Nmap扫描教程之基础扫描详解
Nmap扫描基础扫描
当用户对Nmap工具了解后,即可使用该工具实施扫描。通过上一章的介绍,用户可知Nmap工具可以分别对主机、端口、版本、操作系统等实施扫描。但是,在实施这些扫描工作之前,需要先简单了解下Nmap工具的使用,以方便后面实施扫描。所以,本章将通过使用Nmap工具实施基础的扫描,来帮助用户了解该工具。
Nmap扫描扫描概述
在实施基本的扫描之前,需要先了解一些Nmap网络扫描的基本知识,及需要考虑的一些法律边界问题。本节将对网络基本扫描进行一个简单介绍。
1.网络扫描基础知识
在使用网络扫描之前,需要先理解以下内容:
- q 当目标主机上使用了防火墙、路由器、代理服务或其它安全设备时,使用Nmap扫描结果可能会存在一些偏差。或者当扫描的远程目标主机不在本地网络内时,也有可能会出现误导信息。
- q 在使用Nmap实施扫描时,一些选项需要提升权限。在Unix和Linux系统中,必须使用root登录或者使用sudo命令执行Nmap命令。
2.法律边界问题
在实施网络扫描时,需要考虑一些法律边界问题。如下所示:
- q 在扫描互联网服务提供商网络时(如政府或秘密服务器网站),如果没有被允许的话,不要进行扫描。否则,会惹上法律麻烦。
- q 全面扫描某些主机时,可能会导致主机崩溃、停机或数据丢失等不良结果。所以,在扫描关键任务时要小心谨慎。
Nmap扫描指定扫描目标
当用户有明确的扫描目标时,可以直接使用Nmap工具实施扫描。根据扫描目标的多少,可以分为扫描单个目标、多个目标及目标列表三种情况。本节将依次讲解这三种情况的扫描方式。
Nmap扫描扫描单个目标
通过指定单个目标,使用Nmap工具可以实现一个基本的扫描。指定的目标可以是一个IP地址,也可以是主机名(Nmap会自动解析其主机名)。其中,语法格式如下所示:
- nmap [目标]
其中,参数[目标]可以是一个IP地址,也可以是一个主机名。
【示例2-4】扫描局域网中IP地址为192.168.1.105的主机。执行命令如下所示:
- root@localhost:~# nmap 192.168.1.105
- Starting Nmap 6.47 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2015-05-05 18:44 CST
- Nmap scan report for localhost (192.168.1.105)
- Host is up (0.00010s latency).
- Not shown: 995 closed ports
- PORT STATE SERVICE
- 21/tcp open ftp
- 22/tcp open ssh
- 23/tcp open telnet
- 111/tcp open rpcbind
- 445/tcp open microsoft-ds
- MAC Address: 00:0C:29:31:02:17 (VMware)
- Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 0.87 seconds
从输出信息中,可以看到目标主机192.168.1.105上开启的端口有21、22、23、111、445,及这些端口所对应的服务。而且,还可以看到该目标主机的MAC地址为00:0C:29:31:02:17。从最后一行信息,可以看出目标主机是活动的(up),并且扫描该目标主机共用了0.87秒。
提示:Nmap工具默认扫描前1000个端口,即1-1000。如果用户想扫描1000以上端口的话,需要使用-p选项来指定。关于如何使用Nmap的一些选项,将在后面章节介绍。
由于IP地址分为IPv4和IPv6两类。所以,使用Nmap工具扫描单个目标时,指定的IP地址可以是IPv4,也可以是IPv6。上例中指定扫描的目标是使用IPv4类地址。如果用户指定扫描目标地址是IPv6类地址时,需要使用-6选项。例如,扫描IP地址为fe80::20c:29ff:fe31:217的目标主机,则执行命令如下所示:
- [root@router ~]# nmap -6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe31:217
执行以上命令后,将显示如下所示的信息:
- Starting Nmap 6.47 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2015-05-06 15:07 CST
- Nmap scan report for fe80::20c:29ff:fe31:217
- Host is up (0.000017s latency).
