1、概述
在kubernetes中,有很多类型的pod控制器,每种都有自己的适合的场景,常见的有下面这些:
- ReplicationController:比较原始的pod控制器,已经被废弃,由ReplicaSet替代
- ReplicaSet:保证副本数量一直维持在期望值,并支持pod数量扩缩容,镜像版本升级
- Deployment:通过控制ReplicaSet来控制Pod,并支持滚动升级、回退版本
- Horizontal Pod Autoscaler:可以根据集群负载自动水平调整Pod的数量,实现削峰填谷
- DaemonSet:在集群中的指定Node上运行且仅运行一个副本,一般用于守护进程类的任务
- Job:它创建出来的pod只要完成任务就立即退出,不需要重启或重建,用于执行一次性任务
- Cronjob:它创建的Pod负责周期性任务控制,不需要持续后台运行
- StatefulSet:管理有状态应用
在上篇我们详解了ReplicaSet控制器,这篇我们详解Deployment控制器
2、Deployment(Deploy)详解
为了更好的解决服务编排的问题,kubernetes在V1.2版本开始,引入了Deployment控制器。值得一提的是,这种控制器并不直接管理pod,而是通过管理ReplicaSet来简介管理Pod,即:Deployment管理ReplicaSet,ReplicaSet管理Pod。所以Deployment比ReplicaSet功能更加强大。
为了更好的解决服务编排的问题,kubernetes在V1.2版本开始,引入了Deployment控制器。值得一提的是,这种控制器并不直接管理pod,而是通过管理ReplicaSet来简介管理Pod,即:Deployment管理ReplicaSet,ReplicaSet管理Pod。所以Deployment比ReplicaSet功能更加强大。
Deployment主要功能有下面几个:
- 支持ReplicaSet的所有功能
- 支持发布的停止、继续
- 支持滚动升级和回滚版本
Deployment的资源清单文件:
apiVersion: apps/v1 # 版本号
kind: Deployment # 类型
metadata: # 元数据
name: # rs名称
namespace: # 所属命名空间
labels: #标签
controller: deploy
spec: # 详情描述
replicas: 3 # 副本数量
revisionHistoryLimit: 3 # 保留历史版本
paused: false # 暂停部署,默认是false
progressDeadlineSeconds: 600 # 部署超时时间(s),默认是600
strategy: # 策略
type: RollingUpdate # 滚动更新策略
rollingUpdate: # 滚动更新
maxSurge: 30% # 最大额外可以存在的副本数,可以为百分比,也可以为整数
maxUnavailable: 30% # 最大不可用状态的 Pod 的最大值,可以为百分比,也可以为整数
selector: # 选择器,通过它指定该控制器管理哪些pod
matchLabels: # Labels匹配规则
app: nginx-pod
matchExpressions: # Expressions匹配规则
- {key: app, operator: In, values: [nginx-pod]}
template: # 模板,当副本数量不足时,会根据下面的模板创建pod副本
metadata:
labels:
app: nginx-pod
spec:
containers:
- name: nginx
image: nginx:
ports:
- containerPort: 80
3、 Deployment(Deploy)实例
创建pc-deployment.yaml,内容如下:
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: pc-deployment
namespace: dev
spec:
replicas: 3
selector:
matchLabels:
app: nginx-pod
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: nginx-pod
spec:
containers:
- name: nginx
image: nginx
3.1、扩缩容
# 创建deploy
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl apply -f pc-deployment.yaml
deployment.apps/pc-deployment created
# 查看deploy
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get deploy -n dev
NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE
pc-deployment 3/3 3 3 42s
# 扩容至5个副本
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl scale deploy pc-deployment --replicas=5 -n dev
deployment.apps/pc-deployment scaled
# 再次查看deploy
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get deploy -n dev
NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE
pc-deployment 5/5 5 5 2m3s
# 编辑deployment的副本数量,修改spec:replicas: 4
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl edit deploy pc-deployment -n dev
deployment.apps/pc-deployment edited
# 再次查看deploy
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get deploy -n dev
NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE
pc-deployment 4/4 4 4 3m1s
3.2、镜像更新
deployment支持两种更新策略:重建更新
和滚动更新
,可以通过strategy
指定策略类型,支持两个属性:
strategy:指定新的Pod替换旧的Pod的策略, 支持两个属性:
type:指定策略类型,支持两种策略
Recreate:重建更新,在创建出新的Pod之前会先杀掉所有已存在的Pod
RollingUpdate:滚动更新,就是杀死一部分,就启动一部分,在更新过程中,存在两个版本Pod
rollingUpdate:当type为RollingUpdate时生效,用于为RollingUpdate设置参数,支持两个属性:
maxUnavailable:用来指定在升级过程中不可用Pod的最大数量,默认为25%。
maxSurge: 用来指定在升级过程中可以超过期望的Pod的最大数量,默认为25%。
3.2.1、Recreate 重建更新
- (1)、创建pc-deploy-recreate.yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: pc-deployment
namespace: dev
spec:
strategy: # 策略
type: Recreate # 重建更新
replicas: 3
selector:
matchLabels:
app: nginx-pod
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: nginx-pod
spec:
containers:
- name: nginx
image: nginx
- (2)、创建deploy验证
# 变更镜像
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl set image deployment pc-deployment nginx=nginx:1.17.2 -n dev
deployment.apps/pc-deployment image updated
# 观察升级过程
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl get pods -n dev -w
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-65qcw 1/1 Running 0 31s
pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-w5nzv 1/1 Running 0 31s
pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-xpt7w 1/1 Running 0 31s
pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-xpt7w 1/1 Terminating 0 41s
pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-65qcw 1/1 Terminating 0 41s
pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-w5nzv 1/1 Terminating 0 41s
pc-deployment-675d469f8b-grn8z 0/1 Pending 0 0s
pc-deployment-675d469f8b-hbl4v 0/1 Pending 0 0s
pc-deployment-675d469f8b-67nz2 0/1 Pending 0 0s
pc-deployment-675d469f8b-grn8z 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 0s
pc-deployment-675d469f8b-hbl4v 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 0s
pc-deployment-675d469f8b-67nz2 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 0s
pc-deployment-675d469f8b-grn8z 1/1 Running 0 1s
pc-deployment-675d469f8b-67nz2 1/1 Running 0 1s
pc-deployment-675d469f8b-hbl4v 1/1 Running 0 2s
3.2.2、RollingUpdate 滚动更新
- (1)、创建pc-deploy-rolling.yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: pc-deployment
namespace: dev
spec:
strategy: # 策略
type: RollingUpdate # 滚动更新
rollingUpdate:
maxSurge: 25%
maxUnavailable: 25%
replicas: 3
selector:
matchLabels:
app: nginx-pod
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: nginx-pod
spec:
containers:
- name: nginx
image: nginx
- (2)、创建deploy验证
# 变更镜像
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl set image deployment pc-deployment nginx=nginx:1.17.3 -n dev
deployment.apps/pc-deployment image updated
# 观察升级过程
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl get pods -n dev -w
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
pc-deployment-c848d767-8rbzt 1/1 Running 0 31m
pc-deployment-c848d767-h4p68 1/1 Running 0 31m
pc-deployment-c848d767-hlmz4 1/1 Running 0 31m
pc-deployment-c848d767-rrqcn 1/1 Running 0 31m
pc-deployment-966bf7f44-226rx 0/1 Pending 0 0s
pc-deployment-966bf7f44-226rx 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 0s
pc-deployment-966bf7f44-226rx 1/1 Running 0 1s
pc-deployment-c848d767-h4p68 0/1 Terminating 0 34m
pc-deployment-966bf7f44-cnd44 0/1 Pending 0 0s
pc-deployment-966bf7f44-cnd44 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 0s
pc-deployment-966bf7f44-cnd44 1/1 Running 0 2s
pc-deployment-c848d767-hlmz4 0/1 Terminating 0 34m
pc-deployment-966bf7f44-px48p 0/1 Pending 0 0s
pc-deployment-966bf7f44-px48p 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 0s
pc-deployment-966bf7f44-px48p 1/1 Running 0 0s
pc-deployment-c848d767-8rbzt 0/1 Terminating 0 34m
pc-deployment-966bf7f44-dkmqp 0/1 Pending 0 0s
pc-deployment-966bf7f44-dkmqp 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 0s
pc-deployment-966bf7f44-dkmqp 1/1 Running 0 2s
pc-deployment-c848d767-rrqcn 0/1 Terminating 0 34m
# 至此,新版本的pod创建完毕,就版本的pod销毁完毕
# 中间过程是滚动进行的,也就是边销毁边创建
- 滚动更新过程
镜像更新中rs的变化
# 查看rs,发现原来的rs的依旧存在,只是pod数量变为了0,而后又新产生了一个rs,pod数量为4
# 其实这就是deployment能够进行版本回退的奥妙所在,后面会详细解释
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl get rs -n dev
NAME DESIRED CURRENT READY AGE
pc-deployment-6696798b78 0 0 0 7m37s
pc-deployment-6696798b11 0 0 0 5m37s
pc-deployment-c848d76789 4 4 4 72s
4、版本回退
deployment支持版本升级过程中的暂停、继续功能以及版本回退等诸多功能,下面具体来看.
