oracle命令大全
内容包括三大项:
1.oracle基本操作语句
2.SQLServer基本操作语句
3.各种数据库连接方法
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**************************************************oracle基本操作语句********************************************************
打开服务器
net start oracleservicebinbo
打开监听器
lsnrctl start
关闭服务器
net stop oracleservicebinbo
关闭监听器
lsnrctl stop
===============================================================
清屏
clear screen
****************************************************************
数据字典 ===========desc user_views(关键词)
****************************************************************
===============================================================
查看当前用户的角色
SQL>select * from user_role_privs;
===============================================================
查看当前用户的系统权限和表级权限
SQL>select * from user_sys_privs;
SQL>select * from user_tab_privs;
===============================================================
查看当前用户的缺省表空间
SQL>select username,default_tablespace from user_users;
===============================================================
换用户
conn as sysdba
sys
tsinghua
sqlplus "sys/tsinghua as sysdba"
conn sys/zl as sysdba
===============================================================
修改表结构
alter table test modify(name not null);
alter table test add(name varchar2(20));
alter table test drop column sex;
alter table test set unused column sex;
alter table test drop unused columns;
===============================================================
更改用户密码
sql>alter user 管理员 identified by 密码;
===============================================================
创建表空间的数据文件
sql>create tablespace test datafile 'd:\oracle\binbo.dbf' size 10m;
===============================================================
创建用户
sql>create user 用户名 identified by 用户名;
===============================================================
bfile类型实例
创建目录
create directory tnpdir as 'c:\';
删除目录
drop directory tnpdir
授权
crant read on directory tn pdir to scott;
建表
create table bfiletest(id number(3), fname bfile);
添加数据
insert into bfiletest values(1,bfilename('TMPDIR','tmptest.java'));
===============================================================
查看用户
sql>show user
===============================================================
检查语句是否有错
show error
===============================================================
锁定用户
sql>alter user 用户名 account lock
===============================================================
解除用户
sql>alter user 用户名 account unlock
===============================================================
删除用户
sql>drop user zl;
===============================================================
给用户创建表权限
sql>grant create table to 用户名;
sql>grant resource,connect to lms
===============================================================
授管理员权限
sql>grant dba to 用户名;
===============================================================
给用户登录权限
sql>grant connect to 用户名
===============================================================
给用户无限表空间权限
sql>grant unlinmited tablespace to 用户名;
===============================================================
收回权限
sql>revoke dba from 用户名;
===============================================================
查看用户下所有的表
SQL>select * from user_tables;
===============================================================
查看名称包含log字符的表
SQL>select object_name,object_id from user_objects
where instr(object_name,'LOG')>0;
===============================================================
查看某表的创建时间
SQL>select object_name,created from user_objects where object_name=upper('&table_name');
===============================================================
查看某表的大小
SQL>select sum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as "size(M)" from user_segments
where segment_name=upper('&table_name');
===============================================================
查看放在ORACLE的内存区里的表
SQL>select table_name,cache from user_tables where instr(cache,'Y')>0;
===============================================================
再添加一个表空间的数据文件
sql>alter tablespace test add datafile 'd:\oracle\test1.dbf' size 10m;
===============================================================
建表 SQL>create table studen(stuno int,stuname varchar(8) not null,stubirth date default to_date('1987-5-9','YYYY-MM-DD'));
向表结构中加入一列 SQL>alter table studen add(stuphoto varchar(9));
从表结构中删除一列 SQL>alter table studen drop column stuphoto;
