The WebSocket protocol

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Abstract

   The WebSocket protocol enables two-way communication between a user
   agent running untrusted code running in a controlled environment to a
   remote host that has opted-in to communications from that code. The
   security model used for this is the Origin-based security model
   commonly used by Web browsers. The protocol consists of an initial
   handshake followed by basic message framing, layered over TCP. The
   goal of this technology is to provide a mechanism for browser-based
   applications that need two-way communication with servers that does
   not rely on opening multiple HTTP connections (e.g. using
   XMLHttpRequest or <iframe>s and long polling).

   NOTE! THIS COPY OF THIS DOCUMENT IS OBSOLETE.

   For an up-to-date copy of this specification, please see:

   http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-socket-protocol/

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Internet-Draft The WebSocket protocol May 2010 Author's note This document is automatically generated from the same source document as the HTML specification. [HTML] Please send feedback to either the hybi@ietf.org list or the whatwg@whatwg.org list. Status of this Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted to IETF in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on November 7, 2010. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2010 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Hickson Expires November 7, 2010 [Page 2]

Internet-Draft The WebSocket protocol May 2010 Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.1. Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2. Protocol overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3. Opening handshake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.4. Closing handshake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.5. Design philosophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.6. Security model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.7. Relationship to TCP and HTTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.8. Establishing a connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.9. Subprotocols using the WebSocket protocol . . . . . . . . 13 2. Conformance requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.1. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3. WebSocket URLs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3.1. Parsing WebSocket URLs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3.2. Constructing WebSocket URLs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 4. Client-side requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 4.1. Opening handshake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 4.2. Data framing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 4.3. Handling errors in UTF-8 from the server . . . . . . . . . 30 5. Server-side requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 5.1. Reading the client's opening handshake . . . . . . . . . . 32 5.2. Sending the server's opening handshake . . . . . . . . . . 35 5.3. Data framing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 5.4. Handling errors in UTF-8 from the client . . . . . . . . . 41 6. Closing the connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 6.1. Client-initiated closure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 6.2. Server-initiated closure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 6.3. Closure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 7. Security considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 8. IANA considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 8.1. Registration of ws: scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 8.2. Registration of wss: scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 8.3. Registration of the "WebSocket" HTTP Upgrade keyword . . . 47 8.4. Sec-WebSocket-Key1 and Sec-WebSocket-Key2 . . . . . . . . 47 8.5. Sec-WebSocket-Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 8.6. Sec-WebSocket-Origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 8.7. Sec-WebSocket-Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 9. Using the WebSocket protocol from other specifications . . . . 51 10. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 11. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Hickson Expires November 7, 2010 [Page 3]

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1. Introduction

1.1. Background

_This section is non-normative._ Historically, creating an instant messenger chat client as a Web application has required an abuse of HTTP to poll the server for updates while sending upstream notifications as distinct HTTP calls. This results in a variety of problems: o The server is forced to use a number of different underlying TCP connections for each client: one for sending information to the client, and a new one for each incoming message. o The wire protocol has a high overhead, with each client-to-server message having an HTTP header. o The client-side script is forced to maintain a mapping from the outgoing connections to the incoming connection to track replies. A simpler solution would be to use a single TCP connection for traffic in both directions. This is what the WebSocket protocol provides. Combined with the WebSocket API, it provides an alternative to HTTP polling for two-way communication from a Web page to a remote server. [WSAPI]

The same technique can be used for a variety of Web applications: games, stock tickers, multiuser applications with simultaneous editing, user interfaces exposing server-side services in real time, etc.

1.2. Protocol overview

_This section is non-normative._ The protocol has two parts: a handshake, and then the data transfer. The handshake from the client looks as follows: Hickson Expires November 7, 2010 [Page 4]

Internet-Draft The WebSocket protocol May 2010 GET /demo HTTP/1.1 Host: example.com Connection: Upgrade Sec-WebSocket-Key2: 12998 5 Y3 1 .P00 Sec-WebSocket-Protocol: sample Upgrade: WebSocket Sec-WebSocket-Key1: 4 @1 46546xW%0l 1 5 Origin: http://example.com ^n:ds[4U The handshake from the server looks as follows: HTTP/1.1 101 WebSocket Protocol Handshake Upgrade: WebSocket Connection: Upgrade Sec-WebSocket-Origin: http://example.com Sec-WebSocket-Location: ws://example.com/demo Sec-WebSocket-Protocol: sample 8jKS'y:G*Co,Wxa- The leading line from the client follows the Request-Line format. The leading line from the server follows the Status-Line format. The Request-Line and Status-Line productions are defined in the HTTP specification. After the leading line in both cases come an unordered ASCII case- insensitive set of fields, one per line, that each match the following non-normative ABNF: [RFC5234] field = 1*name-char colon [ space ] *any-char cr lf colon = %x003A ; U+003A COLON (:) space = %x0020 ; U+0020 SPACE cr = %x000D ; U+000D CARRIAGE RETURN (CR) lf = %x000A ; U+000A LINE FEED (LF) name-char = %x0000-0009 / %x000B-000C / %x000E-0039 / %x003B-10FFFF ; a Unicode character other than U+000A LINE FEED (LF), U+000D CARRIAGE RETURN (CR), or U+003A COLON (:) any-char = %x0000-0009 / %x000B-000C / %x000E-10FFFF ; a Unicode character other than U+000A LINE FEED (LF) or U+000D CARRIAGE RETURN (CR) NOTE: The character set for the above ABNF is Unicode. The fields themselves are encoded as UTF-8. Lines that don't match the above production cause the connection to be aborted. Finally, after the last field, the client sends 10 bytes starting Hickson Expires November 7, 2010 [Page 5]

Internet-Draft The WebSocket protocol May 2010 with 0x0D 0x0A and followed by 8 random bytes, part of a challenge, and the server sends 18 bytes starting with 0x0D 0x0A and followed by 16 bytes consisting of a challenge response. The details of this challenge and other parts of the handshake are described in the next section. Once the client and server have both sent their handshakes, and if the handshake was successful, then the data transfer part starts. This is a two-way communication channel where each side can, independently from the other, send data at will. Data is sent in the form of UTF-8 text. Each frame of data starts with a 0x00 byte and ends with a 0xFF byte, with the UTF-8 text in between. The WebSocket protocol uses this framing so that specifications that use the WebSocket protocol can expose such connections using an event-based mechanism instead of requiring users of those specifications to implement buffering and piecing together of messages manually. To close the connection cleanly, a frame consisting of just a 0xFF byte followed by a 0x00 byte is sent from one peer to ask that the other peer close the connection. The protocol is designed to support other frame types in future. Instead of the 0x00 and 0xFF bytes, other bytes might in future be defined. Frames denoted by bytes that do not have the high bit set (0x00 to 0x7F) are treated as a stream of bytes terminated by 0xFF. Frames denoted by bytes that have the high bit set (0x80 to 0xFF) have a leading length indicator, which is encoded as a series of 7-bit bytes stored in octets with the 8th bit being set for all but the last byte. The remainder of the frame is then as much data as was specified. (The closing handshake contains no data and therefore has a length byte of 0x00.) This wire format for the data transfer part is described by the following non-normative ABNF, which is given in two alternative forms: the first describing the wire format as allowed by this specification, and the second describing how an arbitrary bytestream would be parsed. [RFC5234] Hickson Expires November 7, 2010 [Page 6]

Internet-Draft The WebSocket protocol May 2010 ; the wire protocol as allowed by this specification frames = *frame frame = text-frame / closing-frame text-frame = %x00 *( UTF8-char ) %xFF closing-frame = %xFF %x00 ; the wire protocol including error-handling and forward-compatible parsing rules frames = *frame frame = text-frame / binary-frame text-frame = (%x00-7F) *(%x00-FE) %xFF binary-frame = (%x80-FF) length < as many bytes as given by the length > length = *(%x80-FF) (%x00-7F) The UTF8-char rule is defined in the UTF-8 specification. [RFC3629] NOTE: The above ABNF is intended for a binary octet environment. !!! WARNING: At this time, the WebSocket protocol cannot be used to send binary data. Using any of the frame types other than 0x00 and 0xFF is invalid. All other frame types are reserved for future use by future versions of this protocol. The following diagram summarises the protocol: Handshake | V Frame type byte <--------------------------------------. | | | | `--> (0x00 to 0x7F) --> Data... --> 0xFF -->-+ | | `--> (0x80 to 0xFE) --> Length --> Data... ------->-'

1.3. Opening handshake

_This section is non-normative._ The opening handshake is intended to be compatible with HTTP-based server-side software, so that a single port can be used by both HTTP clients talking to that server and WebSocket clients talking to that server. To this end, the WebSocket client's handshake appears to HTTP servers to be a regular GET request with an Upgrade offer: GET / HTTP/1.1 Upgrade: WebSocket Connection: Upgrade Hickson Expires November 7, 2010 [Page 7]

