状态模式的定义是：当一个对象内部状态发生变化时，允许它改变自己的行为。这个对象好像可以改变它的类。
The English Definition：Allow an object to change its behavior when its internal state changes. The object will appear to change its class.
简单来说就是，当一个对象的内部状态发生变化时，它会自动的改变自己的行为，这些变化对客户端的调用代码是透明的。
其实就是一个状态机的概念，运用状态模型，可以避免使用过多的条件判断语句，而且当状态增加以后，可以很容易地添加修改代码。
状态模式的应用比较广泛，网络通信协议、绘图工具等。
以下代码代码来自《Head First Design Patterns》：
首先定义一个State的抽象类
public interface State {
public void insertQuarter();
public void ejectQuarter();
public void turnCrank();
public void dispense();
} 然后是具体的状态类
public class SoldOutState implements State {
GumballMachine gumballMachine;
public SoldOutState(GumballMachine gumballMachine) {
this.gumballMachine = gumballMachine;
}
public void insertQuarter() {
System.out.println("You can't insert a quarter, the machine is sold out");
}
public void ejectQuarter() {
System.out.println("You can't eject, you haven't inserted a quarter yet");
}
public void turnCrank() {
System.out.println("You turned, but there are no gumballs");
}
public void dispense() {
System.out.println("No gumball dispensed");
}
}import java.util.Random;
public class HasQuarterState implements State {
Random randomWinner = new Random(System.currentTimeMillis());
GumballMachine gumballMachine;
public HasQuarterState(GumballMachine gumballMachine) {
this.gumballMachine = gumballMachine;
}
public void insertQuarter() {
System.out.println("You can't insert another quarter");
}
public void ejectQuarter() {
System.out.println("Quarter returned");
gumballMachine.setState(gumballMachine.getNoQuarterState());
}
public void turnCrank() {
System.out.println("You turned...");
int winner = randomWinner.nextInt(10);
if ((winner == 0) && (gumballMachine.getCount() > 1)) {
gumballMachine.setState(gumballMachine.getWinnerState());
} else {
gumballMachine.setState(gumballMachine.getSoldState());
}
}
public void dispense() {
System.out.println("No gumball dispensed");
}
}
public class SoldState implements State {
GumballMachine gumballMachine;
public SoldState(GumballMachine gumballMachine) {
this.gumballMachine = gumballMachine;
}
public void insertQuarter() {
System.out.println("Please wait, we're already giving you a gumball");
}
public void ejectQuarter() {
System.out.println("Sorry, you already turned the crank");
}
public void turnCrank() {
System.out.println("Turning twice doesn't get you another gumball!");
}
public void dispense() {
gumballMachine.releaseBall();
if (gumballMachine.getCount() > 0) {
gumballMachine.setState(gumballMachine.getNoQuarterState());
} else {
System.out.println("Oops, out of gumballs!");
gumballMachine.setState(gumballMachine.getSoldOutState());
}
}
}public class NoQuarterState implements State {
GumballMachine gumballMachine;
public NoQuarterState(GumballMachine gumballMachine) {
this.gumballMachine = gumballMachine;
}
public void insertQuarter() {
System.out.println("You inserted a quarter");
gumballMachine.setState(gumballMachine.getHasQuarterState());
}
public void ejectQuarter() {
System.out.println("You haven't inserted a quarter");
}
public void turnCrank() {
System.out.println("You turned, but there's no quarter");
}
public void dispense() {
System.out.println("You need to pay first");
}
}public class WinnerState implements State {
GumballMachine gumballMachine;
public WinnerState(GumballMachine gumballMachine) {
this.gumballMachine = gumballMachine;
}
public void insertQuarter() {
System.out.println("Please wait, we're already giving you a gumball");
}
public void ejectQuarter() {
System.out.println("Sorry, you already turned the crank");
}
public void turnCrank() {
System.out.println("Turning twice doesn't get you another gumball!");
}
public void dispense() {
System.out.println("YOU'RE A WINNER! You get two gumballs for your quarter");
gumballMachine.releaseBall();
if (gumballMachine.getCount() == 0) {
gumballMachine.setState(gumballMachine.getSoldOutState());
} else {
gumballMachine.releaseBall();
if (gumballMachine.getCount() > 0) {
gumballMachine.setState(gumballMachine.getNoQuarterState());
} else {
System.out.println("Oops, out of gumballs!");
gumballMachine.setState(gumballMachine.getSoldOutState());
}
}
}
} 然后定义主体类（Context），它的行为就是通过状态见的转换来控制的。
public class GumballMachine {
State soldOutState;
State noQuarterState;
State hasQuarterState;
State soldState;
State winnerState;
State state = soldOutState;
int count = 0;
public GumballMachine(int numberGumballs) {
soldOutState = new SoldOutState(this);
noQuarterState = new NoQuarterState(this);
hasQuarterState = new HasQuarterState(this);
soldState = new SoldState(this);
winnerState = new WinnerState(this);
if (numberGumballs > 0) {
state = noQuarterState;
}
count = numberGumballs;
}
public void insertQuarter() {
state.insertQuarter();
}
public void ejectQuarter() {
state.ejectQuarter();
}
public void turnCrank() {
state.turnCrank();
state.dispense();
}
void setState(State state) {
this.state = state;
}
void releaseBall() {
System.out.println("A gumball comes rolling out the slot...");
if (count != 0) {
count = count - 1;
}
}
State getSoldOutState() {
return soldOutState;
}
State getNoQuarterState() {
return noQuarterState;
}
State getHasQuarterState() {
return hasQuarterState;
}
State getSoldState() {
return soldState;
}
State getWinnerState() {
return winnerState;
}
int getCount() {
return count;
}
}测试代码
public class GumballMachineTestDrive {
public static void main(String[] args) {
GumballMachine gumballMachine = new GumballMachine(5);
System.out.println(gumballMachine);
gumballMachine.insertQuarter();
gumballMachine.turnCrank();
System.out.println(gumballMachine);
gumballMachine.insertQuarter();
gumballMachine.turnCrank();
gumballMachine.insertQuarter();
gumballMachine.turnCrank();
System.out.println(gumballMachine);
}
}