修改表一列的长度 SQL>alter table studen modify(stuno number(4));
隐藏将要删除的一列 SQL>alter table studen set unused column stuphoto;
删除隐藏的列 SQL>alter table studen drop unused columns;
向表中加入约束 SQL>alter table studen add constraint pk primary key(stuno);
删除约束 SQL>alter table studen drop constraint pk;
===============================================================
创建表
sql>create table 用户名(name varchar2(20),password varchar(20)) tablespace 空间名;
===============================================================
添加字段
sql>alter table test add(column_x char(10) not null);
===============================================================
更改字段
sql>alter table emp modify(column_x char (20));
===============================================================
删除字段
如待删除域属于某个索引,则不允许删除操作,必须将此域先设置为NULL。
sql>alter table emp modify(column_x null);
sql>update emp set column_x=null;
sql>commit;
sql>alter table emp drop(column_x);
===============================================================
选择表空间
sql>alter user 用户名 default tablespace test;
===============================================================
管理员删除别的用户中的表
sql>drop table 用户名.表名;
===============================================================
退出
sql>exit;
===============================================================
默认进入
sql>sqlplus "/ as sysdba"
===============================================================
查看数据库
sql>show parameter block;
===============================================================
写大量语句用记事本,新建方式。
输入"ed"回车
保存后
输入"/"运行;
===============================================================
查询用户有多少表
sql>select * from tab;
===============================================================
SQLServer取时间
sql>select getdate
oracle 取时间
sql>sysdate;
===============================================================
操作表结构数据库定义语言命令
(不记录在日志文件中)
create table建表
sql>create table test(name varchar2(20),age date,sex char(2));
sql>insert into test(name,age,sex) values('aa',sysdate,'男');
sql>insert into test(name,age,sex) values('bb',to_date('1888-8-8',"yyyy-aa-dd hh24:mi:ss"),'男');
sql>select * from test;
===============================================================
查询男和女总数
sql>select sex,count(sex) from test group by sex;
---------------------------------------------------------------
test表中数据输入test1表中
SQLSserver---select * into test1 from test;
oracle---create table test1 as select * from test;
---------------------------------------------------------------
更改会话时间
sql>alter session set nls_date_format='yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss';
---------------------------------------------------------------
sql>show parameter block 表和视图
sql>show parameter date 查数据结构
---------------------------------------------------------------
SQLServer中
--删除表中相同数据
sql>create table test1 as select distinct * from test;
--删除表数据
sql>truncate table test;
--把test中数据输入到test1中
sql>insert into test(select * from test1);
---------------------------------------------------------------
rowid(表中存储地址相当表id)和rownum(表序号)称伪列(用法)
sql>select name,age,sex,rowid,rownum from test1;
查出前三行
sql>select * from test where rownum<=3;
查出后三行
sql>select * from (select name n,age a,sex s,rownum r from test) where r>(select count(*) from test)-3;
删除后三行
SQL> delete from test where name not in(select name from test where rownum<=(select count(*) from test)-3);
删除相同行
sql>delete from test where rowid not in(select max(rowid) from test group by name,age,sex);
删除所有表
sql>select 'drop table' ||tname|| ':' from tab;
sql>spool c:\test.sql;
sql>select 'drop table' ||tname|| ':' from tab;
sql>spool off
sql>@c:\test.sql;
---------------------------------------------------------------
alter table修改表
truncate table节段表(只删除数据)
drop table删除表
===============================================================
查看表结构
desc 表名;
===============================================================
查出成绩的前三名
sql>select * from (select * from stu order by score desc) where rownum<=3;
===============================================================
更改字符集
SQL>startup mount
SQL>alter system enable restricted session;
SQL>alter system set job_queue_processes=0;
SQL>alter database open;
SQL>alter database character set ZHS16GBK;
SQL>shutdown
SQL>startup
===============================================================
将一张表或几张表中的域重新组合后插入新表。
假定原先的两张表为emp,work,现选择部分数据域合并为emp_work
建立emp_work