Internet-Draft The WebSocket protocol May 2010 Fields in the handshake are sent by the client in a random order; the order is not meaningful. Additional fields are used to select options in the WebSocket protocol. The only options available in this version are the subprotocol selector, |Sec-WebSocket-Protocol|, and |Cookie|, which can used for sending cookies to the server (e.g. as an authentication mechanism). The |Sec-WebSocket-Protocol| field takes an arbitrary string: Sec-WebSocket-Protocol: chat This field indicates the subprotocol (the application-level protocol layered over the WebSocket protocol) that the client intends to use. The server echoes this field in its handshake to indicate that it supports that subprotocol. The other fields in the handshake are all security-related. The |Host| field is used to protect against DNS rebinding attacks and to allow multiple domains to be served from one IP address. Host: example.com The server includes the hostname in the |Sec-WebSocket-Location| field of its handshake, so that both the client and the server can verify that they agree on which host is in use. The |Origin| field is used to protect against unauthorized cross- origin use of a WebSocket server by scripts using the |WebSocket| API in a Web browser. The server specifies which origin it is willing to receive requests from by including a |Sec-WebSocket-Origin| field with that origin. If multiple origins are authorized, the server echoes the value in the |Origin| field of the client's handshake. Origin: http://example.com Finally, the server has to prove to the client that it received the client's WebSocket handshake, so that the server doesn't accept connections that are not WebSocket connections. This prevents an attacker from tricking a WebSocket server by sending it carefully- crafted packets using |XMLHttpRequest| or a |form| submission. To prove that the handshake was received, the server has to take three pieces of information and combine them to form a response. The first two pieces of information come from the |Sec-WebSocket-Key1| and |Sec-WebSocket-Key2| fields in the client handshake: Hickson Expires November 7, 2010 [Page 8]

Internet-Draft The WebSocket protocol May 2010 Sec-WebSocket-Key1: 18x 6]8vM;54 *(5: { U1]8 z [ 8 Sec-WebSocket-Key2: 1_ tx7X d < nw 334J702) 7]o}` 0 For each of these fields, the server has to take the digits from the value to obtain a number (in this case 1868545188 and 1733470270 respectively), then divide that number by the number of spaces characters in the value (in this case 12 and 10) to obtain a 32-bit number (155712099 and 173347027). These two resulting numbers are then used in the server handshake, as described below. The counting of spaces is intended to make it impossible to smuggle this field into the resource name; making this even harder is the presence of _two_ such fields, and the use of a newline as the only reliable indicator that the end of the key has been reached. The use of random characters interspersed with the spaces and the numbers ensures that the implementor actually looks for spaces and newlines, instead of being treating any character like a space, which would make it again easy to smuggle the fields into the path and trick the server. Finally, _dividing_ by this number of spaces is intended to make sure that even the most naive of implementations will check for spaces, since if ther server does not verify that there are some spaces, the server will try to divide by zero, which is usually fatal (a correct handshake will always have at least one space). The third piece of information is given after the fields, in the last eight bytes of the handshake, expressed here as they would be seen if interpreted as ASCII: Tm[K T2u The concatenation of the number obtained from processing the |Sec- WebSocket-Key1| field, expressed as a big-endian 32 bit number, the number obtained from processing the |Sec-WebSocket-Key2| field, again expressed as a big-endian 32 bit number, and finally the eight bytes at the end of the handshake, form a 128 bit string whose MD5 sum is then used by the server to prove that it read the handshake. The handshake from the server is much simpler than the client handshake. The first line is an HTTP Status-Line, with the status code 101 (the HTTP version and reason phrase aren't important): HTTP/1.1 101 WebSocket Protocol Handshake The fields follow. Two of the fields are just for compatibility with HTTP: Hickson Expires November 7, 2010 [Page 9]

Internet-Draft The WebSocket protocol May 2010 Upgrade: WebSocket Connection: Upgrade Two of the fields are part of the security model described above, echoing the origin and stating the exact host, port, resource name, and whether the connection is expected to be encrypted: Sec-WebSocket-Origin: http://example.com Sec-WebSocket-Location: ws://example.com/ These fields are checked by the Web browser when it is acting as a |WebSocket| client for scripted pages. A server that only handles one origin and only serves one resource can therefore just return hard-coded values and does not need to parse the client's handshake to verify the correctness of the values. Option fields can also be included. In this version of the protocol, the main option field is |Sec-WebSocket-Protocol|, which indicates the subprotocol that the server speaks. Web browsers verify that the server included the same value as was specified in the |WebSocket| constructor, so a server that speaks multiple subprotocols has to make sure it selects one based on the client's handshake and specifies the right one in its handshake. Sec-WebSocket-Protocol: chat The server can also set cookie-related option fields to _set_ cookies, as in HTTP. After the fields, the server sends the aforementioned MD5 sum, a 16 byte (128 bit) value, shown here as if interpreted as ASCII: fQJ,fN/4F4!~K~MH This value depends on what the client sends, as described above. If it doesn't match what the client is expecting, the client would disconnect. Having part of the handshake appear after the fields ensures that both the server and the client verify that the connection is not being interrupted by an HTTP intermediary such as a man-in-the-middle cache or proxy.

1.4. Closing handshake

_This section is non-normative._ The closing handshake is far simpler than the opening handshake. Hickson Expires November 7, 2010 [Page 10]

Internet-Draft The WebSocket protocol May 2010 Either peer can send a 0xFF frame with length 0x00 to begin the closing handshake. Upon receiving a 0xFF frame, the other peer sends an identical 0xFF frame in acknowledgement, if it hasn't already sent one. Upon receiving _that_ 0xFF frame, the first peer then closes the connection, safe in the knowledge that no further data is forthcoming. After sending a 0xFF frame, a peer does not send any further data; after receiving a 0xFF frame, a peer discards any further data received. It is safe for both peers to initiate this handshake simultaneously. The closing handshake is intended to replace the TCP closing handshake (FIN/ACK), on the basis that the TCP closing handshake is not always reliable end-to-end, especially in the presence of man-in- the-middle proxies and other intermediaries.

1.5. Design philosophy

_This section is non-normative._ The WebSocket protocol is designed on the principle that there should be minimal framing (the only framing that exists is to make the protocol frame-based instead of stream-based, and to support a distinction between Unicode text and binary frames). It is expected that metadata would be layered on top of WebSocket by the application layer, in the same way that metadata is layered on top of TCP by the application layer (HTTP). Conceptually, WebSocket is really just a layer on top of TCP that adds a Web "origin"-based security model for browsers; adds an addressing and protocol naming mechanism to support multiple services on one port and multiple host names on one IP address; layers a framing mechanism on top of TCP to get back to the IP packet mechanism that TCP is built on, but without length limits; and reimplements the closing handshake in-band. Other than that, it adds nothing. Basically it is intended to be as close to just exposing raw TCP to script as possible given the constraints of the Web. It's also designed in such a way that its servers can share a port with HTTP servers, by having its handshake be a valid HTTP Upgrade handshake also. The protocol is intended to be extensible; future versions will likely introduce a mechanism to compress data and might support sending binary data. Hickson Expires November 7, 2010 [Page 11]

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1.6. Security model

_This section is non-normative._ The WebSocket protocol uses the origin model used by Web browsers to restrict which Web pages can contact a WebSocket server when the WebSocket protocol is used from a Web page. Naturally, when the WebSocket protocol is used by a dedicated client directly (i.e. not from a Web page through a Web browser), the origin model is not useful, as the client can provide any arbitrary origin string. This protocol is intended to fail to establish a connection with servers of pre-existing protocols like SMTP or HTTP, while allowing HTTP servers to opt-in to supporting this protocol if desired. This is achieved by having a strict and elaborate handshake, and by limiting the data that can be inserted into the connection before the handshake is finished (thus limiting how much the server can be influenced). It is similarly intended to fail to establish a connection when data from other protocols, especially HTTP, is sent to a WebSocket server, for example as might happen if an HTML |form| were submitted to a WebSocket server. This is primarily achieved by requiring that the server prove that it read the handshake, which it can only do if the handshake contains the appropriate parts which themselves can only be sent by a WebSocket handshake; in particular, fields starting with |Sec-| cannot be set by an attacker from a Web browser, even when using |XMLHttpRequest|.

1.7. Relationship to TCP and HTTP

_This section is non-normative._ The WebSocket protocol is an independent TCP-based protocol. Its only relationship to HTTP is that its handshake is interpreted by HTTP servers as an Upgrade request. Based on the expert recommendation of the IANA, the WebSocket protocol by default uses port 80 for regular WebSocket connections and port 443 for WebSocket connections tunneled over TLS.

