PYTHON pathlib模块-2

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A食今兽 2025-10-19 10:37:36 博主文章分类：PYTHON/SHELL ©著作权

文章标签 python pathlib 文章分类 Python 后端开发

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5. 实用方法和属性

路径修改

path = Path('/home/user/documents/file.txt')

# 修改扩展名
new_path = path.with_suffix('.pdf')  # /home/user/documents/file.pdf

# 修改文件名
new_path = path.with_name('newfile.txt')  # /home/user/documents/newfile.txt

# 修改父目录
new_path = path.with_parent(Path('/tmp'))  # /tmp/file.txt

# 获取相对路径
base = Path('/home/user')
relative = path.relative_to(base)  # documents/file.txt

路径比较和解析

path1 = Path('/home/user/file.txt')
path2 = Path('/home/user/documents/../file.txt')

print(path1 == path2)           # False (字符串比较)
print(path1.resolve() == path2.resolve())  # True (解析后比较)

# 解析路径（消除 .. 和 .）
resolved = path2.resolve()  # /home/user/file.txt

# 判断是否为其他路径的子路径
parent = Path('/home/user')
print(path1.is_relative_to(parent))  # True

6. 实际应用示例

文件搜索和统计

from pathlib import Path
from collections import Counter

def analyze_directory(directory):
    """分析目录中的文件类型"""
    path = Path(directory)
    extensions = Counter()
    
    for file_path in path.rglob('*'):
        if file_path.is_file():
            extensions[file_path.suffix.lower()] += 1
    
    return extensions

# 使用示例
result = analyze_directory('/path/to/directory')
for ext, count in result.most_common():
    print(f"{ext or '无扩展名'}: {count} 个文件")

批量重命名文件

def batch_rename(directory, pattern, replacement):
    """批量重命名文件"""
    path = Path(directory)
    
    for file_path in path.glob('*' + pattern + '*'):
        if file_path.is_file():
            new_name = file_path.name.replace(pattern, replacement)
            new_path = file_path.with_name(new_name)
            file_path.rename(new_path)
            print(f"重命名: {file_path.name} -> {new_name}")

# 使用示例
batch_rename('./photos', 'IMG', 'Photo')

创建项目结构

def create_project_structure(project_name):
    """创建标准的Python项目结构"""
    base_dir = Path(project_name)
    
    directories = [
        base_dir / 'src' / project_name,
        base_dir / 'tests',
        base_dir / 'docs',
        base_dir / 'scripts'
    ]
    
    files = [
        base_dir / 'README.md',
        base_dir / 'requirements.txt',
        base_dir / 'setup.py',
        base_dir / 'src' / project_name / '__init__.py',
        base_dir / 'src' / project_name / 'main.py'
    ]
    
    # 创建目录
    for directory in directories:
        directory.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
        print(f"创建目录: {directory}")
    
    # 创建文件
    for file_path in files:
        file_path.touch()
        print(f"创建文件: {file_path}")

# 使用示例
create_project_structure('my_project')

备份文件

from datetime import datetime
import shutil

def backup_files(source_dir, backup_dir, extensions=None):
    """备份指定类型的文件"""
    source_path = Path(source_dir)
    backup_path = Path(backup_dir)
    
    # 创建带时间戳的备份目录
    timestamp = datetime.now().strftime('%Y%m%d_%H%M%S')
    backup_dir = backup_path / f"backup_{timestamp}"
    backup_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
    
    # 备份文件
    for file_path in source_path.rglob('*'):
        if file_path.is_file():
            if extensions is None or file_path.suffix.lower() in extensions:
                relative_path = file_path.relative_to(source_path)
                target_path = backup_dir / relative_path
                target_path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
                shutil.copy2(file_path, target_path)
                print(f"备份: {relative_path}")

# 使用示例
backup_files('/important/documents', '/backup', ['.pdf', '.docx', '.txt'])

7. 与 os 模块的对比

传统 os.path 方式 vs Pathlib

import os
from pathlib import Path

# 传统方式
path = '/home/user/documents/file.txt'
dirname = os.path.dirname(path)
basename = os.path.basename(path)
filename, ext = os.path.splitext(basename)

# Pathlib 方式
path_obj = Path('/home/user/documents/file.txt')
dirname = path_obj.parent
basename = path_obj.name
filename = path_obj.stem
ext = path_obj.suffix

# 更简洁、更直观

常用操作对比

import os
import shutil
from pathlib import Path

# 检查文件是否存在
os.path.exists('file.txt')           # 传统
Path('file.txt').exists()            # Pathlib

# 创建目录
os.makedirs('path/to/dir', exist_ok=True)  # 传统
Path('path/to/dir').mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)  # Pathlib

# 连接路径
os.path.join('dir', 'subdir', 'file.txt')  # 传统
Path('dir') / 'subdir' / 'file.txt'        # Pathlib