Open data sharers are still in the minority in many fields. Although many researchers broadly agree that public access to raw data would accelerate science, most are reluctant to post the results of their own labors online. Some communities have agreed to share online— geneticists, for example, post DNA sequences at the GenBank repository(库), and astronomers are accustomed to accessing images of galaxies and stars from, say, the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, a telescope that has observed some 500 million objects— but these remain the exception, not the rule. Historically, scientists have objected to sharing for many reasons: it is a lot of work; until recently, good databases did not exist; grant funders were not pushing for sharing; it has been difficult to agree on standards for formatting data; and there is no agreed way to assign credit for data.
But the barriers are disappearing, in part because journals and funding agencies worldwide are encouraging scientists to make their data public. Last year, the Royal Society in London said in its report that scientists need to “shift away from a research culture where data is viewed as a private preserve”. Funding agencies note that data paid for with public money should be public information, and the scientific community is recognizing that data can now be shared digitally in ways that were not possible before. To match the growing demand, services are springing up to make it easier to publish research products online and enable other researchers to discover and cite them.
Although calls to share data often concentrate on the moral advantages of sharing, the practice is not purely altruistic(利他的). Researchers who share get plenty of personal benefits, including more connections with colleagues, improved visibility and increased citations. The most successful sharers— those whose data are downloaded and cited the most often get noticed, and their work gets used. For example, one of the most popular data sets on multidisciplinary repository Dryad is about wood density around the world; it has been downloaded 5,700 times. Co-author Amy Zanne thinks that users probably range from climate-change researchers wanting to estimate how much carbon is stored in biomass, to foresters looking for information on different grades of timber. “I’ d much prefer to have my data used by the maximum number of people to ask their own questions,” she says. “It’ s important to allow readers and reviewers to see exactly how you arrive at your results. Publishing data and code allows your science to be reproducible.”
Even people whose data are less popular can benefit. By making the effort to organize and label files so others can understand them, scientists become more organized and better disciplined themselves, thus avoiding confusion later on.
题目46.What do many researchers generally accept? 查看答案46
- A) It is imperative to protect scientists’ patents.
- B) Repositories are essential to scientific research.
- C) Open data sharing is most important to medical science.
- D) Open data sharing is conducive to scientific advancement.
47.What is the attitude of most researchers towards making their own data public? 查看答案47
- A) Opposed.
- B) Ambiguous.
- C) Liberal.
- D) Neutral.
48.According to the passage, what might hinder open data sharing? 查看答案48
- A) The fear of massive copying.
- B) The lack of a research culture.
- C) The belief that research data is private intellectual property.
- D) The concern that certain agencies may make a profit out of it.
49.What helps lift some of the barriers to open data sharing? 查看答案49
- A) The ever-growing demand for big data.
- B) The advancement of digital technology.
- C) The changing attitude of journals and funders.
- D) The trend of social and economic development.