1.8. Establishing a connection

_This section is non-normative._ There are several options for establishing a WebSocket connection. On the face of it, the simplest method would seem to be to use port Hickson Expires November 7, 2010 [Page 12]

Internet-Draft The WebSocket protocol May 2010 80 to get a direct connection to a WebSocket server. Port 80 traffic, however, will often be intercepted by man-in-the-middle HTTP proxies, which can lead to the connection failing to be established. The most reliable method, therefore, is to use TLS encryption and port 443 to connect directly to a WebSocket server. This has the advantage of being more secure; however, TLS encryption can be computationally expensive. When a connection is to be made to a port that is shared by an HTTP server (a situation that is quite likely to occur with traffic to ports 80 and 443), the connection will appear to the HTTP server to be a regular GET request with an Upgrade offer. In relatively simple setups with just one IP address and a single server for all traffic to a single hostname, this might allow a practical way for systems based on the WebSocket protocol to be deployed. In more elaborate setups (e.g. with load balancers and multiple servers), a dedicated set of hosts for WebSocket connections separate from the HTTP servers is probably easier to manage.

1.9. Subprotocols using the WebSocket protocol

_This section is non-normative._ The client can request that the server use a specific subprotocol by including the |Sec-Websocket-Protocol| field in its handshake. If it is specified, the server needs to include the same field and value in its response for the connection to be established. These subprotocol names do not need to be registered, but if a subprotocol is intended to be implemented by multiple independent WebSocket servers, potential clashes with the names of subprotocols defined independently can be avoided by using names that contain the domain name of the subprotocol's originator. For example, if Example Corporation were to create a Chat subprotocol to be implemented by many servers around the Web, they could name it "chat.example.com". If the Example Organisation called their competing subprotocol "example.org's chat protocol", then the two subprotocols could be implemented by servers simultaneously, with the server dynamically selecting which subprotocol to use based on the value sent by the client. Subprotocols can be versioned in backwards-incompatible ways by changing the subprotocol name, eg. going from "bookings.example.net" to "bookings.example.net2". These subprotocols would be considered completely separate by WebSocket clients. Backwards-compatible versioning can be implemented by reusing the same subprotocol string but carefully designing the actual subprotocol to support this kind Hickson Expires November 7, 2010 [Page 13]

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2. Conformance requirements

All diagrams, examples, and notes in this specification are non- normative, as are all sections explicitly marked non-normative. Everything else in this specification is normative. The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in the normative parts of this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC2119. For

readability, these words do not appear in all uppercase letters in this specification. [RFC2119]

Requirements phrased in the imperative as part of algorithms (such as "strip any leading space characters" or "return false and abort these steps") are to be interpreted with the meaning of the key word ("must", "should", "may", etc) used in introducing the algorithm. Conformance requirements phrased as algorithms or specific steps may be implemented in any manner, so long as the end result is equivalent. (In particular, the algorithms defined in this specification are intended to be easy to follow, and not intended to be performant.) Implementations may impose implementation-specific limits on otherwise unconstrained inputs, e.g. to prevent denial of service attacks, to guard against running out of memory, or to work around platform-specific limitations. The conformance classes defined by this specification are user agents and servers.

2.1. Terminology

*Converting a string to ASCII lowercase* means replacing all characters in the range U+0041 to U+005A (i.e. LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A to LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z) with the corresponding characters in the range U+0061 to U+007A (i.e. LATIN SMALL LETTER A to LATIN SMALL LETTER Z). Comparing two strings in an *ASCII case-insensitive* manner means comparing them exactly, code point for code point, except that the characters in the range U+0041 to U+005A (i.e. LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A to LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z) and the corresponding characters in the range U+0061 to U+007A (i.e. LATIN SMALL LETTER A to LATIN SMALL LETTER Z) are considered to also match. The term "URL" is used in this section in a manner consistent with the terminology used in HTML, namely, to denote a string that might Hickson Expires November 7, 2010 [Page 15]

Internet-Draft The WebSocket protocol May 2010 or might not be a valid URI or IRI and to which certain error handling behaviors will be applied when the string is parsed. [HTML] When an implementation is required to _send_ data as part of the WebSocket protocol, the implementation may delay the actual transmission arbitrarily, e.g. buffering data so as to send fewer IP packets. Hickson Expires November 7, 2010 [Page 16]

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3. WebSocket URLs

3.1. Parsing WebSocket URLs

The steps to *parse a WebSocket URL's components* from a string /url/ are as follows. These steps return either a /host/, a /port/, a /resource name/, and a /secure/ flag, or they fail. 1. If the /url/ string is not an absolute URL, then fail this algorithm. [WEBADDRESSES]

2. Resolve the /url/ string using the resolve a Web address algorithm defined by the Web addresses specification, with the URL character encoding set to UTF-8. [WEBADDRESSES] [RFC3629]

NOTE: It doesn't matter what it is resolved relative to, since we already know it is an absolute URL at this point. 3. If /url/ does not have a <scheme> component whose value, when converted to ASCII lowercase, is either "ws" or "wss", then fail this algorithm. 4. If /url/ has a <fragment> component, then fail this algorithm. 5. If the <scheme> component of /url/ is "ws", set /secure/ to false; otherwise, the <scheme> component is "wss", set /secure/ to true. 6. Let /host/ be the value of the <host> component of /url/, converted to ASCII lowercase. 7. If /url/ has a <port> component, then let /port/ be that component's value; otherwise, there is no explicit /port/. 8. If there is no explicit /port/, then: if /secure/ is false, let /port/ be 80, otherwise let /port/ be 443. 9. Let /resource name/ be the value of the <path> component (which might be empty) of /url/. 10. If /resource name/ is the empty string, set it to a single character U+002F SOLIDUS (/). 11. If /url/ has a <query> component, then append a single U+003F QUESTION MARK character (?) to /resource name/, followed by the value of the <query> component. Hickson Expires November 7, 2010 [Page 17]

Internet-Draft The WebSocket protocol May 2010 12. Return /host/, /port/, /resource name/, and /secure/.

3.2. Constructing WebSocket URLs

The steps to *construct a WebSocket URL* from a /host/, a /port/, a /resource name/, and a /secure/ flag, are as follows: 1. Let /url/ be the empty string. 2. If the /secure/ flag is false, then append the string "ws://" to /url/. Otherwise, append the string "wss://" to /url/. 3. Append /host/ to /url/. 4. If the /secure/ flag is false and port is not 80, or if the /secure/ flag is true and port is not 443, then append the string ":" followed by /port/ to /url/. 5. Append /resource name/ to /url/. 6. Return /url/. Hickson Expires November 7, 2010 [Page 18]

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4. Client-side requirements

_This section only applies to user agents, not to servers._ NOTE: This specification doesn't currently define a limit to the number of simultaneous connections that a client can establish to a server.

4.1. Opening handshake

When the user agent is to *establish a WebSocket connection* to a host /host/, on a port /port/, from an origin whose ASCII serialization is /origin/, with a flag /secure/, with a string giving a /resource name/, and optionally with a string giving a /protocol/, it must run the following steps. The /host/ must be ASCII-only (i.e. it must have been punycode-encoded already if necessary). The /origin/ must not contain characters in the range U+0041 to U+005A (i.e. LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A to LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z). The /resource name/ and /protocol/ strings must be non-empty strings of ASCII characters in the range U+0020 to U+007E. The /resource name/ string must start with a U+002F SOLIDUS character (/) and must not contain a U+0020 SPACE character. [ORIGIN]

1. If the user agent already has a WebSocket connection to the remote host (IP address) identified by /host/, even if known by another name, wait until that connection has been established or for that connection to have failed. If multiple connections to the same IP address are attempted simultaneously, the user agent must serialize them so that there is no more than one connection at a time running through the following steps. NOTE: This makes it harder for a script to perform a denial of service attack by just opening a large number of WebSocket connections to a remote host. NOTE: There is no limit to the number of established WebSocket connections a user agent can have with a single remote host. Servers can refuse to connect users with an excessive number of connections, or disconnect resource-hogging users when suffering high load. 2. _Connect_: If the user agent is configured to use a proxy when using the WebSocket protocol to connect to host /host/ and/or port /port/, then connect to that proxy and ask it to open a TCP connection to the host given by /host/ and the port given by /port/. Hickson Expires November 7, 2010 [Page 19]