SQL>insert into emp_new select a.no, sysdate, a.name, b.service_duration from emp a, work b where a.no=b.no;
SQL>commit;
这样的方式仍然要使用回滚段,为加快数据迁移速度,可将insert替换成insert /*+APPEND*/(大小写不论),指示oracle以直通方式直接写数据文件,绕过回滚空间。
SQL>insert /*+APPEND*/ into emp_new select a.no, sysdate, a.name, b.service_duration from emp a, work b where a.no=b.no;
SQL>commit;
===============================================================
DDL数据定义语言(create,alter,drop)
DML数据操纵语言(insert,select,delete,update)
TCL事务控制语言(commit,savepoint,rollback)
DCL数据控制语言(GRANT REVOKE)
===============================================================
一个表中的某一列输到另一个表中
insert into stu1(name)(select name from stu);
===============================================================
事务
rollback;
insert into stu1(name)(select name from stu);
commit;提交
===============================================================
COMMIT - 提交并结束事务处理
ROLLBACK - 撤销事务中已完成的工作
SAVEPOINT – 标记事务中可以回滚的点
SQL> update order_master set del_date ='30-8月-05' WHERE orderno <= 'o002';
SQL> savepoint mark1;
SQL> delete FROM order_master WHERE orderno = 'o002';
SQL> savepoint mark2;
SQL> rollback TO SAVEPOINT mark1;
SQL> COMMIT;
===============================================================
换名
set sqlprompt "scott>";
===============================================================
GRANT 授予权限
SQL> GRANT SELECT ON vendor_master TO accounts WITH GRANT OPTION;
REVOKE 撤销已授予的权限
SQL> REVOKE SELECT, UPDATE ON order_master FROM MARTIN;
===============================================================
比较操作符
SQL> SELECT vencode,venname,tel_no
FROM vendor_master
WHERE venname LIKE 'j___s';
SQL> SELECT orderno FROM order_master
WHERE del_date IN (‘06-1月-05’,‘05-2月-05');
SQL> SELECT itemdesc, re_level
FROM itemfile
WHERE qty_hand < max_level/2;
===============================================================
逻辑操作符
SQL> SELECT * FROM order_master
WHERE odate > ‘10-5月-05'
AND del_date < ‘26-5月-05’;
===============================================================
集合操作符将两个查询的结果组合成一个结果
SQL> SELECT orderno FROM order_master
MINUS
SELECT orderno FROM order_detail;
-----------------------------------------------------------------
select * from scott.stu
union (all)重复的去掉[intersect把相同的取出来][minus显示不相同的数]
select * from stu
-----------------------------------------------------------------
显示相同的数据
select name from stu intersect select name from stu1;
===============================================================
连接操作符
连接操作符用于将多个字符串或数据值合并成一个字符串
SQL> SELECT (venname|| ' 的地址是 '
||venadd1||' '||venadd2 ||' '||venadd3) address
FROM vendor_master WHERE vencode='V001';
===============================================================
操作符的优先级
SQL 操作符的优先级从高到低的顺序是:
算术操作符 --------最高优先级
连接操作符
比较操作符
NOT 逻辑操作符
AND 逻辑操作符
OR 逻辑操作符 --------最低优先级
===============================================================
用来转换空值的函数
NVL
NVL2
NULLIF
SELECT itemdesc, NVL(re_level,0) FROM itemfile;
SELECT itemdesc, NVL2(re_level,re_level,max_level) FROM itemfile;
SELECT itemdesc, NULLIF(re_level,max_level) FROM itemfile;
===============================================================
GROUP BY和HAVING子句
GROUP BY子句
用于将信息划分为更小的组
每一组行返回针对该组的单个结果
HAVING子句
用于指定 GROUP BY 子句检索行的条件
SELECT p_category, MAX(itemrate) FROM itemfile GROUP BY p_category;
SELECT p_category, MAX(itemrate) FROM itemfile GROUP BY p_category HAVING p_category NOT IN ('accessories');
===============================================================
ROW_NUMBER (row_number)返回连续的排位,不论值是否相等
RANK(rank) 具有相等值的行排位相同,序数随后跳跃
DENSE_RANK(dense_rank) 具有相等值的行排位相同,序号是连续的
SELECT d.dname, e.ename, e.sal, DENSE_RANK()
OVER (PARTITION BY e.deptno ORDER BY e.sal DESC)
AS DENRANK
FROM emp e, dept d WHERE e.deptno = d.deptno;
===============================================================
日期函数
ADD_MONTHS(当前只加月)
alter session set nls_date_format='yyyymmdd hh24miss';
select add_months(sysdate,2) from dual;
----------------------------------------------------------------
MONTHS_BETWEEN(前面时间减后面时间=得之间月差)
select months_between(sysdate,to_date('2007-6-10','yyyy-mm-dd')) from dual;
----------------------------------------------------------------
LAST_DAY(求得当前月的最后一天)
select last_day(sysdate) from dual;
----------------------------------------------------------------
ROUND(round年-月-日-->四舍五入)
select round(2.3) from dual;
select round(to_date('2007-6-10','yyyy-mm-dd'),'year') from dual;