- Not shown: 995 closed ports
- PORT STATE SERVICE
- 22/tcp open ssh
- 23/tcp open telnet
- 111/tcp open rpcbind
- 139/tcp open netbios-ssn
- 445/tcp open microsoft-ds
- Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 0.16 seconds
从以上输出信息中,可以看到IPv6地址为fe80::20c:29ff:fe31:217的主机是活动的,并且开放了22、23、111、139、445端口。
提示:如果要使用IPv6类地址作为目标时,则扫描主机和目标主机都必须支持IPv6协议。否则,无法实施扫描。
Nmap扫描扫描多个目标
Nmap可以用来同时扫描多个主机。当用户需要扫描多个目标时,可以在命令行中同时指定多个目标,每个目标之间使用空格分割。其中,语法格式如下所示:
- nmap [目标1 目标2 ...]
【示例2-5】使用Nmap工具同时扫描主机192.168.1.1、192.168.1.101和192.168.1.105。执行命令如下所示:
- root@localhost:~# nmap 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.101 192.168.1.105
- Starting Nmap 6.47 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2015-05-05 19:07 CST
- Nmap scan report for localhost (192.168.1.1)
- Host is up (0.00094s latency).
- Not shown: 997 closed ports
- PORT STATE SERVICE
- 80/tcp open http
- 1900/tcp open upnp
- 49152/tcp open unknown
- MAC Address: 14:E6:E4:84:23:7A (Tp-link Technologies CO.)
- Nmap scan report for localhost (192.168.1.101)
- Host is up (0.0060s latency).
- All 1000 scanned ports on localhost (192.168.1.101) are closed
- MAC Address: 14:F6:5A:CE:EE:2A (Xiaomi)
- Nmap scan report for localhost (192.168.1.105)
- Host is up (0.00038s latency).
- Not shown: 995 closed ports
- PORT STATE SERVICE
- 21/tcp open ftp
- 22/tcp open ssh
- 23/tcp open telnet
- 111/tcp open rpcbind
- 445/tcp open microsoft-ds
- MAC Address: 00:0C:29:31:02:17 (VMware)
- Nmap done: 3 IP addresses (3 hosts up) scanned in 1.00 seconds
从以上输出信息,可以看到共扫描了三台主机,并且依次显示了每台主机的扫描结果。在以上信息中,将扫描的每台主机地址行已加粗,方便用户了解其扫描结果。下面分别介绍这三台主机的扫描结果,如下所示:
- q 192.168.1.1:从输出信息中可以看到该主机开启了三个端口,MAC地址为14:E6:E4:84:23:7A。根据MAC地址后面括号中的信息,可以推断出该主机是一个Tp-link路由器。
- q 192.168.1.101:从输出信息中,可以看到该主机上前1000个端口是关闭的。但是,可以看到该主机的MAC地址为14:F6:5A:CE:EE:2A,设备类型为Xiaomi。由此可以判断出,该主机是一个小米手机设备。
- q 192.168.1.105:从输出信息中,可以看到该主机上995个端口是关闭的,五个端口是开启的。其中,MAC地址为00:0C:29:31:02:17,而且是一台VMware(虚拟机)操作系统。
提示:当用户同时指定扫描的目标太多时,可以使用简化符号来获取扫描结果。其中,目标地址之间使用逗号(,)分割。例如,同时扫描以上三台主机,则可以使用如下命令:
- nmap 192.168.1.1,101,105
Nmap扫描扫描一个目标列表
当用户有大量主机需要扫描时,可以将这些主机的IP地址(或主机名)写入到一个文本文件中。然后,使用Nmap工具进行扫描。这样避免在命令行中手工输入目标。其中,语法格式如下所示:
- nmap -iL [IP地址列表文件]
以上语法中的-iL选项,就是用来从IP地址列表文件中提取所有地址的。其中,IP地址列表文件中包含了一列被扫描的主机IP地址。并且,在IP地址列表文件中的每个条目必须使用空格、Tab键或换行符分割。
【示例2-6】使用Nmap工具扫描list.txt文件中所有的主机。具体操作步骤如下所示:
(1)创建list.txt文本文件,并将扫描的主机IP地址写入到该文本文件中。如下所示:
- root@localhost:~# vi list.txt
- 192.168.1.1
- 192.168.1.100
- 192.168.1.101
- 192.168.1.102
- 192.168.1.103
- 192.168.1.104
- 192.168.1.105
以上就是在list.txt文件中,指定将要扫描的目标地址。
(2)扫描list.txt文件中指定的所有主机。执行命令如下所示:
- root@localhost:~# nmap -iL list.txt
- Starting Nmap 6.47 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2015-05-06 10:53 CST
- Nmap scan report for localhost (192.168.1.1)
- Host is up (0.00045s latency).
