1. 多重继承时的二义性

  当使用多重继承时,如果多个父类都定义了相同名字的变量,则会出现二义性。解决方法:使用 :: 声明作用域

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class A
{
public:
    int x;
    int y;
    A()
    {
        cout << "A 默认构造函数" << endl;
        x = 1;
        y = 1;
    }
};

class B
{
public:
    int x;
    int y;
    B()
    {
        cout << "B 默认构造函数" << endl;
        x = 2;
        y = 2;
    }
};

class C:public A, public B
{
public:
    int x;
    int y;
    C()
    {
        cout << "C 默认构造函数" << endl;
        x = 3;
        y = 3;
    }
};

int main()
{
    C c;
    cout << c.x << endl;     // 3
    cout << c.A::x << endl;  // 1
    cout << c.B::x << endl;  // 2
    cout << c.C::x << endl;  // 3

    return 0;
}

 

2. 多个基类副本

【C++】多重继承_C++

如图所示的继承关系,如果不用虚继承会产生多个基类副本

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class A
{
public:
    int x;
    int y;
    A()
    {
        cout << "A 默认构造函数" << endl;
        x = 1;
        y = 1;
    }
};

class B:public A
{
public:
    B()
    {
        cout << "B 默认构造函数" << endl;
    }
};

class C:public A
{
public:
    C()
    {
        cout << "C 默认构造函数" << endl;
    }
};

class D:public B, public C
{
public:
    D()
    {
        cout << "D 默认构造函数" << endl;
    }
};

int main()
{
    D d;
    //d.x = 20;  报错 x 不明确
    //d.A::x = 20;   报错,基类A不明确
    d.B::x = 20;
    cout << d.B::x << endl; // 20
    cout << d.C::x << endl; // 1 未改变

    return 0;
}

【C++】多重继承_默认构造函数_02

注意,A的构造函数使用了两次。B和C构造函数的顺序与继承时声明的顺序相同。

 

3. 虚继承

在继承时使用virtual,这样就不会产生基类副本了

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class A
{
public:
    int x;
    int y;
    A()
    {
        cout << "A 默认构造函数" << endl;
        x = 1;
        y = 1;
    }
};

class B: virtual public A
{
public:
    B()
    {
        cout << "B 默认构造函数" << endl;
    }
};

class C:virtual public A
{
public:
    C()
    {
        cout << "C 默认构造函数" << endl;
    }
};

class D:public B, public C
{
public:
    D()
    {
        cout << "D 默认构造函数" << endl;
    }
};

int main()
{
    D d;
    d.B::x = 20;
    cout << d.x << endl; // 20
    cout << d.A::x << endl; // 20
    cout << d.B::x << endl; // 20
    cout << d.C::x << endl; // 20

    return 0;
}

【C++】多重继承_C++_03

注意:A的构造函数只使用了一次。且所有的x都统一了,没有二义性。