select round(to_date('2007-6-10','yyyy-mm-dd'),'month') from dual;
select round(to_date('2007-6-10','yyyy-mm-dd'),'day') from dual;
----------------------------------------------------------------
NEXT_DAY(下一星期的星期二)
select next_day(to_date('2007-6-10','yyyy-mm-dd'),'星期二') from dual;
----------------------------------------------------------------
TRUNC(trunc)
----------------------------------------------------------------
EXTRACT(extract)
select extract(year from date '1998-03-07') from dual;
select extract(month from to_date ('1998-03-07','yyyy-mm-dd')) from dual;
----------------------------------------------------------------
2008年2月有多少天
inbo---->select extract(day from last_day(to_date ('2008-02-07','yyyy-mm-dd'))) from dual;
----------------------------------------------------------------
2003-4-3与1956-3-1之间有多少天
inbo---->select round(months_between(to_date('2003-4-3','yyyy-mm-dd'),to_date('1956-3-1','yyyy-mm-dd'))/12) from dual;
===============================================================
把两边的9去掉
select trim('9' from '9999ddddddd99999') from dual;
去空格
select trim(' ' from ' 9999ddddddd99999') from dual;
===============================================================
函数 输入 输出
Initcap(char) Select initcap(‘hello’) from dual; Hello
Lower(char) Select lower(‘FUN’) from dual; fun
Upper(char) Select upper(‘sun’) from dual; SUN
Ltrim(char,set) Select ltrim( ‘xyzadams’,’xyz’) from dual; adams
Rtrim(char,set) Select rtrim(‘xyzadams’,’ams’) from dual; xyzad
Translate(char, from, to) Select translate(‘jack’,’j’ ,’b’) from dual; back
Replace(char,searchstring,[rep string]) Select replace(‘jack and jue’ ,’j’,’bl’) from dual; black and blue
Instr (char, m, n) Select instr (‘worldwide’,’d’) from dual; 5
Substr (char, m, n) Select substr(‘abcdefg’,3,2) from dual; cd
Concat (expr1, expr2) Select concat (‘Hello’,’ world’) from dual; Hello world
===============================================================
数字函数接受数字输入并返回数值结果
函数 输入 输出
Abs(n) Select abs(-15) from dual; 15
Ceil(n) Select ceil(44.778) from dual; 45
Cos(n) Select cos(180) from dual; -.5984601
Cosh(n) Select cosh(0) from dual; 1
Floor(n) Select floor(100.2) from dual; 100
Power(m,n) Select power(4,2) from dual; 16
Mod(m,n) Select mod(10,3) from dual; 1
Round(m,n) Select round(100.256,2) from dual; 100.26
Trunc(m,n) Select trunc(100.256,2) from dual; 100.25
Sqrt(n) Select sqrt(4) from dual; 2
Sign(n) Select sign(-30) from dual; -1
===============================================================
字符函数
查看有多少个字符
SQL> SELECT LENGTH('frances') FROM dual;
-----------------------------------------------------------------
SQL> SELECT vencode,
DECODE(venname,'frances','Francis') name
FROM vendor_master WHERE vencode='v001';
-----------------------------------------------------------------
查找人是否存在 加字段decode主明是否有人
select name,decode(name,'rbb','有人') from stu;
===================================================================
排续
select dense_rank() over(partition by sex order by score) from test;
select row_number() over(order by score),name,sex,score from test;
select rank() over(order by score) from test;
select dense_rank() over(order by score) from test;
==========================================================================
创建同义词
SQL> create public synonym test for rbb.test;
SQL> create synonym test for mytest;
同一类的才可以替换,同义词替换同义词
替换
SQL> create or replace synonym emp_sysn for scott.emp;
**********************************************************************************************
创建序列
SQL>create sequence xule increment by 1 start with 1 maxvalue 999;
increment by 增长值
start with 起始值
maxvalue 最大值
minvalue 最小值
nocycle 不循环
chare 10缓存
xule.nextval ===========下一个序列的值
xule.currval ===========可以查询序列当前的值
更改序列 start with 不能改
alter sequence xule maxvalue 100 [sycle nocycle];
**********************************************************************************************
序列用法
SQL>create table xl(name varchar2(4));
SQL>insert into test values(xule.nextval);
SQL>select xl.currval from dual;
**********************************************************************************************
删除序列
drop sequence x;
desc user_sequences
**********************************************************************************************
创建视图 视图中可以使用函数和表达式
create or replace view