50.Dryad serves as an example to show how open data sharing _____. 查看答案50
- A) is becoming increasingly popular
- B) benefits sharers and users alike
- C) makes researchers successful
- D) saves both money and labor
全文翻译
在许多领域，开放数据共享者仍是少数。虽然许多研究者广泛认为，公众访问原始数据将会加速科学发展，但大多数人不愿意将自己的劳动结果发布在网上。
一些社区已经同意在线共享。例如：遗传学家在GenBank知识库中发布DNA序列，天文学家习惯于通过斯隆数字巡天望远镜访问星系和恒星的图像，这台望远镜已经观察过5亿种天体——但这些仍是特例，而非惯例。在历史上，科学家们已经对共享提出反对意见，原因有很多：工作量大；直到目前为止，好的数据库还不存在；资金资助者并不要求数据共享；很难对格式化的数据和名为元数据的上下文信息的标准达成一致意见；没有约定的方式来确定数据信用。
但这些阻碍正在消失，部分原因是全世界的期刊和资助机构正在鼓励科学家们公开他们的数据。去年，伦敦皇家学会在报告《科学作为一个开放企业》中表示：科学家需要从数据被视为私人保护物的研究文化中转变过来。资助机构指出，由公共资金支付的数据就该是公共信息，而且科学界正在认识到，现在可以以之前不可能的数字方式共享数据。为了满足日益增长的需求，便于在线发布研究产品并使其他研究人员能够发现并引用新产品的服务正不断涌现出来。
虽然，对于共享数据的劝告通常集中在共享的道德优势上，但事实上这并不是纯粹的利他主义。共享数据的研究人员会得到很多个人利益，其中包括与同事取得更多地联系，知名度提升，引用率升高。最成功的共享者——他们的数据被下载得最多、引用地最多——得到了关注，他们的成果得以利用。例如：多学科知识库中最流行的数据集之一。德鲁伊是关于全世界的木材密度的；它已被下载5700次。合著者AmyZanne是华盛顿特区乔治华盛顿大学的一位生物学家，他认为用户范围可能会包括想要估计生物量内储存多少二氧化碳的气候变化研究人员，一直到寻找不同等级木材信息的林农。她说：“我更希望我的数据能被最多的人用来解答疑问。重要的是允许读者和审稿人准确地看到你是如何得出你的结果的。发布数据和代码可以让你的科学具有可重复性。”
即使是那些发布的数据没那么受欢迎的科学家也能从中受益。通过努力对文件进行组织和标记可使得他人能够理解他们。科学家的思路因此变得更有组织性，人也更加自律，如此一来可以避免以后出现混乱。
词汇minority /maɪˈnɔːrəti/ n.少数；少数人；少数民族 in the minority 占少数most 大多数人reluctant /rɪˈlʌktənt/ adj.不情愿的；勉强的geneticist /dʒəˈnetɪsɪst/ n.遗传学家DNA sequences /ˈsiːkwənsɪz/ DNA序列astronomer /əˈstrɑːnəmər/ n.天文学家be accustomed to /əˈkʌstəm/ 习惯于object vi. 反对 vt.提出…作为反对的理由 object to 对…反对in part 在某种程度上spring up 出现；涌现cite /saɪt/ vt.引用 英英：make reference tomoral /ˈmɔːrəl/ n.道德； adj. 道德的altruistic /ˌæltruˈɪstɪk/ adj.无私心的；无私奉献的；citation /saɪˈteɪʃn/ n.嘉奖（英英：an official award (as for bravery or service) usually given as formal public statement）discipline /ˈdɪsəplɪn/ n.学科 multidisciplinary /ˌmʌltiˈdɪsəpləneri/ adj.（涉及）多门学科的wood density 木材密度range from a to b 范围从a到b；从a到b都有biomass /ˈbaɪoʊmæs/ n.生物量（在给定的单位面积内有生物物质的总质量）forester /ˈfɔːrɪstər/ n.护林员timber /ˈtɪmbər/ n.木材；木料（英英：the wood of trees cut and prepared for use as building material）reproducible /ˌriːprəˈduːsəbl/ adj.可再生的
题目中的词汇：imperative /ɪmˈperətɪv/ n.(英英：a mood that expresses an intention to influence the listener’s behavior) adj.势在必行的；（英英：relating to verbs in the imperative mood）conducive /kənˈduːsɪv/ adj.有益的 be conducive to 有利于…ambiguous /æmˈbɪɡjuəs/ adj.模糊不清的liberal /ˈlɪbərəl/ adj.慷慨的；neutral /ˈnuːtrəl/ adj.中立的hinder /ˈhɪndər/ vi.成为阻碍；vt.阻碍lift barrier 解除障碍
/**
* Open data sharers are still in the minority in many fields. Although many researchers broadly agree that public access to raw data would accelerate science,
* most are reluctant to post the results of their own labors online. Some communities have agreed to share online— geneticists, for example, post DNA sequences
* at the GenBank repository(库), and astronomers are accustomed to accessing images of galaxies and stars from, say, the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, a telescope
* that has observed some 500 million objects— but these remain the exception, not the rule. Historically, scientists have objected to sharing for many reasons:
* it is a lot of work; until recently, good databases did not exist; grant funders were not pushing for sharing; it has been difficult to agree on standards for
* formatting data; and there is no agreed way to assign credit for data.