Internet-Draft The WebSocket protocol May 2010 EXAMPLE: For example, if the user agent uses an HTTP proxy for all traffic, then if it was to try to connect to port 80 on server example.com, it might send the following lines to the proxy server: CONNECT example.com:80 HTTP/1.1 Host: example.com If there was a password, the connection might look like: CONNECT example.com:80 HTTP/1.1 Host: example.com Proxy-authorization: Basic ZWRuYW1vZGU6bm9jYXBlcyE= Otherwise, if the user agent is not configured to use a proxy, then open a TCP connection to the host given by /host/ and the port given by /port/. NOTE: Implementations that do not expose explicit UI for selecting a proxy for WebSocket connections separate from other proxies are encouraged to use a SOCKS proxy for WebSocket connections, if available, or failing that, to prefer the proxy configured for HTTPS connections over the proxy configured for HTTP connections. For the purpose of proxy autoconfiguration scripts, the URL to pass the function must be constructed from /host/, /port/, /resource name/, and the /secure/ flag using the steps to construct a WebSocket URL. NOTE: The WebSocket protocol can be identified in proxy autoconfiguration scripts from the scheme ("ws:" for unencrypted connections and "wss:" for encrypted connections). 3. If the connection could not be opened, then fail the WebSocket connection and abort these steps. 4. If /secure/ is true, perform a TLS handshake over the connection. If this fails (e.g. the server's certificate could not be verified), then fail the WebSocket connection and abort these steps. Otherwise, all further communication on this channel must run through the encrypted tunnel. [RFC2246] User agents must use the Server Name Indication extension in the TLS handshake. [RFC4366] 5. Send the UTF-8 string "GET" followed by a UTF-8-encoded U+0020 SPACE character to the remote side (the server). Hickson Expires November 7, 2010 [Page 20]

Internet-Draft The WebSocket protocol May 2010 Send the /resource name/ value, encoded as UTF-8. Send another UTF-8-encoded U+0020 SPACE character, followed by the UTF-8 string "HTTP/1.1", followed by a UTF-8-encoded U+000D CARRIAGE RETURN U+000A LINE FEED character pair (CRLF). 6. Let /fields/ be an empty list of strings. 7. Add the string "Upgrade: WebSocket" to /fields/. 8. Add the string "Connection: Upgrade" to /fields/. 9. Let /hostport/ be an empty string. 10. Append the /host/ value, converted to ASCII lowercase, to /hostport/. 11. If /secure/ is false, and /port/ is not 80, or if /secure/ is true, and /port/ is not 443, then append a U+003A COLON character (:) followed by the value of /port/, expressed as a base-ten integer, to /hostport/. 12. Add the string consisting of the concatenation of the string "Host:", a U+0020 SPACE character, and /hostport/, to /fields/. 13. Add the string consisting of the concatenation of the string "Origin:", a U+0020 SPACE character, and the /origin/ value, to /fields/. 14. If there is no /protocol/, then skip this step. Otherwise, add the string consisting of the concatenation of the string "Sec-WebSocket-Protocol:", a U+0020 SPACE character, and the /protocol/ value, to /fields/. 15. If the client has any cookies that would be relevant to a resource accessed over HTTP, if /secure/ is false, or HTTPS, if it is true, on host /host/, port /port/, with /resource name/ as the path (and possibly query parameters), then add to /fields/ any HTTP headers that would be appropriate for that information. [RFC2616] [RFC2109] [RFC2965] This includes "HttpOnly" cookies (cookies with the http-only- flag set to true); the WebSocket protocol is not considered a non-HTTP API for the purpose of cookie processing. 16. Let /spaces_1/ be a random integer from 1 to 12 inclusive. Hickson Expires November 7, 2010 [Page 21]

Internet-Draft The WebSocket protocol May 2010 Let /spaces_2/ be a random integer from 1 to 12 inclusive. EXAMPLE: For example, 5 and 9. 17. Let /max_1/ be the largest integer not greater than 4,294,967,295 divided by /spaces_1/. Let /max_2/ be the largest integer not greater than 4,294,967,295 divided by /spaces_2/. EXAMPLE: Continuing the example, 858,993,459 and 477,218,588. 18. Let /number_1/ be a random integer from 0 to /max_1/ inclusive. Let /number_2/ be a random integer from 0 to /max_2/ inclusive. EXAMPLE: For example, 777,007,543 and 114,997,259. 19. Let /product_1/ be the result of multiplying /number_1/ and /spaces_1/ together. Let /product_2/ be the result of multiplying /number_2/ and /spaces_2/ together. EXAMPLE: Continuing the example, 3,885,037,715 and 1,034,975,331. 20. Let /key_1/ be a string consisting of /product_1/, expressed in base ten using the numerals in the range U+0030 DIGIT ZERO (0) to U+0039 DIGIT NINE (9). Let /key_2/ be a string consisting of /product_2/, expressed in base ten using the numerals in the range U+0030 DIGIT ZERO (0) to U+0039 DIGIT NINE (9). EXAMPLE: Continuing the example, "3885037715" and "1034975331". 21. Insert between one and twelve random characters from the ranges U+0021 to U+002F and U+003A to U+007E into /key_1/ at random positions. Insert between one and twelve random characters from the ranges U+0021 to U+002F and U+003A to U+007E into /key_2/ at random positions. NOTE: This corresponds to random printable ASCII characters other than the digits and the U+0020 SPACE character. Hickson Expires November 7, 2010 [Page 22]

Internet-Draft The WebSocket protocol May 2010 EXAMPLE: Continuing the example, this could lead to "P388O503D& ul7{K%gX(%715" and "1N?|kUT0or3o4I97N5-S3O31". 22. Insert /spaces_1/ U+0020 SPACE characters into /key_1/ at random positions other than the start or end of the string. Insert /spaces_2/ U+0020 SPACE characters into /key_2/ at random positions other than the start or end of the string. EXAMPLE: Continuing the example, this could lead to "P388 O503D& ul7 {K%gX( %7 15" and "1 N ?|k UT0or 3o 4 I97N 5-S3O 31". 23. Add the string consisting of the concatenation of the string "Sec-WebSocket-Key1:", a U+0020 SPACE character, and the /key_1/ value, to /fields/. Add the string consisting of the concatenation of the string "Sec-WebSocket-Key2:", a U+0020 SPACE character, and the /key_2/ value, to /fields/. 24. For each string in /fields/, in a random order: send the string, encoded as UTF-8, followed by a UTF-8-encoded U+000D CARRIAGE RETURN U+000A LINE FEED character pair (CRLF). It is important that the fields be output in a random order so that servers not depend on the particular order used by any particular client. 25. Send a UTF-8-encoded U+000D CARRIAGE RETURN U+000A LINE FEED character pair (CRLF). 26. Let /key3/ be a string consisting of eight random bytes (or equivalently, a random 64 bit integer encoded in big-endian order). EXAMPLE: For example, 0x47 0x30 0x22 0x2D 0x5A 0x3F 0x47 0x58. 27. Send /key3/ to the server. 28. Read bytes from the server until either the connection closes, or a 0x0A byte is read. Let /field/ be these bytes, including the 0x0A byte. If /field/ is not at least seven bytes long, or if the last two bytes aren't 0x0D and 0x0A respectively, or if it does not contain at least two 0x20 bytes, then fail the WebSocket connection and abort these steps. User agents may apply a timeout to this step, failing the WebSocket connection if the server does not send back data in a Hickson Expires November 7, 2010 [Page 23]

Internet-Draft The WebSocket protocol May 2010 suitable time period. 29. Let /code/ be the substring of /field/ that starts from the byte after the first 0x20 byte, and ends with the byte before the second 0x20 byte. 30. If /code/ is not three bytes long, or if any of the bytes in /code/ are not in the range 0x30 to 0x39, then fail the WebSocket connection and abort these steps. 31. If /code/, interpreted as UTF-8, is "101", then move to the next step. If /code/, interpreted as UTF-8, is "407", then either close the connection and jump back to step 2, providing appropriate authentication information, or fail the WebSocket connection. 407 is the code used by HTTP meaning "Proxy Authentication Required". User agents that support proxy authentication must interpret the response as defined by HTTP (e.g. to find and interpret the |Proxy-Authenticate| header). Otherwise, fail the WebSocket connection and abort these steps. 32. Let /fields/ be a list of name-value pairs, initially empty. 33. _Field_: Let /name/ and /value/ be empty byte arrays. 34. Read a byte from the server. If the connection closes before this byte is received, then fail the WebSocket connection and abort these steps. Otherwise, handle the byte as described in the appropriate entry below: -> If the byte is 0x0D (ASCII CR) If the /name/ byte array is empty, then jump to the fields processing step. Otherwise, fail the WebSocket connection and abort these steps. -> If the byte is 0x0A (ASCII LF) Fail the WebSocket connection and abort these steps. -> If the byte is 0x3A (ASCII :) Move on to the next step. Hickson Expires November 7, 2010 [Page 24]