**********************************************************************************************
创建视图
SQL> create or replace view 视图名 as select * from rbb union all select * from rbbb union all select * from test;
SQL> create or replace view 视图名 as
2 select empno as 编号,ename as 姓名 from scott.emp
3 where deptno=10;
==========================================================================
如果在当前用户下没有这个视图就创建此视图
如果有此视图就覆盖此视图
create or replace view view_name as select empno,ename from emp where deptno=10;
**********************************************************************************************
在创建视图前要为当前用户授权
grant resource to scott;
create or replace view v_sal as select ename,sal from emp order by sal desc;
**********************************************************************************************
使用视图
select * from v_sal;
**********************************************************************************************
删除一个视图
drop view view_name;
**********************************************************************************************
重新编译已有的视图
alter view view_name compile;
**********************************************************************************************
数据字典 ===========desc user_views
**********************************************************************************************
常用的转换函数有
TO_CHAR
SELECT TO_CHAR(sysdate,'YYYY"年"fmMM"月"fmDD"日" HH24:MI:SS') FROM dual;
TO_DATE
SELECT TO_DATE('2005-12-06', 'yyyy-mm-dd') FROM dual;
TO_NUMBER
SELECT TO_NUMBER('100') FROM dual;
**********************************************************************************************
集合操作符
union all 连接两个表或者多个表为一个视图
MINUS 操作符返回从第一个查询结果中排除第二个查
询中出现的行。
INTERSECT 操作符只返回两个查询的公共行。
**********************************************************************************************
锁定的优点
1.一致性 - 一次只允许一个用户修改数据
2.完整性 - 为所有用户提供正确的数据。如果一个用户进行了修改并保存,所做的修改将反映给所有用户
3.并行性 -允许多个用户访问同一数据
行级锁和表级锁
行级锁:是一种排他锁,防止其他事务修改此行.
解锁:提交事务(commit),(rollback)
---------------------------------------------------------------
更新表数据:update test set score=80 where name='xiaoli';
--------------------------------------------------------------
自动提交
set autocommit on
set sutocommit off
------------------------------------------------------------
锁定某行更新语句
select * from scott.test where name='xiaoli' for update;
SELECT * FROM order_master WHERE vencode='V002' FOR UPDATE OF odate,del_date;
select * from scott.test where name='xiaoli' for update of score;
select * from scott.test atest,test b where a.name=b.name and b.name='bbb' for update of b.score;
--------------------------------------------------------------------
等待update
select * from scott.test where name='xiaoli' for update wait 2;
select * from scott.test where name='xiaoli' for update nowait;
-------------------------------------------------------------------
表级锁:锁定整个表
表级锁语法:lock table 表名 in mode mode;
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
行共享row share--行排他row exclusive--共享share-共享行排他share row exclusive-----排他exclusive
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
行共享(row share):lock table scott.test in (row share) mode;
[其他用户.行共享---其他用户.行排他---其他用户.共享----其他用户.共享行排他----其他用户.不可以(排他)]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
行排他(row exclusive):lock table scott.test in (row exclusive) mode;
[其他用户.行共享----其他用户.行排他----其他用户.不可以(共享)---其他用户.不可以(共享行排他)--其他用户.不可以(排他)]
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
共享(share):lock table scott.test in (share) mode;
[其他用户.行共享---其他用户.不可以(行排他)---其他用户.共享----其他用户.不可以(共享行排他)---其他用户.不可以(排他)]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
共享行排他(share row exclusive):lock table scott.test in (share row exclusive) mode;
[其他用户.行共享,其他用户.不可以(行排他),其他用户.不可以(共享),其他用户.不可以(共享行排他),其他用户.不可以(排他)]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
排他(exclusive):lock table scott.test in (exclusive) mode;
[其他用户.不可以(行共享),其他用户.不可以(行排他),其他用户.不可以(共享),其他用户.不可以(共享行排他,)其他用户.不可以(排他)]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
死锁
当两个事务相互等待对方释放资源时,就会形成死锁
Oracle会自动检测死锁,并通过结束其中的一个事务来解决死锁
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
表分区
---范围分区
create table test(name varchar2(20),sex char(2),score number(3))
partition by range(score)
(
partition p1 values less than (50) tablespace users,
partition p2 values less than (80),
partitiom p3 values less than (maxvalue)
)