*
* But the barriers are disappearing, in part because journals and funding agencies worldwide are encouraging scientists to make their data public. Last year, the
* Royal Society in London said in its report that scientists need to “shift away from a research culture where data is viewed as a private preserve”. Funding agencies
* note that data paid for with public money should be public information, and the scientific community is recognizing that data can now be shared digitally in ways
* that were not possible before. To match the growing demand, services are springing up to make it easier to publish research products online and enable other researchers
* to discover and cite them.
*
* Although calls to share data often concentrate on the moral advantages of sharing, the practice is not purely altruistic(利他的). Researchers who share get plenty of
* personal benefits, including more connections with colleagues, improved visibility and increased citations. The most successful sharers— those whose data are downloaded
* and cited the most often get noticed, and their work gets used. For example, one of the most popular data sets on multidisciplinary repository Dryad is about wood
* density around the world; it has been downloaded 5,700 times. Co-author Amy Zanne thinks that users probably range from climate-change researchers wanting to
* estimate how much carbon is stored in biomass, to foresters looking for information on different grades of timber. “I’ d much prefer to have my data used by the
* maximum number of people to ask their own questions,” she says. “It’ s important to allow readers and reviewers to see exactly how you arrive at your results.
* Publishing data and code allows your science to be reproducible.”
*
* Even people whose data are less popular can benefit. By making the effort to organize and label files so others can understand them, scientists become more organized
* and better disciplined themselves, thus avoiding confusion later on.
*
* 词汇：
* minority /maɪˈnɔːrəti/ n.少数；少数人；少数民族 in the minority 占少数
* most 大多数人
* reluctant /rɪˈlʌktənt/ adj.不情愿的；勉强的
* geneticist /dʒəˈnetɪsɪst/ n.遗传学家
* DNA sequences /ˈsiːkwənsɪz/ DNA序列
* astronomer /əˈstrɑːnəmər/ n.天文学家
* be accustomed to /əˈkʌstəm/ 习惯于
* object vi. 反对 vt.提出...作为反对的理由 object to 对...反对
* in part 在某种程度上
* spring up 出现；涌现
* cite /saɪt/ vt.引用 英英：make reference to
* moral /ˈmɔːrəl/ n.道德； adj. 道德的
* altruistic /ˌæltruˈɪstɪk/ adj.无私心的；无私奉献的；
* citation /saɪˈteɪʃn/ n.嘉奖（英英：an official award (as for bravery or service) usually given as formal public statement）
* discipline /ˈdɪsəplɪn/ n.学科
* multidisciplinary /ˌmʌltiˈdɪsəpləneri/ adj.（涉及）多门学科的
* wood density 木材密度
* range from a to b 范围从a到b；从a到b都有
* biomass /ˈbaɪoʊmæs/ n.生物量（在给定的单位面积内有生物物质的总质量）
* forester /ˈfɔːrɪstər/ n.护林员
* timber /ˈtɪmbər/ n.木材；木料（英英：the wood of trees cut and prepared for use as building material）
* reproducible /ˌriːprəˈduːsəbl/ adj.可再生的
*
* 题目中的词汇：
* imperative /ɪmˈperətɪv/ n.(英英：a mood that expresses an intention to influence the listener's behavior) adj.势在必行的；（英英：relating to verbs in the imperative mood）
* conducive /kənˈduːsɪv/ adj.有益的 be conducive to 有利于...
* ambiguous /æmˈbɪɡjuəs/ adj.模糊不清的
* liberal /ˈlɪbərəl/ adj.慷慨的；
* neutral /ˈnuːtrəl/ adj.中立的
* hinder /ˈhɪndər/ vi.成为阻碍；vt.阻碍
* lift barrier 解除障碍
*
*/