Internet-Draft The WebSocket protocol May 2010 -> If the byte is in the range 0x41 to 0x5A (ASCII A-Z) Append a byte whose value is the byte's value plus 0x20 to the /name/ byte array and redo this step for the next byte. -> Otherwise Append the byte to the /name/ byte array and redo this step for the next byte. NOTE: This reads a field name, terminated by a colon, converting upper-case ASCII letters to lowercase, and aborting if a stray CR or LF is found. 35. Let /count/ equal 0. NOTE: This is used in the next step to skip past a space character after the colon, if necessary. 36. Read a byte from the server and increment /count/ by 1. If the connection closes before this byte is received, then fail the WebSocket connection and abort these steps. Otherwise, handle the byte as described in the appropriate entry below: -> If the byte is 0x20 (ASCII space) and /count/ equals 1 Ignore the byte and redo this step for the next byte. -> If the byte is 0x0D (ASCII CR) Move on to the next step. -> If the byte is 0x0A (ASCII LF) Fail the WebSocket connection and abort these steps. -> Otherwise Append the byte to the /value/ byte array and redo this step for the next byte. NOTE: This reads a field value, terminated by a CRLF, skipping past a single space after the colon if there is one. 37. Read a byte from the server. If the connection closes before this byte is received, or if the byte is not a 0x0A byte (ASCII LF), then fail the WebSocket connection and abort these steps. NOTE: This skips past the LF byte of the CRLF after the field. Hickson Expires November 7, 2010 [Page 25]

Internet-Draft The WebSocket protocol May 2010 38. Append an entry to the /fields/ list that has the name given by the string obtained by interpreting the /name/ byte array as a UTF-8 byte stream and the value given by the string obtained by interpreting the /value/ byte array as a UTF-8 byte stream. 39. Return to the "Field" step above. 40. _Fields processing_: Read a byte from the server. If the connection closes before this byte is received, or if the byte is not a 0x0A byte (ASCII LF), then fail the WebSocket connection and abort these steps. NOTE: This skips past the LF byte of the CRLF after the blank line after the fields. 41. If there is not exactly one entry in the /fields/ list whose name is "upgrade", or if there is not exactly one entry in the /fields/ list whose name is "connection", or if there is not exactly one entry in the /fields/ list whose name is "sec- websocket-origin", or if there is not exactly one entry in the /fields/ list whose name is "sec-websocket-location", or if the /protocol/ was specified but there is not exactly one entry in the /fields/ list whose name is "sec-websocket-protocol", or if there are any entries in the /fields/ list whose names are the empty string, then fail the WebSocket connection and abort these steps. Otherwise, handle each entry in the /fields/ list as follows: -> If the entry's name is "upgrade" If the value is not exactly equal to the string "WebSocket", then fail the WebSocket connection and abort these steps. -> If the entry's name is "connection" If the value, converted to ASCII lowercase, is not exactly equal to the string "upgrade", then fail the WebSocket connection and abort these steps. -> If the entry's name is "sec-websocket-origin" If the value is not exactly equal to /origin/, then fail the WebSocket connection and abort these steps. [ORIGIN] -> If the entry's name is "sec-websocket-location" If the value is not exactly equal to a string obtained from the steps to construct a WebSocket URL from /host/, /port/, /resource name/, and the /secure/ flag, then fail the WebSocket connection and abort these steps. Hickson Expires November 7, 2010 [Page 26]

Internet-Draft The WebSocket protocol May 2010 -> If the entry's name is "sec-websocket-protocol" If there was a /protocol/ specified, and the value is not exactly equal to /protocol/, then fail the WebSocket connection and abort these steps. (If no /protocol/ was specified, the field is ignored.) -> If the entry's name is "set-cookie" or "set-cookie2" or another cookie-related field name If the relevant specification is supported by the user agent, handle the cookie as defined by the appropriate specification, with the resource being the one with the host /host/, the port /port/, the path (and possibly query parameters) /resource name/, and the scheme |http| if /secure/ is false and |https| if /secure/ is true. [RFC2109] [RFC2965] If the relevant specification is not supported by the user agent, then the field must be ignored. -> Any other name Ignore it. 42. Let /challenge/ be the concatenation of /number_1/, expressed as a big-endian 32 bit integer, /number_2/, expressed as a big- endian 32 bit integer, and the eight bytes of /key_3/ in the order they were sent on the wire. EXAMPLE: Using the examples given earlier, this leads to the 16 bytes 0x2E 0x50 0x31 0xB7 0x06 0xDA 0xB8 0x0B 0x47 0x30 0x22 0x2D 0x5A 0x3F 0x47 0x58. 43. Let /expected/ be the MD5 fingerprint of /challenge/ as a big- endian 128 bit string. [RFC1321] EXAMPLE: Using the examples given earlier, this leads to the 16 bytes 0x30 0x73 0x74 0x33 0x52 0x6C 0x26 0x71 0x2D 0x32 0x5A 0x55 0x5E 0x77 0x65 0x75. In ASCII, these bytes correspond to the string "0st3Rl&q-2ZU^weu". 44. Read sixteen bytes from the server. Let /reply/ be those bytes. If the connection closes before these bytes are received, then fail the WebSocket connection and abort these steps. 45. If /reply/ does not exactly equal /expected/, then fail the WebSocket connection and abort these steps. Hickson Expires November 7, 2010 [Page 27]

Internet-Draft The WebSocket protocol May 2010 46. The *WebSocket connection is established*. Now the user agent must send and receive to and from the connection as described in the next section.

4.2. Data framing

Once a WebSocket connection is established, the user agent must run through the following state machine for the bytes sent by the server. If at any point during these steps a read is attempted but fails because the WebSocket connection is closed, then abort. 1. Try to read a byte from the server. Let /frame type/ be that byte. 2. Let /error/ be false. 3. Handle the /frame type/ byte as follows: If the high-order bit of the /frame type/ byte is set (i.e. if /frame type/ _and_ed with 0x80 returns 0x80) Run these steps: 1. Let /length/ be zero. 2. _Length_: Read a byte, let /b/ be that byte. 3. Let /b_v/ be an integer corresponding to the low 7 bits of /b/ (the value you would get by _and_ing /b/ with 0x7F). 4. Multiply /length/ by 128, add /b_v/ to that result, and store the final result in /length/. 5. If the high-order bit of /b/ is set (i.e. if /b/ _and_ed with 0x80 returns 0x80), then return to the step above labeled _length_. 6. Read /length/ bytes. !!! WARNING: It is possible for a server to (innocently or maliciously) send frames with lengths greater than 2**(31) or 2**(32) bytes, overflowing a signed or unsigned 32bit integer. User agents may therefore impose implementation-specific limits on the lengths of invalid frames that they will skip; even supporting frames 2GB in length is considered, at the time of writing, as going well above and beyond the call of duty. Hickson Expires November 7, 2010 [Page 28]

Internet-Draft The WebSocket protocol May 2010 7. Discard the read bytes. 8. If the /frame type/ is 0xFF and the /length/ was 0, then run the following substeps: 1. If the WebSocket closing handshake has not yet started, then start the WebSocket closing handshake. 2. Wait until either the WebSocket closing handshake has started or the WebSocket connection is closed. 3. If the WebSocket connection is not already closed, then close the WebSocket connection: *The WebSocket closing handshake has finished*. (If the connection closes before this happens, then the closing handshake doesn't finish.) 4. Abort these steps. Any data on the connection after the 0xFF frame is discarded. Otherwise, let /error/ be true. If the high-order bit of the /frame type/ byte is _not_ set (i.e. if /frame type/ _and_ed with 0x80 returns 0x00) Run these steps: 1. Let /raw data/ be an empty byte array. 2. _Data_: Read a byte, let /b/ be that byte. 3. If /b/ is not 0xFF, then append /b/ to /raw data/ and return to the previous step (labeled _data_). 4. Interpret /raw data/ as a UTF-8 string, and store that string in /data/. 5. If /frame type/ is 0x00, then *a WebSocket message has been received* with text /data/. Otherwise, discard the data and let /error/ be true. 4. If /error/ is true, then *a WebSocket error has been detected*. 5. Return to the first step to read the next byte. If the user agent is faced with content that is too large to be handled appropriately, runs out of resources for buffering incoming data, or hits an artificial resource limit intended to avoid resource starvation, then it must fail the WebSocket connection. Hickson Expires November 7, 2010 [Page 29]

Internet-Draft The WebSocket protocol May 2010 Once a WebSocket connection is established, but before the WebSocket closing handshake has started, the user agent must use the following steps to *send /data/ using the WebSocket*: 1. Send a 0x00 byte to the server. 2. Encode /data/ using UTF-8 and send the resulting byte stream to the server. 3. Send a 0xFF byte to the server. Once the WebSocket closing handshake has started, the user agent must not send any further data on the connection. Once a WebSocket connection is established, the user agent must use the following steps to *start the WebSocket closing handshake*. These steps must be run asynchronously relative to whatever algorithm invoked this one. 1. If the WebSocket closing handshake has started, then abort these steps. 2. Send a 0xFF byte to the server. 3. Send a 0x00 byte to the server. 4. *The WebSocket closing handshake has started*. 5. Wait a user-agent-determined length of time, or until the WebSocket connection is closed. 6. If the WebSocket connection is not already closed, then close the WebSocket connection. (If this happens, then the closing handshake doesn't finish.) NOTE: The closing handshake finishes once the server returns the 0xFF packet, as described above. If at any point there is a fatal problem with sending data to the server, the user agent must fail the WebSocket connection.