select * from test partition(p1) union select * from test partitiom(p3);
---
删除分区
alter table test drop partition p3;
添加分区
alter table test add partition p3 values less than (maxvalue);
拆分分区
alter table test split partition p2 at(60)
into (partition p21,partition p22);
合并分区
alter table test merge partitions p21,p22 into partition p2;
截断分区(删除数据)
alter table test truncate partition p3;
现有表分区
create table str as select * from student;
drop table student;
create table student(
studentid integer not null,
studentname varchar2(20),
score integer
)
partition by range(score)(
partition p1 values less than(60),
partition p2 values less than(75),
partition p3 values less than(85),
partition p4 values less than(maxvalue)
)
insert into student(select * from stu);
select * from test scott.emp@tsinghua
**********************************************************************************************
表分区
Oracle允许用户对表进一步的规化,即对表进一步拆分,将表分成若干个逻辑部分,每个部分称其为表分区
优点:增强可用性,单个分区出现故障,不影响其他分区
均衡的I/O,不同的分区可以映射到不同的磁盘 改善性能
**********************************************************************************************
①范围分区法
create table st(
studentid integer not null,
studentname varchar2(20),
score integer
)
partition by range(score)(
partition p1 values less than(60),
partition p2 values less than(75),
partition p3 values less than(85),
partition p4 values less than(maxvalue)
)
========================select * from stu partition(p1)============
②散列分区
create table st(deptno int,deptname varchar(14))
partition by hash(deptno)(
partition p1,partition p2
)
组合分区
alter table test coalesce partition;
**********************************************************************************************
③复合分区
范围分区和列表分区
create table salgrade(
grade number(2),losal number(2),hisal number(2)
)
partition by range(grade)
subpartition by list(losal)
(
partition p1 values less than(10)
(
subpartition p1a values('湖北'),
subpartition p1b values(default)
),
partition p2 values less than(20)
(
subpartition p1a values('河南'),
subpartition p1b values(default)
),
partition p3 values less than(30)
(
subpartition p1a values('上海'),
subpartition p1b values(default)
)
)
范围分区和散列分区
create table salgrade(
grade number(2),losal number(2),hisal number(2)
)
partition by range(grade)
subpartition by hash(losal)
[subpartitions 5]
(
partition p1 values less than(10)(subpartition p1a,subpartition p1b),
partition p2 values less than(20)(subpartition p2a,subpartition p2b),
partition p3 values less than(30)(subpartition p3a,subpartition p3b)
)
--------------------------------------------
create table salg(
grade number(2),losal number(2),hisal number(2)
)
partition by range(grade)
subpartition by hash(losal)
subpartitions 3
(
partition p1 values less than(10),
partition p2 values less than(20),
partition p3 values less than(30)
)
**********************************************************************************************
④列表分区
create table test stu(id int,name varchar(20),add varchar(8))
partition by list(add)
(
partition p1 values('中国'),
partition p2 values('英国'),
partition p3 values(default)
)
**********************************************************************************************
移动分区
alter table test move partition p5 tablespace users;
********************************************************************************************
修改存档
SQL> shutdown immediate
数据库已经关闭。
已经卸载数据库。
ORACLE 例程已经关闭。
SQL> startup mount
ORACLE 例程已经启动。
Total System Global Area 135338868 bytes
Fixed Size 453492 bytes
Variable Size 109051904 bytes
Database Buffers 25165824 bytes
Redo Buffers 667648 bytes
数据库装载完毕。
SQL> alter database archivelog;
数据库已更改。
alter database open;
SQL> archive log list;
数据库日志模式 存档模式
自动存档 禁用
存档终点 d:\oracle\ora92\RDBMS
最早的概要日志序列 1
下一个存档日志序列 2
当前日志序列 2
SQL> alter system set log_archive_dest=true scope=spfile;
系统已更改。
SQL> alter database open;
数据库已更改。
SQL> spool off
********************************************************************************************
PL/SSQL(过程化语言) 声明部分 执行语句部分 异常处理部分
identifier constant datatype not null
[:=|default expr];
declare
my number(5);
begin
select quantity into my
from products where product='wawa'
for update of quantity;
if my>0 then
update products set quantity=quantity+1
where product='wawa';
insert into purchase_record
values('wawawa',sysdate);
end if;
commit;
Exception
where others then