- Not shown: 997 closed ports
- PORT STATE SERVICE
- 80/tcp open http
- 1900/tcp open upnp
- 49152/tcp open unknown
- MAC Address: 14:E6:E4:84:23:7A (Tp-link Technologies CO.)
- Nmap scan report for localhost (192.168.1.100)
- Host is up (0.00023s latency).
- Not shown: 986 closed ports
- PORT STATE SERVICE
- 135/tcp open msrpc
- 139/tcp open netbios-ssn
- 443/tcp open https
- 445/tcp open microsoft-ds
- 902/tcp open iss-realsecure
- 912/tcp open apex-mesh
- 1033/tcp open netinfo
- 1034/tcp open zincite-a
- 1035/tcp open multidropper
- 1038/tcp open mtqp
- 1040/tcp open netsaint
- 1075/tcp open rdrmshc
- 2869/tcp open icslap
- 5357/tcp open wsdapi
- MAC Address: 00:E0:1C:3C:18:79 (Cradlepoint)
- Nmap scan report for localhost (192.168.1.103)
- Host is up (0.00028s latency).
- Not shown: 977 closed ports
- PORT STATE SERVICE
- 21/tcp open ftp
- 22/tcp open ssh
- 23/tcp open telnet
- 25/tcp open smtp
- 53/tcp open domain
- 80/tcp open http
- 111/tcp open rpcbind
- 139/tcp open netbios-ssn
- 445/tcp open microsoft-ds
- 512/tcp open exec
- 513/tcp open login
- 514/tcp open shell
- 1099/tcp open rmiregistry
- 1524/tcp open ingreslock
- 2049/tcp open nfs
- 2121/tcp open ccproxy-ftp
- 3306/tcp open mysql
- 5432/tcp open postgresql
- 5900/tcp open vnc
- 6000/tcp open X11
- 6667/tcp open irc
- 8009/tcp open ajp13
- 8180/tcp open unknown
- MAC Address: 00:0C:29:F8:2B:38 (VMware)
- Nmap scan report for localhost (192.168.1.104)
- Host is up (0.00028s latency).
- Not shown: 997 closed ports
- PORT STATE SERVICE
- 22/tcp open ssh
- 80/tcp open http
- 443/tcp open https
- MAC Address: 00:0C:29:C3:1F:D7 (VMware)
- Nmap scan report for localhost (192.168.1.105)
- Host is up (0.00034s latency).
- Not shown: 995 closed ports
- PORT STATE SERVICE
- 21/tcp open ftp
- 22/tcp open ssh
- 23/tcp open telnet
- 111/tcp open rpcbind
- 445/tcp open microsoft-ds
- MAC Address: 00:0C:29:31:02:17 (VMware)
- Nmap scan report for localhost (192.168.1.102)
- Host is up (0.0000080s latency).
- Not shown: 998 closed ports
- PORT STATE SERVICE
- 80/tcp open http
- 9876/tcp open sd
- Nmap done: 7 IP addresses (6 hosts up) scanned in 1.05 seconds
从输出的信息中,可以看到依次扫描了list.txt文件中的每台主机,并且显示了每台主机的扫描结果。从最后一行信息,可以看到共扫描了七个IP地址。其中,六个主机是活动的,并且整个扫描过程共用了1.05秒。
Nmap扫描扫描随机目标
Nmap工具提供了一个-iR选项,可以用来选择随机的互联网主机来扫描。Nmap工具将会随机的生成指定数量的目标进行扫描。其中,语法格式如下所示:
- nmap -iR [主机数量]
【示例2-7】使用Nmap工具随机选择两个目标主机进行扫描。执行命令如下所示:
- root@localhost:~# nmap -iR 2
- Starting Nmap 6.47 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2015-05-06 11:07 CST
- Nmap scan report for suncokret.vguk.hr (161.53.173.3)
- Host is up (0.43s latency).
