Bean的作用域(Scope)
当在Spring中定义一个Bean时,你必须声明该bean的作用域的选项。例如,为了强制Spring在每次需要时都产生一个新的bean实例,你应该声明bean的作用域的属性为prototype。同理,如果你想让Spring在每次需要时都返回同一个bean实例,你应该声明bean的作用域的属性为singleton。
Spring 框架支持以下五个作用域,如果你使用web-aware ApplicationContext时,其中三个是可用的。
作用域 | 描述 |
singleton | 该作用域将bean的定义的限制在每一个Spring IoC容器中的一个单一实例(默认)。每次返回同一个实例。 |
prototype | 该作用域将单一bean的定义限制在任意数量的对象实例。每次都返回一个新的实例。 |
request | 该作用域将bean的定义限制为HTTP请求。只在web-aware Spring ApplicationContext的上下文中有效。 |
session | 该作用域将bean的定义限制为HTTP会话。 只在web-aware Spring ApplicationContext的上下文中有效。 |
global-session | 该作用域将bean的定义限制为全局HTTP会话。只在web-aware Spring ApplicationContext的上下文中有效。 |
singleton作用域:
如果作用域设置为singleton,那么Spring IoC容器刚好创建一个由该bean定义的对象的实例。该单一实例将存储在这种单例bean的高速缓存中,以及针对该bean的所有后续的请求和引用都返回缓存对象。
默认作用域是始终是singleton,但是当仅仅需要bean的一个实例时,你可以在bean的配置文件中设置作用域的属性为singleton,如下所示:
<bean id="..." class="..." scope="singleton"></bean>
例子:
pom.xml:
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<groupId>com.jsoft.testspring</groupId>
<artifactId>testsingletonscope</artifactId>
<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
<packaging>jar</packaging>
<name>testsingletonscope</name>
<url>http://maven.apache.org</url>
<properties>
<project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
</properties>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>junit</groupId>
<artifactId>junit</artifactId>
<version>3.8.1</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<!-- Spring Core -->
<!-- http://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.springframework/spring-core -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-core</artifactId>
<version>4.1.4.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>
<!-- Spring Context -->
<!-- http://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.springframework/spring-context -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-context</artifactId>
<version>4.1.4.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</project>
HelloWorld.java:
package com.jsoft.testspring.testsingletonscope;
public class HelloWorld {
private String messageString;
public void setMessage(String message){
this.messageString = message;
}
public String getMessage(){
return this.messageString;
}
}
beans.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
<bean id="helloWorld" class="com.jsoft.testspring.testsingletonscope.HelloWorld" scope="singleton">
</bean>
</beans>
App.java:
package com.jsoft.testspring.testsingletonscope;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;
/**
* Hello world!
*
*/
public class App
{
public static void main( String[] args )
{
ApplicationContext applicationContext = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("beans.xml");
HelloWorld helloWorld = (HelloWorld)applicationContext.getBean("helloWorld");
helloWorld.setMessage("A");
System.out.println(helloWorld.getMessage());
HelloWorld helloWorld2 = (HelloWorld)applicationContext.getBean("helloWorld");
System.out.println(helloWorld2.getMessage());
}
}
运行结果:
prototype作用域:
如果作用域设置为prototype,那么每次特定的bean发出请求时Spring IoC容器就创建新的Bean对象实例。一般说来,满状态的bean使用prototype作用域和没有状态的bean使用singleton作用域。
例子:
pom.xml:
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<groupId>com.jsoft.testspring</groupId>
<artifactId>testprototypescope</artifactId>
<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
<packaging>jar</packaging>
<name>testprototypescope</name>
<url>http://maven.apache.org</url>
<properties>
<project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
</properties>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>junit</groupId>
<artifactId>junit</artifactId>
<version>3.8.1</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<!-- Spring Core -->
<!-- http://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.springframework/spring-core -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-core</artifactId>
<version>4.1.4.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>
<!-- Spring Context -->
<!-- http://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.springframework/spring-context -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-context</artifactId>
<version>4.1.4.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</project>
HelloWorld.java:
package com.jsoft.testspring.testprototypescope;
public class HelloWorld {
private String messageString;
public void setMessage(String message){
this.messageString = message;
}
public String getMessage(){
return this.messageString;
}
}
beans.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
<bean id="helloWorld" class="com.jsoft.testspring.testprototypescope.HelloWorld" scope="prototype">
</bean>
</beans>
App.java:
package com.jsoft.testspring.testprototypescope;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;
/**
* Hello world!
*
*/
public class App
{
public static void main( String[] args )
{
ApplicationContext applicationContext = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("beans.xml");
HelloWorld helloWorld = (HelloWorld)applicationContext.getBean("helloWorld");
helloWorld.setMessage("A");
System.out.println(helloWorld.getMessage());
HelloWorld helloWorld2 = (HelloWorld)applicationContext.getBean("helloWorld");
System.out.println(helloWorld2.getMessage());
}
}
运行结果:
测试工程:https://github.com/easonjim/5_java_example/tree/master/springtest/test4