4.3. Handling errors in UTF-8 from the server

When a client is to interpret a byte stream as UTF-8 but finds that the byte stream is not in fact a valid UTF-8 stream, then any bytes or sequences of bytes that are not valid UTF-8 sequences must be Hickson Expires November 7, 2010 [Page 30]

Internet-Draft The WebSocket protocol May 2010 interpreted as a U+FFFD REPLACEMENT CHARACTER. Hickson Expires November 7, 2010 [Page 31]

Internet-Draft The WebSocket protocol May 2010

5. Server-side requirements

_This section only applies to servers._

5.1. Reading the client's opening handshake

When a client starts a WebSocket connection, it sends its part of the opening handshake. The server must parse at least part of this handshake in order to obtain the necessary information to generate the server part of the handshake. The client handshake consists of the following parts. If the server, while reading the handshake, finds that the client did not send a handshake that matches the description below, the server should abort the WebSocket connection. 1. The three-character UTF-8 string "GET". 2. A UTF-8-encoded U+0020 SPACE character (0x20 byte). 3. A string consisting of all the bytes up to the next UTF-8-encoded U+0020 SPACE character (0x20 byte). The result of decoding this string as a UTF-8 string is the name of the resource requested by the server. If the server only supports one resource, then this can safely be ignored; the client verifies that the right resource is supported based on the information included in the server's own handshake. The resource name will begin with U+002F SOLIDUS character (/) and will only include characters in the range U+0021 to U+007E. 4. A string of bytes terminated by a UTF-8-encoded U+000D CARRIAGE RETURN U+000A LINE FEED character pair (CRLF). All the characters from the second 0x20 byte up to the first 0x0D 0x0A byte pair in the data from the client can be safely ignored. (It will probably be the string "HTTP/1.1".) 5. A series of fields. Each field is terminated by a UTF-8-encoded U+000D CARRIAGE RETURN U+000A LINE FEED character pair (CRLF). The end of the fields is denoted by the terminating CRLF pair being followed immediately by another CRLF pair. NOTE: In other words, the fields start with the first 0x0D 0x0A byte pair, end with the first 0x0D 0x0A 0x0D 0x0A byte sequence, and are separate from each other by 0x0D 0x0A byte pairs. The fields are encoded as UTF-8. Hickson Expires November 7, 2010 [Page 32]

Internet-Draft The WebSocket protocol May 2010 Each field consists of a name, consisting of one or more characters in the ranges U+0021 to U+0039 and U+003B to U+007E, followed by a U+003A COLON character (:) and a U+0020 SPACE character, followed by zero or more characters forming the value. The expected field names, the meaning of their corresponding values, and the processing servers are required to apply to those fields, are described below, after the description of the client handshake. 6. After the first 0x0D 0x0A 0x0D 0x0A byte sequence, indicating the end of the fields, the client sends eight random bytes. These are used in constructing the server handshake. The expected field names, and the meaning of their corresponding values, are as follows. Field names must be compared in an ASCII case-insensitive manner. |Upgrade| Invariant part of the handshake. Will always have a value that is an ASCII case-insensitive match for the string "WebSocket". Can be safely ignored, though the server should abort the WebSocket connection if this field is absent or has a different value, to avoid vulnerability to cross-protocol attacks. |Connection| Invariant part of the handshake. Will always have a value that is an ASCII case-insensitive match for the string "Upgrade". Can be safely ignored, though the server should abort the WebSocket connection if this field is absent or has a different value, to avoid vulnerability to cross-protocol attacks. |Host| The value gives the hostname that the client intended to use when opening the WebSocket. It would be of interest in particular to virtual hosting environments, where one server might serve multiple hosts, and might therefore want to return different data. Can be safely ignored, though the server should abort the WebSocket connection if this field is absent or has a value that does not match the server's host name, to avoid vulnerability to cross-protocol attacks and DNS rebinding attacks. Hickson Expires November 7, 2010 [Page 33]

Internet-Draft The WebSocket protocol May 2010 |Origin| The value gives the scheme, hostname, and port (if it's not the default port for the given scheme) of the page that asked the client to open the WebSocket. It would be interesting if the server's operator had deals with operators of other sites, since the server could then decide how to respond (or indeed, _whether_ to respond) based on which site was requesting a connection. [ORIGIN] Can be safely ignored, though the server should abort the WebSocket connection if this field is absent or has a value that does not match one of the origins the server is expecting to communicate with, to avoid vulnerability to cross-protocol attacks and cross-site scripting attacks. |Sec-WebSocket-Protocol| The value gives the name of a subprotocol that the client is intending to select. It would be interesting if the server supports multiple protocols or protocol versions. Can be safely ignored, though the server may abort the WebSocket connection if the field is absent but the conventions for communicating with the server are such that the field is expected; and the server should abort the WebSocket connection if the field has a value that does not match one of the subprotocols that the server supports, to avoid integrity errors once the connection is established. |Sec-WebSocket-Key1| |Sec-WebSocket-Key2| The values provide the information required for computing the server's handshake, as described in the next section. Other fields Other fields can be used, such as "Cookie", for authentication purposes. Their semantics are equivalent to the semantics of the HTTP headers with the same names. Unrecognized fields can be safely ignored, and are probably either the result of intermediaries injecting fields unrelated to the operation of the WebSocket protocol, or clients that support future versions of the protocol offering options that the server doesn't support. Hickson Expires November 7, 2010 [Page 34]

Internet-Draft The WebSocket protocol May 2010

5.2. Sending the server's opening handshake

When a client establishes a WebSocket connection to a server, the server must run the following steps. 1. If the server supports encryption, perform a TLS handshake over the connection. If this fails (e.g. the client indicated a host name in the extended client hello "server_name" extension that the server does not host), then close the connection; otherwise, all further communication for the connection (including the server handshake) must run through the encrypted tunnel. [RFC2246]

2. Establish the following information: /host/ The host name or IP address of the WebSocket server, as it is to be addressed by clients. The host name must be punycode- encoded if necessary. If the server can respond to requests to multiple hosts (e.g. in a virtual hosting environment), then the value should be derived from the client's handshake, specifically from the "Host" field. /port/ The port number on which the server expected and/or received the connection. /resource name/ An identifier for the service provided by the server. If the server provides multiple services, then the value should be derived from the resource name given in the client's handshake. /secure flag/ True if the connection is encrypted or if the server expected it to be encrypted; false otherwise. /origin/ The ASCII serialization of the origin that the server is willing to communicate with, converted to ASCII lowercase. If the server can respond to requests from multiple origins (or indeed, all origins), then the value should be derived from the client's handshake, specifically from the "Origin" field. [ORIGIN]

Hickson Expires November 7, 2010 [Page 35]

Internet-Draft The WebSocket protocol May 2010 /subprotocol/ Either null, or a string representing the subprotocol the server is ready to use. If the server supports multiple subprotocols, then the value should be derived from the client's handshake, specifically from the "Sec-WebSocket- Protocol" field. The absence of such a field is equivalent to the null value. The empty string is not the same as the null value for these purposes. /key_1/ The value of the "Sec-WebSocket-Key1" field in the client's handshake. /key_2/ The value of the "Sec-WebSocket-Key2" field in the client's handshake. /key_3/ The eight random bytes sent after the first 0x0D 0x0A 0x0D 0x0A sequence in the client's handshake. 3. Let /location/ be the string that results from constructing a WebSocket URL from /host/, /port/, /resource name/, and /secure flag/. 4. Let /key-number_1/ be the digits (characters in the range U+0030 DIGIT ZERO (0) to U+0039 DIGIT NINE (9)) in /key_1/, interpreted as a base ten integer, ignoring all other characters in /key_1/. Let /key-number_2/ be the digits (characters in the range U+0030 DIGIT ZERO (0) to U+0039 DIGIT NINE (9)) in /key_2/, interpreted as a base ten integer, ignoring all other characters in /key_2/. EXAMPLE: For example, assume that the client handshake was: GET / HTTP/1.1 Connection: Upgrade Host: example.com Upgrade: WebSocket Sec-WebSocket-Key1: 3e6b263 4 17 80 Origin: http://example.com Sec-WebSocket-Key2: 17 9 G`ZD9 2 2b 7X 3 /r90 WjN}|M(6 The /key-number_1/ would be the number 3,626,341,780, and the /key-number_2/ would be the number 1,799,227,390. Hickson Expires November 7, 2010 [Page 36]