- Not shown: 984 closed ports
- PORT STATE SERVICE
- 21/tcp open ftp
- 25/tcp open smtp
- 53/tcp open domain
- 80/tcp open http
- 81/tcp open hosts2-ns
- 110/tcp open pop3
- 135/tcp filtered msrpc
- 139/tcp filtered netbios-ssn
- 143/tcp open imap
- 443/tcp open https
- 444/tcp open snpp
- 445/tcp filtered microsoft-ds
- 593/tcp filtered http-rpc-epmap
- 2002/tcp open globe
- 3306/tcp open mysql
- 4444/tcp filtered krb524
- Nmap done: 3 IP addresses (1 host up) scanned in 29.64 seconds
从输出信息中,可以看到Nmap工具随机生成了三个IP地址。但是,只有主机161.53.137.3是活动的,并且显示了对该主机的扫描结果。
提示:一般情况下,不建议用户实施随机扫描。除非,你是在做一个研究项目。否则,经常实施随机扫描可能会给自己的互联网服务提供商带来麻烦。
Nmap扫描指定扫描范围
当用户不确定扫描主机的地址时,可以通过指定一个地址范围实施扫描。通过指定扫描范围,从扫描结果中可以获取到活动的主机及相关信息。用户在指定一个扫描范围时,还可以排除单个或多个扫描目标。本节将介绍使用Nmap工具实施指定地址范围的扫描方法。
Nmap扫描IP地址范围扫描
用户在指定扫描范围时,可以通过IP地址或子网的方式来实现。下面将介绍使用IP地址指定扫描范围的方法。其中,语法格式如下所示:
- nmap [IP地址范围]
在以上语法中,IP地址范围之间使用短连字符(-)。
【示例2-8】使用Nmap工具扫描192.168.1.1到100之间的所有主机。执行命令如下所示:
- root@localhost:~# nmap 192.168.1.1-100
- Starting Nmap 6.47 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2015-05-05 19:40 CST
- Nmap scan report for localhost (192.168.1.1)
- Host is up (0.0014s latency).
- Not shown: 997 closed ports
- PORT STATE SERVICE
- 80/tcp open http
- 1900/tcp open upnp
- 49152/tcp open unknown
- MAC Address: 14:E6:E4:84:23:7A (Tp-link Technologies CO.)
- Nmap scan report for localhost (192.168.1.100)
- Host is up (0.00025s latency).
- Not shown: 986 closed ports
- PORT STATE SERVICE
- 135/tcp open msrpc
- 139/tcp open netbios-ssn
- 443/tcp open https
- 445/tcp open microsoft-ds
- 902/tcp open iss-realsecure
- 912/tcp open apex-mesh
- 1033/tcp open netinfo
- 1034/tcp open zincite-a
- 1035/tcp open multidropper
- 1037/tcp open ams
- 1039/tcp open sbl
- 1041/tcp open danf-ak2
- 2869/tcp open icslap
- 5357/tcp open wsdapi
- MAC Address: 00:E0:1C:3C:18:79 (Cradlepoint)
- Nmap done: 100 IP addresses (2 hosts up) scanned in 3.34 seconds
从以上输出信息中,可以看到192.168.1-100之间,只有192.168.1.1和192.168.1.100两台主机是活动的。
用户也可以指定扫描多个网络/子网范围的主机。例如,扫描C类IP网络192.168.1.*到192.168.100.*之间的所有主机。则执行命令如下所示:
- nmap 192.168.1-100.*
以上命令中星号(*)是一个通配符,表示0-255之间所有有效的主机。
Nmap扫描整个子网扫描
Nmap也可以使用CIDR(无类别域间路由,Classless Inter-Domain Routing)格式来扫描整个子网。CIDR将多个IP网络结合在一起,使用一种无类别的域际路由选择算法,可以减少由核心路由器运载的路由选择信息的数量。其中,语法格式如下所示:
- nmap [CIDR格式的网络地址]
以上语法中的CIDR是由网络地址和子网掩码两部分组成,并且中间使用斜杠(/)分割。其中,CIDR和子网掩码对照表如表2-1所示。
表2-3 CIDR对照表
【示例2-9】使用Nmap扫描192.168.1.1/24整个子网中的所有主机。执行命令如下所示:
- root@localhost:~# nmap 192.168.1.1/24
- Starting Nmap 6.47 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2015-05-05 19:41 CST
- Nmap scan report for localhost (192.168.1.1)
- Host is up (0.00064s latency).