kubectl rollout: 版本升级相关功能,支持下面的选项:
- status 显示当前升级状态
- history 显示 升级历史记录
- pause 暂停版本升级过程
- resume 继续已经暂停的版本升级过程
- restart 重启版本升级过程
- undo 回滚到上一级版本(可以使用--to-revision回滚到指定版本)
# 查看当前升级版本的状态
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl rollout status deploy pc-deployment -n dev
deployment "pc-deployment" successfully rolled out
# 查看升级历史记录
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl rollout history deploy pc-deployment -n dev
deployment.apps/pc-deployment
REVISION CHANGE-CAUSE
1 kubectl create --filename=pc-deployment.yaml --record=true
2 kubectl create --filename=pc-deployment.yaml --record=true
3 kubectl create --filename=pc-deployment.yaml --record=true
# 可以发现有三次版本记录,说明完成过两次升级
# 版本回滚
# 这里直接使用--to-revision=1回滚到了1版本, 如果省略这个选项,就是回退到上个版本,就是2版本
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl rollout undo deployment pc-deployment --to-revision=1 -n dev
deployment.apps/pc-deployment rolled back
# 查看发现,通过nginx镜像版本可以发现到了第一版
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl get deploy -n dev -o wide
NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE CONTAINERS IMAGES
pc-deployment 4/4 4 4 74m nginx nginx:1.17.1
# 查看rs,发现第一个rs中有4个pod运行,后面两个版本的rs中pod为运行
# 其实deployment之所以可是实现版本的回滚,就是通过记录下历史rs来实现的,
# 一旦想回滚到哪个版本,只需要将当前版本pod数量降为0,然后将回滚版本的pod提升为目标数量就可以了
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl get rs -n dev
NAME DESIRED CURRENT READY AGE
pc-deployment-6696798b78 4 4 4 78m
pc-deployment-966bf7f44 0 0 0 37m
pc-deployment-c848d767 0 0 0 71m
5、金丝雀发布
Deployment控制器支持控制更新过程中的控制,如“暂停(pause)”或“继续(resume)”更新操作。
比如有一批新的Pod资源创建完成后立即暂停更新过程,此时,仅存在一部分新版本的应用,主体部分还是旧的版本。然后,再筛选一小部分的用户请求路由到新版本的Pod应用,继续观察能否稳定地按期望的方式运行。确定没问题之后再继续完成余下的Pod资源滚动更新,否则立即回滚更新操作。这就是所谓的金丝雀发布。
# 更新deployment的版本,并配置暂停deployment
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl set image deploy pc-deployment nginx=nginx:1.17.4 -n dev && kubectl rollout pause deployment pc-deployment -n dev
deployment.apps/pc-deployment image updated
deployment.apps/pc-deployment paused
#观察更新状态
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl rollout status deploy pc-deployment -n dev
Waiting for deployment "pc-deployment" rollout to finish: 2 out of 4 new replicas have been updated...
# 监控更新的过程,可以看到已经新增了一个资源,但是并未按照预期的状态去删除一个旧的资源,就是因为使用了pause暂停命令
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl get rs -n dev -o wide
NAME DESIRED CURRENT READY AGE CONTAINERS IMAGES
pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9 3 3 3 19m nginx nginx:1.17.1
pc-deployment-675d469f8b 0 0 0 14m nginx nginx:1.17.2
pc-deployment-6c9f56fcfb 2 2 2 3m16s nginx nginx:1.17.4
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl get pods -n dev
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-rj8sq 1/1 Running 0 7m33s
pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-ttwgg 1/1 Running 0 7m35s
pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-v4wvc 1/1 Running 0 7m34s
pc-deployment-6c9f56fcfb-996rt 1/1 Running 0 3m31s
pc-deployment-6c9f56fcfb-j2gtj 1/1 Running 0 3m31s
# 确保更新的pod没问题了,继续更新
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl rollout resume deploy pc-deployment -n dev
deployment.apps/pc-deployment resumed
# 查看最后的更新情况
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl get rs -n dev -o wide
NAME DESIRED CURRENT READY AGE CONTAINERS IMAGES
pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9 0 0 0 21m nginx nginx:1.17.1
pc-deployment-675d469f8b 0 0 0 16m nginx nginx:1.17.2
pc-deployment-6c9f56fcfb 4 4 4 5m11s nginx nginx:1.17.4
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl get pods -n dev
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
pc-deployment-6c9f56fcfb-7bfwh 1/1 Running 0 37s
pc-deployment-6c9f56fcfb-996rt 1/1 Running 0 5m27s
pc-deployment-6c9f56fcfb-j2gtj 1/1 Running 0 5m27s
pc-deployment-6c9f56fcfb-rf84v 1/1 Running 0 37s
6、删除Deployment
# 删除deployment,其下的rs和pod也将被删除
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl delete -f pc-deployment.yaml
deployment.apps "pc-deployment" deleted