Internet-Draft The WebSocket protocol May 2010 In this example, incidentally, /key_3/ is "WjN}|M(6", or 0x57 0x6A 0x4E 0x7D 0x7C 0x4D 0x28 0x36. 5. Let /spaces_1/ be the number of U+0020 SPACE characters in /key_1/. Let /spaces_2/ be the number of U+0020 SPACE characters in /key_2/. If either /spaces_1/ or /spaces_2/ is zero, then abort the WebSocket connection. This is a symptom of a cross-protocol attack. EXAMPLE: In the example above, /spaces_1/ would be 4 and /spaces_2/ would be 10. 6. If /key-number_1/ is not an integral multiple of /spaces_1/, then abort the WebSocket connection. If /key-number_2/ is not an integral multiple of /spaces_2/, then abort the WebSocket connection. NOTE: This can only happen if the client is not a conforming WebSocket client. 7. Let /part_1/ be /key-number_1/ divided by /spaces_1/. Let /part_2/ be /key-number_2/ divided by /spaces_2/. EXAMPLE: In the example above, /part_1/ would be 906,585,445 and /part_2/ would be 179,922,739. 8. Let /challenge/ be the concatenation of /part_1/, expressed as a big-endian 32 bit integer, /part_2/, expressed as a big-endian 32 bit integer, and the eight bytes of /key_3/ in the order they were sent on the wire. EXAMPLE: In the example above, this would be the 16 bytes 0x36 0x09 0x65 0x65 0x0A 0xB9 0x67 0x33 0x57 0x6A 0x4E 0x7D 0x7C 0x4D 0x28 0x36. 9. Let /response/ be the MD5 fingerprint of /challenge/ as a big- endian 128 bit string. [RFC1321] EXAMPLE: In the example above, this would be the 16 bytes 0x6E 0x60 0x39 0x65 0x42 0x6B 0x39 0x7A 0x24 0x52 0x38 0x70 0x4F 0x74 0x56 0x62, or "n`9eBk9z$R8pOtVb" in ASCII. Hickson Expires November 7, 2010 [Page 37]

Internet-Draft The WebSocket protocol May 2010 10. Send the following line, terminated by the two characters U+000D CARRIAGE RETURN and U+000A LINE FEED (CRLF) and encoded as UTF-8, to the client: HTTP/1.1 101 WebSocket Protocol Handshake This line may be sent differently if necessary, but must match the Status-Line production defined in the HTTP specification, with the Status-Code having the value 101. 11. Send the following fields to the client. Each field must be sent as a line consisting of the field name, which must be an ASCII case-insensitive match for the field name in the list below, followed by a U+003A COLON character (:) and a U+0020 SPACE character, followed by the field value as specified in the list below, followed by the two characters U+000D CARRIAGE RETURN and U+000A LINE FEED (CRLF). The lines must be encoded as UTF-8. The lines may be sent in any order. |Upgrade| The value must be the string "WebSocket". |Connection| The value must be the string "Upgrade". |Sec-WebSocket-Location| The value must be /location/ |Sec-WebSocket-Origin| The value must be /origin/ |Sec-WebSocket-Protocol| This field must be included if /subprotocol/ is not null, and must not be included if /subprotocol/ is null. If included, the value must be /subprotocol/ Optionally, include "Set-Cookie", "Set-Cookie2", or other cookie-related fields, with values equal to the values that would be used for the identically named HTTP headers. [RFC2109] [RFC2965] 12. Send two bytes 0x0D 0x0A (ASCII CRLF). 13. Send /response/. This completes the server's handshake. If the server finishes these steps without aborting the WebSocket connection, and if the client Hickson Expires November 7, 2010 [Page 38]

Internet-Draft The WebSocket protocol May 2010 does not then fail the connection, then the connection is established and the server may begin and receiving sending data, as described in the next section.

5.3. Data framing

The server must run through the following steps to process the bytes sent by the client. If at any point during these steps a read is attempted but fails because the WebSocket connection is closed, then abort. 1. _Frame_: Read a byte from the client. Let /type/ be that byte. 2. If the most significant bit of /type/ is not set, then run the following steps: 1. If /type/ is not a 0x00 byte, then the server may abort these steps and either immediately disconnect from the client or set the /client terminated/ flag. 2. Let /raw data/ be an empty byte array. 3. _Data_: Read a byte, let /b/ be that byte. 4. If /b/ is not 0xFF, then append /b/ to /raw data/ and return to the previous step (labeled _data_). 5. If /type/ was 0x00, interpret /raw data/ as a UTF-8 string, and apply whatever server-specific processing is to occur for the resulting string (the message from the client). Otherwise, the most significant bit of /type/ is set. Run the following steps. 6. If /type/ is not a 0xFF byte, then the server may abort these steps and either immediately disconnect from the client or set the /client terminated/ flag. 7. Let /length/ be zero. 8. _Length_: Read a byte, let /b/ be that byte. 9. If /b/ is not a 0x00 byte, then run these substeps: 1. The server may abort these steps and either immediately disconnect from the client or set the /client terminated/ flag. Hickson Expires November 7, 2010 [Page 39]

Internet-Draft The WebSocket protocol May 2010 2. Let /b_v/ be an integer corresponding to the low 7 bits of /b/ (the value you would get by _and_ing /b/ with 0x7F). 3. Multiply /length/ by 128, add /b_v/ to that result, and store the final result in /length/. 4. If the high-order bit of /b/ is set (i.e. if /b/ _and_ed with 0x80 returns 0x80), then return to the step above labeled _length_. 5. Read /length/ bytes. !!! WARNING: It is possible for a malicious client to send frames with lengths greater than 2**(31) or 2**(32) bytes, overflowing a signed or unsigned 32bit integer. Servers may therefore impose implementation-specific limits on the lengths of invalid frames that they will skip, if they support skipping such frames at all. If a server cannot correctly skip past a long frame, then the server must abort these steps (discarding all future data), and should either immediately disconnect from the client or set the /client terminated/ flag. 6. Discard the read bytes. 10. If /type/ is 0xFF and /length/ is 0, then set the /client terminated/ flag and abort these steps. All further data sent by the client should be discarded. 3. Return to the step labeled _frame_. The server must run through the following steps to send strings to the client: 1. Send a 0x00 byte to the client to indicate the start of a string. 2. Encode /data/ using UTF-8 and send the resulting byte stream to the client. 3. Send a 0xFF byte to the client to indicate the end of the message. At any time, the server may decide to terminate the WebSocket connection by running through the following steps: Hickson Expires November 7, 2010 [Page 40]

Internet-Draft The WebSocket protocol May 2010 1. Send a 0xFF byte and a 0x00 byte to the client to indicate the start of the closing handshake. 2. Wait until the /client terminated/ flag has been set, or until a server-defined timeout expires. 3. Close the WebSocket connection. Once these steps have started, the server must not send any further data to the server. The 0xFF 0x00 bytes indicate the end of the server's data, and further bytes will be discarded by the client.

5.4. Handling errors in UTF-8 from the client

When a server is to interpret a byte stream as UTF-8 but finds that the byte stream is not in fact a valid UTF-8 stream, behavior is undefined. A server could close the connection, convert invalid byte sequences to U+FFFD REPLACEMENT CHARACTERs, store the data verbatim, or perform application-specific processing. Subprotocols layered on the WebSocket protocol might define specific behavior for servers. Hickson Expires November 7, 2010 [Page 41]

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6. Closing the connection

6.1. Client-initiated closure

Certain algorithms require the user agent to *fail the WebSocket connection*. To do so, the user agent must close the WebSocket connection, and may report the problem to the user (which would be especially useful for developers). Except as indicated above or as specified by the application layer (e.g. a script using the WebSocket API), user agents should not close the connection. User agents must not convey any failure information to scripts in a way that would allow a script to distinguish the following situations: o A server whose host name could not be resolved. o A server to which packets could not successfully be routed. o A server that refused the connection on the specified port. o A server that did not complete the opening handshake (e.g. because it was not a WebSocket server). o A WebSocket server that sent a correct opening handshake, but that specified options that caused the client to drop the connection (e.g. the server specified an origin that differed from the script's). o A WebSocket server that abruptly closed the connection after successfully completing the opening handshake.

6.2. Server-initiated closure

Certain algorithms require or recommend that the server *abort the WebSocket connection* during the opening handshake. To do so, the server must simply close the WebSocket connection.