- Not shown: 997 closed ports
- PORT STATE SERVICE
- 80/tcp open http
- 1900/tcp open upnp
- 49152/tcp open unknown
- MAC Address: 14:E6:E4:84:23:7A (Tp-link Technologies CO.)
- Nmap scan report for localhost (192.168.1.100)
- Host is up (0.00022s latency).
- Not shown: 986 closed ports
- PORT STATE SERVICE
- 135/tcp open msrpc
- 139/tcp open netbios-ssn
- 443/tcp open https
- 445/tcp open microsoft-ds
- 902/tcp open iss-realsecure
- 912/tcp open apex-mesh
- 1033/tcp open netinfo
- 2869/tcp open icslap
- 5357/tcp open wsdapi
- MAC Address: 00:E0:1C:3C:18:79 (Cradlepoint)
- Nmap scan report for localhost (192.168.1.101)
- Host is up (0.0041s latency).
- All 1000 scanned ports on localhost (192.168.1.101) are closed
- MAC Address: 14:F6:5A:CE:EE:2A (Xiaomi)
- Nmap scan report for localhost (192.168.1.103)
- Host is up (0.00027s latency).
- Not shown: 977 closed ports
- PORT STATE SERVICE
- 21/tcp open ftp
- 22/tcp open ssh
- 23/tcp open telnet
- 25/tcp open smtp
- 53/tcp open domain
- 80/tcp open http
- 111/tcp open rpcbind
- 139/tcp open netbios-ssn
- 445/tcp open microsoft-ds
- 512/tcp open exec
- 513/tcp open login
- ......
- 49157/tcp open unknown
- MAC Address: 00:0C:29:DE:7E:04 (VMware)
- Nmap scan report for localhost (192.168.1.102)
- Host is up (0.0000040s latency).
- Not shown: 998 closed ports
- PORT STATE SERVICE
- 80/tcp open http
- 9876/tcp open sd
- Nmap done: 256 IP addresses (9 hosts up) scanned in 3.39 seconds
从输出信息中,可以看到共扫描了256个地址。其中,九台主机是活动的,并且共用时间为3.39秒。由于章节的原因,以上只列举了五台主机的扫描结果。其中,中间部分内容,使用省略号(......)代替了。
Nmap扫描排除扫描目标
当用户指定一个扫描范围时(如局域网),在该范围内可能会包括自己的主机,或者是自己搭建的一些服务等。这时,用户为了安全及节约时间,可能不希望扫描这些主机。此时,用户就可以使用--exclude命令将这些主机排除。其中,排除单个目标的语法格式如下所示:
- nmap [目标] --exclude [目标]
【示例2-10】扫描192.168.1.1/24网络内除192.168.1.101以外的所有主机。执行命令如下所示:
- root@localhost:~# nmap 192.168.1.1/24 --exclude 192.168.1.101
- Starting Nmap 6.47 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2015-05-05 19:44 CST
- Nmap scan report for localhost (192.168.1.1)
- Host is up (0.00068s latency).
- Not shown: 997 closed ports
- PORT STATE SERVICE
- 80/tcp open http
- 1900/tcp open upnp
- 49152/tcp open unknown
- MAC Address: 14:E6:E4:84:23:7A (Tp-link Technologies CO.)
- Nmap scan report for localhost (192.168.1.100)
- Host is up (0.00025s latency).
