Java线程:新特征-锁(上)

        在Java5中,专门提供了锁对象,利用锁可以方便的实现资源的封锁,用来控制对竞争资源并发访问的控制,这些内容主要集中在java.util.concurrent.locks包下面,里面有三个重要的接口Condition、Lock、ReadWriteLock。

  • Condition将Object监视器方法(wait、notify和 notifyAll)分解成截然不同的对象,以便通过将这些对象与任意Lock实现组合使用,为每个对象提供多个等待 set(wait-set)。  
  • Lock实现提供了比使用synchronized方法和语句可获得的更广泛的锁定操作。  
  • ReadWriteLock维护了一对相关的锁定,一个用于只读操作,另一个用于写入操作。  

        举个例子:

import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;  
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;  
import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;  
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;  
   
/** 
 * Java线程:线程池-锁 
 */  
public class Test {  
    public static void main(String[] args){  
       //创建并发访问的账户  
       MyCount myCount=new MyCount("6215580000000000000",10000);  
       //创建一个锁对象  
       Lock lock=new ReentrantLock();  
       //创建一个线程池  
       ExecutorService pool = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();  
       //创建一些并发访问用户,一个信用卡,存的存,取的取  
       User u1 = new User("张三", myCount, -4000, lock);  
        User u2 = new User("张三他爹", myCount, 6000, lock);  
        User u3 = new User("张三他弟", myCount, -8000, lock);  
        User u4 = new User("张三", myCount, 800, lock);  
        //在线程池中执行各个用户的操作  
        pool.execute(u1);  
        pool.execute(u2);  
        pool.execute(u3);  
        pool.execute(u4);  
        //关闭线程池  
        pool.shutdown();  
    }  
}  
//信用卡用户  
class User implements Runnable{  
     private String name;                //用户名  
     private MyCount myCount;        //所要操作的账户  
     private int iocash;                //操作的金额,当然有正负之分了  
     private Lock myLock;                //执行操作所需的锁对象  
     User(String name, MyCount myCount, int iocash, LockmyLock) {  
         this.name = name;  
         this.myCount = myCount;  
         this.iocash = iocash;  
         this.myLock = myLock;  
 }  
    @Override  
    public void run() {  
       //获取锁  
        myLock.lock();  
        //执行现金业务  
        System.out.println(name + "正在操作" + myCount +"账户,金额为" + iocash +",当前金额为" + myCount.getCash());  
        myCount.setCash(myCount.getCash() + iocash);  
        System.out.println(name + "操作" + myCount +"账户成功,金额为" + iocash +",当前金额为" + myCount.getCash());  
        //释放锁,否则别的线程没有机会执行了  
        myLock.unlock();  
    }    
}  
//信用卡账户,可随意透支  
class MyCount {  
    private String oid;        //账号  
    private int cash;            //账户余额  
    MyCount(String oid, int cash) {  
       this.oid = oid;  
       this.cash = cash;  
    }  
    public String getOid() {  
       return oid;  
    }  
    public void setOid(String oid) {  
       this.oid = oid;  
    }  
    public int getCash() {  
       return cash;  
    }  
    public void setCash(int cash) {  
       this.cash = cash;  
    }  
    @Override  
    public String toString() {  
            return"MyCount{" +  
                            "oid='" + oid + '\'' +  
                            ", cash=" + cash +  
                            '}';  
    }  
}

        执行结果:

张三他爹正在操作MyCount{oid='6215580000000000000', cash=10000}账户,金额为6000,当前金额为10000  
张三他爹操作MyCount{oid='6215580000000000000', cash=16000}账户成功,金额为6000,当前金额为16000  
张三正在操作MyCount{oid='6215580000000000000', cash=16000}账户,金额为800,当前金额为16000  
张三操作MyCount{oid='6215580000000000000',cash=16800}账户成功,金额为800,当前金额为16800  
张三正在操作MyCount{oid='6215580000000000000', cash=16800}账户,金额为-4000,当前金额为16800  
张三操作MyCount{oid='6215580000000000000',cash=12800}账户成功,金额为-4000,当前金额为12800  
张三他弟正在操作MyCount{oid='6215580000000000000', cash=12800}账户,金额为-8000,当前金额为12800  
张三他弟操作MyCount{oid='6215580000000000000', cash=4800}账户成功,金额为-8000,当前金额为4800

        从上面的输出可以看到,利用锁对象太方便了,比直接在某个不知情的对象上用锁清晰多了。

        但一定要注意的是,在获取了锁对象后,用完后应该尽快释放锁,以便别的等待该锁的线程有机会去执行

 

Java线程:新特征-锁(下)

        在上面提到了Lock接口以及对象,使用它,很优雅的控制了竞争资源的安全访问,但是这种锁不区分读写,称这种锁为普通锁。为了提高性能,Java提供了读写锁,在读的地方使用读锁,在写的地方使用写锁,灵活控制,在一定程度上提高了程序的执行效率。