6.3. Closure

To *close the WebSocket connection*, the user agent or server must close the TCP connection, using whatever mechanism possible (e.g. either the TCP RST or FIN mechanisms). When a user agent notices that the server has closed its connection, it must immediately close its side of the connection also. Whether the user agent or the server closes the connection first, it is said that the *WebSocket Hickson Expires November 7, 2010 [Page 42]

Internet-Draft The WebSocket protocol May 2010 connection is closed*. If the connection was closed after the client finished the WebSocket closing handshake, then the WebSocket connection is said to have been closed _cleanly_. Servers may close the WebSocket connection whenever desired. User agents should not close the WebSocket connection arbitrarily. Hickson Expires November 7, 2010 [Page 43]

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7. Security considerations

While this protocol is intended to be used by scripts in Web pages, it can also be used directly by hosts. Such hosts are acting on their own behalf, and can therefore send fake "Origin" fields, misleading the server. Servers should therefore be careful about assuming that they are talking directly to scripts from known origins, and must consider that they might be accessed in unexpected ways. In particular, a server should not trust that any input is valid. EXAMPLE: For example, if the server uses input as part of SQL queries, all input text should be escaped before being passed to the SQL server, lest the server be susceptible to SQL injection. Servers that are not intended to process input from any Web page but only for certain sites should verify the "Origin" field is an origin they expect, and should only respond with the corresponding "Sec- WebSocket-Origin" if it is an accepted origin. Servers that only accept input from one origin can just send back that value in the "Sec-WebSocket-Origin" field, without bothering to check the client's value. If at any time a server is faced with data that it does not understand, or that violates some criteria by which the server determines safety of input, or when the server sees a handshake that does not correspond to the values the server is expecting (e.g. incorrect path or origin), the server should just disconnect. It is always safe to disconnect. The biggest security risk when sending text data using this protocol is sending data using the wrong encoding. If an attacker can trick the server into sending data encoded as ISO-8859-1 verbatim (for instance), rather than encoded as UTF-8, then the attacker could inject arbitrary frames into the data stream. Hickson Expires November 7, 2010 [Page 44]

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8. IANA considerations

8.1. Registration of ws: scheme

A |ws:| URL identifies a WebSocket server and resource name. URI scheme name. ws Status. Permanent. URI scheme syntax. In ABNF terms using the terminals from the URI specifications: [RFC5234] [RFC3986]

"ws" ":" hier-part [ "?" query ] The path and query components form the resource name sent to the server to identify the kind of service desired. Other components have the meanings described in RFC3986.

URI scheme semantics. The only operation for this scheme is to open a connection using the WebSocket protocol. Encoding considerations. Characters in the host component that are excluded by the syntax defined above must be converted from Unicode to ASCII by applying the IDNA ToASCII algorithm to the Unicode host name, with both the AllowUnassigned and UseSTD3ASCIIRules flags set, and using the result of this algorithm as the host in the URI. [RFC3490]

Characters in other components that are excluded by the syntax defined above must be converted from Unicode to ASCII by first encoding the characters as UTF-8 and then replacing the corresponding bytes using their percent-encoded form as defined in the URI and IRI specification. [RFC3986] [RFC3987]

Applications/protocols that use this URI scheme name. WebSocket protocol. Interoperability considerations. None. Hickson Expires November 7, 2010 [Page 45]

Internet-Draft The WebSocket protocol May 2010 Security considerations. See "Security considerations" section above. Contact. Ian Hickson <ian@hixie.ch> Author/Change controller. Ian Hickson <ian@hixie.ch> References. This document.

8.2. Registration of wss: scheme

A |wss:| URL identifies a WebSocket server and resource name, and indicates that traffic over that connection is to be encrypted. URI scheme name. wss Status. Permanent. URI scheme syntax. In ABNF terms using the terminals from the URI specifications: [RFC5234] [RFC3986]

"wss" ":" hier-part [ "?" query ] The path and query components form the resource name sent to the server to identify the kind of service desired. Other components have the meanings described in RFC3986.

URI scheme semantics. The only operation for this scheme is to open a connection using the WebSocket protocol, encrypted using TLS. Encoding considerations. Characters in the host component that are excluded by the syntax defined above must be converted from Unicode to ASCII by applying the IDNA ToASCII algorithm to the Unicode host name, with both the AllowUnassigned and UseSTD3ASCIIRules flags set, and using the result of this algorithm as the host in the URI. [RFC3490]

Internet-Draft The WebSocket protocol May 2010 the URI and IRI specification. [RFC3986] [RFC3987] Applications/protocols that use this URI scheme name. WebSocket protocol over TLS. Interoperability considerations. None. Security considerations. See "Security considerations" section above. Contact. Ian Hickson <ian@hixie.ch> Author/Change controller. Ian Hickson <ian@hixie.ch> References. This document.

8.3. Registration of the "WebSocket" HTTP Upgrade keyword

Name of token. WebSocket Author/Change controller. Ian Hickson <ian@hixie.ch> Contact. Ian Hickson <ian@hixie.ch> References. This document.

8.4. Sec-WebSocket-Key1 and Sec-WebSocket-Key2

This section describes two header fields for registration in the Permanent Message Header Field Registry. [RFC3864]

Header field name Sec-WebSocket-Key1 Applicable protocol http Hickson Expires November 7, 2010 [Page 47]

Internet-Draft The WebSocket protocol May 2010 Status reserved; do not use outside WebSocket handshake Author/Change controller IETF Specification document(s) This document is the relevant specification. Related information None. Header field name Sec-WebSocket-Key2 Applicable protocol http Status reserved; do not use outside WebSocket handshake Author/Change controller IETF Specification document(s) This document is the relevant specification. Related information None. The |Sec-WebSocket-Key1| and |Sec-WebSocket-Key2| headers are used in the WebSocket handshake. They are sent from the client to the server to provide part of the information used by the server to prove that it received a valid WebSocket handshake. This helps ensure that the server does not accept connections from non-Web-Socket clients (e.g. HTTP clients) that are being abused to send data to unsuspecting WebSocket servers.

8.5. Sec-WebSocket-Location

This section describes a header field for registration in the Permanent Message Header Field Registry. [RFC3864]

Header field name Sec-WebSocket-Location Hickson Expires November 7, 2010 [Page 48]

Internet-Draft The WebSocket protocol May 2010 Applicable protocol http Status reserved; do not use outside WebSocket handshake Author/Change controller IETF Specification document(s) This document is the relevant specification. Related information None. The |Sec-WebSocket-Location| header is used in the WebSocket handshake. It is sent from the server to the client to confirm the URL of the connection. This enables the client to verify that the connection was established to the right server, port, and path, instead of relying on the server to verify that the requested host, port, and path are correct.

8.6. Sec-WebSocket-Origin

This section describes a header field for registration in the Permanent Message Header Field Registry. [RFC3864]

Header field name Sec-WebSocket-Origin Applicable protocol http Status reserved; do not use outside WebSocket handshake Author/Change controller IETF Specification document(s) This document is the relevant specification. Related information None. The |Sec-WebSocket-Origin| header is used in the WebSocket handshake. It is sent from the server to the client to confirm the origin of the script that opened the connection. This enables user agents to Hickson Expires November 7, 2010 [Page 49]

Internet-Draft The WebSocket protocol May 2010 verify that the server is willing to serve the script that opened the connection.

8.7. Sec-WebSocket-Protocol

This section describes a header field for registration in the Permanent Message Header Field Registry. [RFC3864]

Header field name Sec-WebSocket-Protocol Applicable protocol http Status reserved; do not use outside WebSocket handshake Author/Change controller IETF Specification document(s) This document is the relevant specification. Related information None. The |Sec-WebSocket-Protocol| header is used in the WebSocket handshake. It is sent from the client to the server and back from the server to the client to confirm the subprotocol of the connection. This enables scripts to both select a subprotocol and be sure that the server agreed to serve that subprotocol. Hickson Expires November 7, 2010 [Page 50]

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9. Using the WebSocket protocol from other specifications

The WebSocket protocol is intended to be used by another specification to provide a generic mechanism for dynamic author- defined content, e.g. in a specification defining a scripted API. Such a specification first needs to "establish a WebSocket connection", providing that algorithm with: o The destination, consisting of a /host/ and a /port/. o A /resource name/, which allows for multiple services to be identified at one host and port. o A /secure/ flag, which is true if the connection is to be encrypted, and false otherwise. o An ASCII serialization of an origin that is being made responsible for the connection. [ORIGIN]

o Optionally a string identifying a protocol that is to be layered over the WebSocket connection. The /host/, /port/, /resource name/, and /secure/ flag are usually obtained from a URL using the steps to parse a WebSocket URL's components. These steps fail if the URL does not specify a WebSocket. If a connection can be established, then it is said that the "WebSocket connection is established". If at any time the connection is to be closed, then the specification needs to use the "close the WebSocket connection" algorithm. When the connection is closed, for any reason including failure to establish the connection in the first place, it is said that the "WebSocket connection is closed". While a connection is open, the specification will need to handle the cases when "a WebSocket message has been received" with text /data/. To send some text /data/ to an open connection, the specification needs to "send /data/ using the WebSocket". Hickson Expires November 7, 2010 [Page 51]

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10. Acknowledgements

The WebSocket protocol is the result of many years of development, and as such hundreds of people have contributed to the specification during its lifetime. Unfortunately, since the specification started as nothing but a minor section of the larger WHATWG Web Applications 1.0 specification, and later the HTML5 specification, no record was kept of who exactly contributed to what ended up becoming this specification as opposed to who contributed to other parts of that document. The reader is therefore referred to the Acknowledgements section of the WHATWG HTML specification for a full list of all contributions that have been made to the source document from which this specification is generated. [HTML]