一、简介
路径规划是实现移动机器人自主导航的关键技术，是指在有障碍物的环境中，按照一定的评价标准（如距离、时间、能耗等），寻找到一条从起始点到目标点的无碰撞路径，这里选取最短距离路径规划的评价标准，即最短路径规划问题。
1．路径规划数学模型的建立
将移动机器人周围环境用一组数据进行抽象表达，建立二维或三维的环境模型，得到移动机器人能够理解分析的环境数据，是机器人路径规划的基本前提。我这里用的是栅格法，其原理是将周围环境看成一个二维平面，将平面分成一个个等面积大小的具有二值信息的栅格，每个栅格中存储着周围环境信息量，下图我给出了一个栅格法地图，方便大家更好的理解栅格地图。这里设计的栅格地图为一个20×20的地形矩阵，黑色的地方表示有障碍，白色的地方表示没有障碍。
图1 栅格法地图
在用栅格法建立环境模型时，为了将环境信息转换成移动机器人可以识别的数据，一般采用序号法标记环境地图信息，即将栅格地图中一个个栅格从序号１依次累加直到标记到最后一个栅格。如图2所示。
图3 八叉树搜索策略
那么，怎么判断一个栅格点是否为另一个栅格点的相邻栅格点呢，另外，又怎么判断是否为有障碍栅格呢。这就需建立矩阵D，记录每个栅格点至其相邻栅格点的代价值。本例中栅格地图有20×20个栅格点，则D的大小为400×400，其中列是起点栅格，行是局部终点栅格，各栅格点至其各相邻无障碍栅格点的代价值非零，而有障碍栅格及非相邻栅格设为0。
这里需要说明的是，我的MATLAB程序来自于：
这里主要介绍基于蚁群算法的机器人最短路径规划的思路，以及我在运行MALTLAB程序的时候，学到的内容。
2．机器人最短路径规划的实现步骤
蚁周模型实现机器人最短路径规划的流程图
为了方便大家更好地理解蚁群算法的原理及实现过程，其流程图如图4所示。（流程图较长，我截图了两段。）
图4 基于蚁群算法的机器人最小路径规划流程图
图中公式（3）（4）的具体表达在下边的具体步骤里。
蚁周模型实现机器人最短路径规划的具体步骤
**步骤1：**给出栅格地图的地形矩阵；初始化信息素矩阵 Tau（记录每个栅格至其他栅格的信息素量），最大迭代次数K，蚂蚁个数M，表征信息素重要程度的参数 、表征启发式信息重要程度的参数 ，信息素蒸发系数 ，信息素增加强度系数Q及启发式信息矩阵
**步骤2：**构建启发式信息矩阵。按式（1）和式（2）计算每个栅格至目标点的距离，启发式信息素取为至目标点距离的倒数，距离越短，启发式因子越大，障碍物处的启发式信息为0。建立矩阵D，用以存储每个栅格点至各自相邻无障碍栅格点的代价值。
**步骤3：**对于每一只蚂蚁，初始化蚂蚁爬行的路径及路径长度，将禁忌列表全部初始化为1；蚂蚁从起始点出发开始搜索路径，找出当前栅格点的所有无障碍相邻栅格点（即矩阵D中相应元素不为0的栅格点），再根据禁忌列表筛选出当前可选择的栅格点。
**步骤4：**如果起始点是目标点，且可选栅格点个数大于等于1，则根据式（3）计算蚂蚁从当前栅格点转移到各相邻栅格点的概率，
二、部分源代码
function varargout = main_GUI_xu(varargin)
% MAIN_GUI_XU MATLAB code for main_GUI_xu.fig
% MAIN_GUI_XU, by itself, create
function edit26_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to edit26 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
% Hints: get(hObject,'String') returns contents of edit26 as text
% str2double(get(hObject,'String')) returns contents of edit26 as a double
% --- Executes during object creation, after setting all properties.
function edit26_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to edit26 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles empty - handles not created until after all CreateFcns called
% Hint: edit controls usually have a white background on Windows.