- Not shown: 986 closed ports
- PORT STATE SERVICE
- 135/tcp open msrpc
- 139/tcp open netbios-ssn
- 443/tcp open https
- 445/tcp open microsoft-ds
- 902/tcp open iss-realsecure
- 912/tcp open apex-mesh
- 1033/tcp open netinfo
- 1034/tcp open zincite-a
- 1035/tcp open multidropper
- 1037/tcp open ams
- 1039/tcp open sbl
- 1041/tcp open danf-ak2
- 2869/tcp open icslap
- 5357/tcp open wsdapi
- MAC Address: 00:E0:1C:3C:18:79 (Cradlepoint)
- Nmap scan report for localhost (192.168.1.103)
- Host is up (0.00036s latency).
- Not shown: 977 closed ports
- PORT STATE SERVICE
- 21/tcp open ftp
- 22/tcp open ssh
- 23/tcp open telnet
- 25/tcp open smtp
- 53/tcp open domain
- 80/tcp open http
- 111/tcp open rpcbind
- 139/tcp open netbios-ssn
- 445/tcp open microsoft-ds
- 512/tcp open exec
- 513/tcp open login
- 514/tcp open shell
- ......
- Nmap scan report for localhost (192.168.1.105)
- Host is up (0.00026s latency).
- Not shown: 995 closed ports
- PORT STATE SERVICE
- 21/tcp open ftp
- 22/tcp open ssh
- 23/tcp open telnet
- 111/tcp open rpcbind
- 445/tcp open microsoft-ds
- MAC Address: 00:0C:29:31:02:17 (VMware)
- Nmap scan report for localhost (192.168.1.106)
- Host is up (0.00039s latency).
- Not shown: 996 closed ports
- PORT STATE SERVICE
- 135/tcp open msrpc
- 139/tcp open netbios-ssn
- 445/tcp open microsoft-ds
- 1025/tcp open NFS-or-IIS
- MAC Address: 00:0C:29:C7:6A:2A (VMware)
- ......
- Nmap scan report for localhost (192.168.1.102)
- Host is up (0.0000030s latency).
- Not shown: 998 closed ports
- PORT STATE SERVICE
- 80/tcp open http
- 9876/tcp open sd
- Nmap done: 255 IP addresses (8 hosts up) scanned in 3.05 seconds
从输出信息中,可以看到共扫描了255个IP地址。其中,八个主机是活动的。由于章节的原因,中间省略了一部分内容。
用户使用--exclude选项,可以指定排除单个主机、范围或者整个网络块(使用CIDR格式)。例如,扫描192.168.1.1/24网络内,除192.168.1.100-192.168.1.103之外的所有主机。则执行命令如下所示:
- root@localhost:~# nmap 192.168.1.1/24 --exclude 192.168.1.100-103
- Starting Nmap 6.47 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2015-05-05 19:45 CST
- Nmap scan report for localhost (192.168.1.1)
- Host is up (0.0012s latency).
- Not shown: 997 closed ports
- PORT STATE SERVICE
- 80/tcp open http
- 1900/tcp open upnp
- 49152/tcp open unknown
- MAC Address: 14:E6:E4:84:23:7A (Tp-link Technologies CO.)
- Nmap scan report for localhost (192.168.1.104)
- Host is up (0.00028s latency).
- Not shown: 997 closed ports
- PORT STATE SERVICE
- 22/tcp open ssh
- 80/tcp open http
- 443/tcp open https
- MAC Address: 00:0C:29:C3:1F:D7 (VMware)
- Nmap scan report for localhost (192.168.1.105)
- Host is up (0.00019s latency).
- Not shown: 995 closed ports
- PORT STATE SERVICE
- 21/tcp open ftp
- 22/tcp open ssh
- 23/tcp open telnet
- 111/tcp open rpcbind
- 445/tcp open microsoft-ds
- MAC Address: 00:0C:29:31:02:17 (VMware)
- Nmap scan report for localhost (192.168.1.106)
- Host is up (0.00017s latency).
- Not shown: 996 closed ports
- PORT STATE SERVICE
- 135/tcp open msrpc
- 139/tcp open netbios-ssn
- 445/tcp open microsoft-ds
- 1025/tcp open NFS-or-IIS
- MAC Address: 00:0C:29:C7:6A:2A (VMware)
- Nmap scan report for localhost (192.168.1.107)
- Host is up (0.0014s latency).
