hadoop@node1:~$ hdfs dfs -put apps/hadoop-3.3.4/etc/hadoop/*.xml /input/

以下命令用于执行一个Hadoop自带的样例程序,统计input目录中含有dfs的字符串,结果输出到output目录。

hadoop@node1:~$ yarn jar $HADOOP_HOME/share/hadoop/mapreduce/hadoop-mapreduce-examples-3.3.4.jar grep /input /output 'dfs[a-z.]+'

image-20230124191030927.png

在YARN上可以看到提交的Job。

image-20230124191110815.png

执行结果为:

hadoop@node1:~$ hdfs dfs -cat /output/*
2       dfs.namenode.http
2       dfs.namenode.rpc
1       dfsadmin
1       dfs.server.namenode.ha.
1       dfs.replication
1       dfs.permissions
1       dfs.nameservices
1       dfs.namenode.shared.edits.dir
1       dfs.namenode.name.dir
1       dfs.journalnode.edits.dir
1       dfs.ha.namenodes.wuxlabs
1       dfs.ha.fencing.ssh.private
1       dfs.ha.fencing.methods
1       dfs.ha.automatic
1       dfs.datanode.data.dir
1       dfs.client.failover.proxy.provider.wuxlabs
  • 验证案例2,计算圆周率

同样执行Hadoop自带的案例,计算圆周率。

hadoop@node1:~$ yarn jar $HADOOP_HOME/share/hadoop/mapreduce/hadoop-mapreduce-examples-3.3.4.jar pi 10 10

执行结果为:

hadoop@node1:~$ yarn jar $HADOOP_HOME/share/hadoop/mapreduce/hadoop-mapreduce-examples-3.3.4.jar pi 10 10
WARNING: YARN_CONF_DIR has been replaced by HADOOP_CONF_DIR. Using value of YARN_CONF_DIR.
Number of Maps  = 10
Samples per Map = 10
Wrote input for Map #0
Wrote input for Map #1
Wrote input for Map #2
Wrote input for Map #3
Wrote input for Map #4
Wrote input for Map #5
Wrote input for Map #6
Wrote input for Map #7
Wrote input for Map #8
Wrote input for Map #9
Starting Job
... ...
Job Finished in 35.017 seconds
Estimated value of Pi is 3.20000000000000000000

在YARN上可以看到提交的Job。

image-20230124191333204.png

故障转移验证

在node1上杀掉NameNode进程。

hadoop@node1:~$ kill -9 278677

node2将切换为active状态。

image-20230124191627086.png