% See ISPC and COMPUTER.
if ispc && isequal(get(hObject,'BackgroundColor'), get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor'))
set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white');
end
function edit27_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to edit27 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
% Hints: get(hObject,'String') returns contents of edit27 as text
% str2double(get(hObject,'String')) returns contents of edit27 as a double
% --- Executes during object creation, after setting all properties.
function edit27_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to edit27 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles empty - handles not created until after all CreateFcns called
% Hint: edit controls usually have a white background on Windows.
% See ISPC and COMPUTER.
if ispc && isequal(get(hObject,'BackgroundColor'), get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor'))
set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white');
end
function edit28_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to edit28 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
% Hints: get(hObject,'String') returns contents of edit28 as text
% str2double(get(hObject,'String')) returns contents of edit28 as a double
% --- Executes during object creation, after setting all properties.
function edit28_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to edit28 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles empty - handles not created until after all CreateFcns called
% Hint: edit controls usually have a white background on Windows.
% See ISPC and COMPUTER.
if ispc && isequal(get(hObject,'BackgroundColor'), get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor'))
set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white');
end
function edit101_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to edit101 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
% Hints: get(hObject,'String') returns contents of edit101 as text
% str2double(get(hObject,'String')) returns contents of edit101 as a double
% --- Executes during object creation, after setting all properties.
function edit101_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to edit101 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles empty - handles not created until after all CreateFcns called
% Hint: edit controls usually have a white background on Windows.
% See ISPC and COMPUTER.
if ispc && isequal(get(hObject,'BackgroundColor'), get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor'))
set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white');
end
function edit102_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to edit102 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
% Hints: get(hObject,'String') returns contents of edit102 as text
% str2double(get(hObject,'String')) returns contents of edit102 as a double
% --- Executes during object creation, after setting all properties.
function edit102_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to edit102 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles empty - handles not created until after all CreateFcns called
% Hint: edit controls usually have a white background on Windows.
% See ISPC and COMPUTER.
if ispc && isequal(get(hObject,'BackgroundColor'), get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor'))
set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white');
end
function edit104_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to edit104 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
% Hints: get(hObject,'String') returns contents of edit104 as text
% str2double(get(hObject,'String')) returns contents of edit104 as a double
% --- Executes during object creation, after setting all properties.
function edit104_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to edit104 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles empty - handles not created until after all CreateFcns called
% Hint: edit controls usually have a white background on Windows.
% See ISPC and COMPUTER.
if ispc && isequal(get(hObject,'BackgroundColor'), get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor'))
set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white');
end
function edit105_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to edit105 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
% Hints: get(hObject,'String') returns contents of edit105 as text
% str2double(get(hObject,'String')) returns contents of edit105 as a double
% --- Executes during object creation, after setting all properties.
function edit105_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to edit105 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles empty - handles not created until after all CreateFcns called
% Hint: edit controls usually have a white background on Windows.
% See ISPC and COMPUTER.
if ispc && isequal(get(hObject,'BackgroundColor'), get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor'))
set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white');
end
function edit106_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to edit106 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
% Hints: get(hObject,'String') returns contents of edit106 as text
% str2double(get(hObject,'String')) returns contents of edit106 as a double
% --- Executes during object creation, after setting all properties.
function edit106_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to edit106 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles empty - handles not created until after all CreateFcns called
% Hint: edit controls usually have a white background on Windows.
% See ISPC and COMPUTER.
if ispc && isequal(get(hObject,'BackgroundColor'), get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor'))
set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white');
end
% --- Executes on button press in pushbutton5.
function pushbutton5_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to pushbutton5 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
% --- Executes on button press in pushbutton6.
function pushbutton6_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to pushbutton6 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
% --- Executes on button press in pushbutton7.
function pushbutton7_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to pushbutton7 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
% --- Executes on button press in pushbutton8.
function pushbutton8_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to pushbutton8 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
% --- Executes on button press in radiobutton9.
function radiobutton9_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to radiobutton9 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
% Hint: get(hObject,'Value') returns toggle state of radiobutton9
