C/C++ 关于继承与多态笔记

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LyShark 2022-05-29 00:00:24 ©著作权

文章标签 C/C++ 基础知识 ios #include 虚析构函数 文章分类 C/C++ 后端开发

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继承的基本语法: 继承的目的就是用于提高代码的可用性，减少代码的重复内容，高效开发。

#include 

using namespace std;

class BasePage
{
private:
  int m_x;

protected:
  int m_y;

public:
  void header() { cout << "header" << endl; }
  void footer() { cout << "footer" << endl; }
};

// 新建一个News类,以公有属性继承BasePage类中的内容
class News :public BasePage
{
public:
  void connect() { cout << "connect" << endl; }
};

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
  News news;
  news.header();
  news.footer();

  system("pause");
  return 0;
}

继承中的构造/析构函数:

#include 

using namespace std;

class BasePage
{
public:
  BasePage(){ cout << "base page -> start" << endl; }
  ~BasePage(){ cout << "base page -> end" << endl; }
};

class News :public BasePage
{
public:
  News(){ cout << "news page -> start" << endl; }
  ~News(){ cout << "news page -> end" << endl; }
};

void call()
{  // 此处如果初始化写在main中,将无法看到析构函数的执行
  News news;
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
  call();
  system("pause");
  return 0;
}

继承下的同名函数调用:

#include 

using namespace std;

class BasePage
{
public:
  void func(int x, int y)
  {
    cout << "BasePage -> " << x + y << endl;
  }
};

class News :public BasePage
{
public:
  void func(int x, int y)
  {
    cout << "News -> " << x + y << endl;
  }
};

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
  News news;
  
  // 如果想调用父类的func()则需要
  news.BasePage::func(10,20);

  // 调用子类的则是
  news.func(100, 200);

  system("pause");
  return 0;
}

继承下的静态成员属性:

#include 

using namespace std;

class BasePage
{
public:
  static int m_x;

public:
  static void func(int x, int y) {cout << "BasePage -> " << x + y << endl;}
};

class News :public BasePage
{
public:
  static int m_x;

public:
  static void func(int x, int y) {cout << "News -> " << x + y << endl;}
};

int BasePage::m_x = 100;
int News::m_x = 200;

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
  News news;

  cout << News::m_x << endl;
  cout << News::BasePage::m_x << endl;

  News::func(10,20);
  News::BasePage::func(100,200);

  system("pause");
  return 0;
}

多继承的调用:

#include 

using namespace std;

class Base1
{
public:
  int m_x;
public:
  Base1(){ m_x = 10; }
  void show() { cout << m_x << endl; }
};

class Base2
{
public:
  int m_x;
public:
  Base2(){ m_x = 20; }
  void show() { cout << m_x << endl; }
};

class Super :public Base1, public Base2
{
public:
  int m_y;
public:
  Super(){ m_y = 30; }
  void display(){ cout << m_y << endl; }
};

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
  Super super;

  cout << super.Base1::m_x << endl;
  cout << super.Base2::m_x << endl;
  cout << super.m_y << endl;

  super.Base1::show();
  super.display();

  system("pause");
  return 0;
}

菱形继承(虚继承): 盖继承，可能会出现多个基类中存在相同的成员数据，这样会造成，内存开销。虚基类即可实现解决共享的开销问题。

#include 

using namespace std;

class Animal
{
public:
  int m_Age;
};

// 虚基类 Sheep
class Sheep :virtual public Animal { };

// 虚基类 Tuo
class Tuo :virtual public Animal { };

// 定义派生类
class SheepTuo :public Sheep, public Tuo { };