        Java中读写锁有个接口java.util.concurrent.locks.ReadWriteLock,也有具体的实现ReentrantReadWriteLock,详细的API可以查看JavaAPI文档。

        下面这个例子是在文例子的基础上,将普通锁改为读写锁,并添加账户余额查询的功能,代码如下:

import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;  
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;  
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReadWriteLock;  
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantReadWriteLock;  
   
/** 
 * Java线程:线程池-锁 
 */  
public class Test {  
    public static void main(String[] args){  
       //创建并发访问的账户  
       MyCount myCount=new MyCount("6215580000000000000",10000);  
       //创建一个锁对象  
       ReadWriteLock lock=new ReentrantReadWriteLock(false);  
       //创建一个线程池  
       ExecutorService pool = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();  
       //创建一些并发访问用户,一个信用卡,存的存,取的取  
       User u1 = new User("张三", myCount, -4000, lock, false);  
        User u2 = new User("张三他爹", myCount, 6000, lock, false);  
        User u3 = new User("张三他弟", myCount, -8000, lock, false);  
        User u4 = new User("张三", myCount, 800, lock,false);  
        User u5 = new User("张三他爹", myCount, 0, lock,true);  
        //在线程池中执行各个用户的操作  
        pool.execute(u1);  
        pool.execute(u2);  
        pool.execute(u3);  
        pool.execute(u4);  
        pool.execute(u5);  
        //关闭线程池  
        pool.shutdown();  
    }  
}  
//信用卡用户  
class User implements Runnable{  
    private String name;                //用户名  
    private MyCount myCount;        //所要操作的账户  
    private int iocash;                //操作的金额,当然有正负之分了  
    private ReadWriteLock myLock;                //执行操作所需的锁对象  
    private boolean ischeck;       //是否查询  
    User(String name, MyCount myCount, int iocash,ReadWriteLock myLock,boolean ischeck) {  
        this.name = name;  
        this.myCount = myCount;  
        this.iocash = iocash;  
        this.myLock = myLock;  
        this.ischeck = ischeck;  
}  
    @Override  
    public void run() {  
       if (ischeck) {  
            //获取读锁  
            myLock.readLock().lock();  
            System.out.println("读:" + name +"正在查询" + myCount +"账户,当前金额为" + myCount.getCash());  
            //释放读锁  
            myLock.readLock().unlock();  
       } else {  
            //获取写锁  
            myLock.writeLock().lock();  
            //执行现金业务  
            System.out.println("写:" + name +"正在操作" + myCount +"账户,金额为" + iocash +",当前金额为" + myCount.getCash());  
           myCount.setCash(myCount.getCash() + iocash);  
            System.out.println("写:" + name +"操作" + myCount +"账户成功,金额为" + iocash +",当前金额为" + myCount.getCash());  
            //释放写锁  
            myLock.writeLock().unlock();  
       }  
    }    
}  
//信用卡账户,可随意透支  
class MyCount {  
    private String oid;        //账号  
    private int cash;            //账户余额  
    MyCount(String oid, int cash) {  
       this.oid = oid;  
       this.cash = cash;  
    }  
    public String getOid() {  
       return oid;  
    }  
    public void setOid(String oid) {  
       this.oid = oid;  
    }  
    public int getCash() {  
       return cash;  
    }  
    public void setCash(int cash) {  
       this.cash = cash;  
    }  
    @Override  
    public String toString() {  
            return"MyCount{" +  
                            "oid='" + oid + '\'' +  
                            ",cash=" + cash +  
                            '}';  
    }  
}

        执行结果:

写:张三他爹正在操作MyCount{oid='6215580000000000000', cash=10000}账户,金额为6000,当前金额为10000  
写:张三他爹操作MyCount{oid='6215580000000000000', cash=16000}账户成功,金额为6000,当前金额为16000  
写:张三正在操作MyCount{oid='6215580000000000000', cash=16000}账户,金额为-4000,当前金额为16000  
写:张三操作MyCount{oid='6215580000000000000', cash=12000}账户成功,金额为-4000,当前金额为12000  
写:张三他弟正在操作MyCount{oid='6215580000000000000', cash=12000}账户,金额为-8000,当前金额为12000  
写:张三他弟操作MyCount{oid='6215580000000000000', cash=4000}账户成功,金额为-8000,当前金额为4000  
读:张三他爹正在查询MyCount{oid='6215580000000000000', cash=4000}账户,当前金额为4000  
写:张三正在操作MyCount{oid='6215580000000000000', cash=4000}账户,金额为800,当前金额为4000  
写:张三操作MyCount{oid='6215580000000000000', cash=4800}账户成功,金额为800,当前金额为4800

        在实际开发中,最好在能用读写锁的情况下使用读写锁,而不要用普通锁,以求更好的性能。