- Not shown: 984 closed ports
- PORT STATE SERVICE
- 135/tcp open msrpc
- 139/tcp open netbios-ssn
- 443/tcp open https
- 445/tcp open microsoft-ds
- 554/tcp open rtsp
- 902/tcp open iss-realsecure
- 912/tcp open apex-mesh
- 2869/tcp open icslap
- 5357/tcp open wsdapi
- 10243/tcp open unknown
- 49152/tcp open unknown
- 49153/tcp open unknown
- 49154/tcp open unknown
- 49155/tcp open unknown
- 49156/tcp open unknown
- 49157/tcp open unknown
- MAC Address: 00:0C:29:DE:7E:04 (VMware)
- Nmap done: 252 IP addresses (5 hosts up) scanned in 2.27 seconds
从以上输出信息中,可以看到共扫描了252个主机。其中,有五个主机是活动的,其地址分别是192.168.1.1、192.168.1.104、192.168.1.105、192.168.1.106和192.168.1.107。根据输出的信息,可以发现没有对192.168.1.100-103之间主机进行扫描。
Nmap扫描排除列表中的目标
当用户排除扫描的目标很多时,也可以将这些目标主机的IP地址写入到一个文本文件中。然后,使用--excludefile选项来指定排除扫描的目标。其中,排除扫描列表中目标的语法格式如下所示:
- nmap [目标] --excludefile [目标列表]
【示例2-11】使用Nmap扫描192.168.1.0/24网络内主机,但是排除list.txt文件列表中指定的目标。具体操作步骤如下所示:
(1)创建list.txt文件,并写入要排除扫描目标的IP地址。如下所示:
- root@localhost:~#vi list.txt
- 192.168.102
- 192.168.1.103
- 192.168.1.104
- 192.168.1.105
在以上列表文件中,指定排除扫描以上四个IP地址的主机。
(2)实施扫描。执行命令如下所示:
- root@localhost:~# nmap 192.168.1.0/24 --excludefile list.txt
- Starting Nmap 6.47 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2015-05-05 19:46 CST
- Nmap scan report for localhost (192.168.1.1)
- Host is up (0.0014s latency).
- Not shown: 997 closed ports
- PORT STATE SERVICE
- 80/tcp open http
- 1900/tcp open upnp
- 49152/tcp open unknown
- MAC Address: 14:E6:E4:84:23:7A (Tp-link Technologies CO.)
- Nmap scan report for localhost (192.168.1.100)
- Host is up (0.00021s latency).
- Not shown: 986 closed ports
- PORT STATE SERVICE
- 135/tcp open msrpc
- 139/tcp open netbios-ssn
- 443/tcp open https
- 445/tcp open microsoft-ds
- 902/tcp open iss-realsecure
- 912/tcp open apex-mesh
- 1033/tcp open netinfo
- 1034/tcp open zincite-a
- MAC Address: 00:E0:1C:3C:18:79 (Cradlepoint)
- Nmap scan report for localhost (192.168.1.106)
- Host is up (0.00014s latency).
- Not shown: 996 closed ports
- PORT STATE SERVICE
- 135/tcp open msrpc
- 139/tcp open netbios-ssn
- 445/tcp open microsoft-ds
- 1025/tcp open NFS-or-IIS
- MAC Address: 00:0C:29:C7:6A:2A (VMware)
- Nmap scan report for localhost (192.168.1.107)
- Host is up (0.0010s latency).
- Not shown: 984 closed ports
- PORT STATE SERVICE
- 135/tcp open msrpc
- 139/tcp open netbios-ssn
- 443/tcp open https
- 445/tcp open microsoft-ds
- 554/tcp open rtsp
- 902/tcp open iss-realsecure
- 912/tcp open apex-mesh
- 2869/tcp open icslap
- 5357/tcp open wsdapi
- 10243/tcp open unknown
- 49152/tcp open unknown
- 49153/tcp open unknown
- MAC Address: 00:0C:29:DE:7E:04 (VMware)
- Nmap scan report for localhost (192.168.1.102)
- Host is up (0.0000030s latency).