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
  SheepTuo ptr;

  ptr.Sheep::m_Age = 10;
  ptr.Tuo::m_Age = 20;

  cout << ptr.Sheep::m_Age << endl;
  cout << ptr.Tuo::m_Age << endl;
  cout << ptr.m_Age << endl;

  system("pause");
  return 0;
}

虚函数实现动态多态: 动态多态,实现了，根据传递的指针不同，调用同一个接口，返回不同的结果。

#include

using namespace std;

class Animal
{
public:
  virtual void speak() { cout << "Animal speak" << endl; }
  virtual void eat() { cout << "Animal eat" << endl; }
};

class Cat :public Animal
{
public:
  void speak() { cout << "Cat speak" << endl; }
  virtual void eat() { cout << "cat eat" << endl; }
};

class Dog :public Animal
{
public:
  void speak() { cout << "Dog speak" << endl; }
  virtual void eat() { cout << "dog eat" << endl; }
};

void doSpeak(Animal & animal)
{
  animal.speak();
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
  Cat cat_ptr;
  doSpeak(cat_ptr);    // 调用同一个函数,返回不同的结果

  Dog dog_ptr;
  doSpeak(dog_ptr);

  system("pause");
  return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

纯虚函数实现多态: 如果父类中有了纯虚函数，子类继承父类就必须要实现纯虚函数。父类中存在纯虚函数，该类无法实例化对象，只能被继承后实现，这种类被叫做抽象类。多态设计原则，开闭原则。

#include 

using namespace std;

class AbstractCalculator
{
public:
  int x;
  int y;

public:
  // virtual int getResult() { return 0; };    // 定义虚函数
  virtual int getResult() = 0;                 // 定义纯虚函数
  void Set_Val(int x, int y){ this->x = x; this->y = y; };
};

class AddCalculator :public AbstractCalculator
{
public:
  virtual int getResult()   // 扩展getResult方法
  {
    return x + y;
  }
};

class SubCalculator :public AbstractCalculator
{
public:
  virtual int getResult()
  {
    return x - y;
  }
};

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
  AbstractCalculator *ptr = new AddCalculator;   // 创建一个加法
  ptr->Set_Val(10, 20);
  cout << "x+y = " << ptr->getResult() << endl;
  delete ptr;

  ptr = new SubCalculator;   // 创建一个减法
  ptr->Set_Val(10, 20);
  cout << "x-y = " << ptr->getResult() << endl;
  delete ptr;

  system("pause");
  return 0;
}

实现虚析构: 在基类的析构函数上加上virtual修饰为虚析构函数，这样就能让派生类的元素进行释放了。

解决父类指针，释放子类对象是，释放不干净的问题。

普通析构是不会调用子类的析构的，所以可能会导致释放不干净，利用虚析构来解决这个问题

#include 

using namespace std;

class Animal
{
public:
  // 此处加上virtual声明为虚析构函数
  virtual ~Animal() { cout << "Animal back" << endl; }
};

class Cat :public Animal
{
public:
  char *m_name;

public:
  Cat(const char *name)
  {
    this->m_name = new char[strlen(name) + 1];
    strcpy(this->m_name, name);
  }
  ~Cat()
  {
    cout << "Cat back" << endl;
    if (this->m_name != NULL)
    {
      delete[] this->m_name;
      this->m_name = NULL;
    }
  }
};

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
  Animal *ptr = new Cat("Tomcat");
  delete ptr;
  system("pause");
  return 0;
}

实现纯虚析构: 纯虚析构函数，必须要存在实现，实现必须在类外进行实现，因为类内无法实现。

如果函数中出现了纯虚析构函数，那么这个类也算抽象类,抽象类不可实例化对象

#include 

using namespace std;

class Animal
{
public:
  // 此处加上 virtual 声明为纯虚析构函数
  virtual ~Animal() = 0 ;
};

Animal::~Animal()
{
  // 纯虚析构函数实现
  cout << "Animal back" << endl;
}

class Cat :public Animal
{
public:
  char *m_name;

public:
  Cat(const char *name)
  {
    this->m_name = new char[strlen(name) + 1];
    strcpy(this->m_name, name);
  }
  ~Cat()
  {
    cout << "Cat back" << endl;
    if (this->m_name != NULL)
    {
      delete[] this->m_name;
      this->m_name = NULL;
    }
  }
};

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
  Animal *ptr = new Cat("Tomcat");
  delete ptr;
  system("pause");
  return 0;
}