- Not shown: 998 closed ports
- PORT STATE SERVICE
- 80/tcp open http
- 9876/tcp open sd
- Nmap done: 253 IP addresses (5 hosts up) scanned in 3.31 seconds
从以上输出信息中,可以看到扫描的所有目标中,共有五台主机是活动的。
Nmap扫描实施全面扫描
在使用Nmap工具实施扫描时,使用不同的选项,则扫描结果不同。用户可以使用不同的选项,单独扫描目标主机上的端口、应用程序版本或操作系统类型等。但是,大部分人又不太喜欢记这些选项。这时候,用户只需要记一个选项-A即可。该选项可以对目标主机实施全面扫描,扫描结果中包括各种类型的信息。其中,实施全面扫描的语法格式如下所示:
- nmap -A [目标]
【示例2-12】使用Nmap工具对目标主机192.168.1.105实施全面扫描。则执行命令如下所示:
- root@localhost:~# nmap -A 192.168.1.105
- Starting Nmap 6.47 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2015-05-06 15:20 CST
- Nmap scan report for localhost (192.168.1.105)
- Host is up (0.00028s latency).
- Not shown: 995 closed ports
- PORT STATE SERVICE VERSION
- 21/tcp open ftp vsftpd 2.2.2 #FTP服务版本为2.2.2,供应商是Vsftpd
- | ftp-anon: Anonymous FTP login allowed (FTP code 230) #允许匿名登录
- |_drwxr-xr-x 2 14 0 4096 Apr 03 06:10 pub #FTP服务的根目录为pub
- 22/tcp open ssh OpenSSH 5.3 (protocol 2.0) #SSH服务版本是5.3,供应商是OpenSSH
- | ssh-hostkey: #SSH服务密钥
- | 1024 83:9f:d0:8e:29:3c:7f:d9:11:da:a8:bb:b5:5a:4d:69 (DSA)
- |_ 2048 2e:ea:ee:63:03:fd:9c:ae:39:9b:4c:e0:49:a9:8f:5d (RSA)
- 23/tcp open telnet Linux telnetd #Telnet服务
- 111/tcp open rpcbind 2-4 (RPC #100000)
- | rpcinfo: #RPC详细信息
- | program version port/proto service
- | 100000 2,3,4 111/tcp rpcbind
- | 100000 2,3,4 111/udp rpcbind
- | 100024 1 34525/tcp status
- |_ 100024 1 51866/udp status
- 445/tcp open netbios-ssn Samba smbd 3.X (workgroup: MYGROUP)#Samba服务版本为3.X,供应商为smbd
- MAC Address: 00:0C:29:31:02:17 (VMware) #目标主机的MAC地址
- Device type: general purpose #设备类型
- Running: Linux 2.6.X|3.X #正在运行的系统
- OS CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel:2.6 cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel:3 #操作系统中央处理单元
- OS details: Linux 2.6.32 - 3.10 #操作系统详细信息
- Network Distance: 1 hop #网络距离
- Service Info: OSs: Unix, Linux; CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel #服务信息
- Host script results:
- | smb-os-discovery: #SMB操作系统发现
- | OS: Unix (Samba 3.6.9-151.el6) #操作系统为Unix,Samba版本为3.6.9
- | Computer name: router #计算机名
- | NetBIOS computer name: #NetBIOS计算机名
- | Domain name: #域名
- | FQDN: router #完全合格域名(FQDN)
- |_ System time: 2015-05-06T15:20:28+08:00 #系统时间
- | smb-security-mode:
- | Account that was used for smb scripts: <blank>
- | User-level authentication
- | SMB Security: Challenge/response passwords supported
- |_ Message signing disabled (dangerous, but default)
- |_smbv2-enabled: Server doesn't support SMBv2 protocol
- TRACEROUTE
- HOP RTT ADDRESS
- 1 0.28 ms localhost (192.168.1.105)
- OS and Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at http://nmap.org/submit/ .
- Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 13.51 seconds
从以上输出的信息,可以明显看出比前面例子扫描结果更详细。在以上输出信息中,可以看到目标主机上开启的端口、服务器、版本、操作系统版本、内核、系统类型等。根据分析输出的信息,可知目标主机上运行了FTP、SSH、Telnet等服务,并且可以看到各服务的版本及权限信息。而且,还可以知道目标主机的操作系统是Linux,内核版本为2.6.32等。
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