dbms_output.put_line('chucuo'||SQLERRM);
END;
declare icode varchar2(6)
p_catg varchar2(20);
c_catg constant datatype:=0.10
数字类型
number
decrmdl
int/integer
real(实数)
binary_integer(带符号的整数)
pls_integer(同上)
字符类型
character
char 3276
Raw(2000)
long/long Raw(32760)
Rowid/rowid()
varchar2 (string(nchar/nvarchar)/varchar)
日期时间
date
timeStamp(固定日期dd-mm-yy 秒6位)
子 timestamp with time zone
ti timestamp(9)
布尔
boolean
true
false
null
打印出时间
declare
test_tz timestamp with time zone;
begin test_tz:=to_timestamp_tz('2006-6-22 09:07:11','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss');
dbms_output.put_line(test_tz);
end;
lob类型
BFILE
BLOB
CLOB
NCLOB
属性类型
%type %rowtype
===============================================================
bfile类型实例
创建目录
create directory tnpdir as 'c:\';
删除目录
drop directory tnpdir
授权
crant read on directory tnpdir to scott;
建表
create table bfiletest(id number(3), fname bfile);
添加数据
insert into bfiletest values(1,bfilename('TMPDIR','tmptest.java'));
===============================================================
向数据库中添加图片
create directory p_w_picpaths as 'c:\p_w_picpaths';
crant read on directory p_w_picpaths to scott;
create table my_diagrams(
chapter_descr varchar2(40);
diagram_no integer,
diagram blob
);
declare
l_bfile bfile;
l_blob blob;
begin
insert into my_diagrams(diagram)
values(emptv_blob())
return diagram into l_blob;
l_bfile:=bfilename('p_w_picpaths','\nvp_w_picpath.jpg');
dbms_lob.open(l_bfile,dbms_lob.file_readonly);
dbms_lob.loadfromfile(l_blob,l_bfile,dbms_lob,getlength(l_bfile));
dbms_lob.close(l_bfile);
commit;
end;
===============================================================
%type实例 查询
declare
dtr dept.dname%type;
begin
select dname into str from dept where deptno=30;
dbms_output.put_line(str);
end;
set serverout on
===============================================================
%rowtype实例
declare
row dept%rowtype;
begin
select * into row from dept where deptno=30;
dbms_output.put.line(row.dname||' '||row.deptno||' '||row.loc);
//异常
exception
when no_data_found then
dbms_output.put_lin('没有数据');
when too_many_rows(others) then
dbms_output.put_lin('太多拉');
end;
===============================================================
格式
if 条件 then
elsif 条件 then
else
end if
===============================================================
格式
begin
case'&grade'
when 'a' then dbms_output.put_line('优异');
when 'b' then dbms_output.put_line('良好');
else dbms_output.put_line('其它')
end case;
end;
===============================================================
外界变量
var vnm varchar2(20);
begin
:v:='aaaaa';
end;
打印
print v
===============================================================
loop实例
begin
loop
exit when 3>4;
end loop;
end;
===============================================================
while实例
begin
while (条件)condition loop
语句体;
end loop;
end;
===============================================================
循环实例
正
begin
for c in 1..10
loop
dbms_output.put_line(c);
end loop
end;
倒
begin
for c in reverse(倒) 1..10
loop
dbms_output.put_line(c);
end loop
end;
===============================================================
declare
num number(3):=1;
begin
while num<10 loop
dbms_output.put_line(num);
num:=num+1;
end loop;
end;
declare
num number(3):=1;
begin
loop
dbms_output.put_line(num);
exit when num>10;//退出
num:=num+1;
end loop;
end;
===============================================================
goto实例
DECLARE
qtyhand itemfile.qty_hand%type;
relevel itemfile.re_level%type;
BEGIN
SELECT qty_hand,re_level INTO qtyhand,relevel
FROM itemfile WHERE itemcode = 'i201';
IF qtyhand < relevel THEN
GOTO updation;
ELSE
GOTO quit;
END IF;
<<updation>>
UPDATE itemfile SET qty_hand = qty_hand + re_level
WHERE itemcode = 'i201';
<<quit>>
NULL;
END;
===============================================================
动态SQL 查询
declare
cl varchar2(20);
va varchar2(20);
tb varchar2(20);
nm number(13);
begin
tb:='&table';
cl:='&aadd';
nm:=#
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE
'select '||cl||' from '||tb||' where '||cl||'=:1' into va using nm;
dbms_output.put_line(va);
end;
===============================================================
动态SQL
declare
sql_stmt varchar2(200);
emp_id number(4):=7566;
emp_rec emp% rowtype;
begin
Execute immedlate
'create table bonus1(id number,amt number)';
sql_stmt:='select * from emp where empno=:id';
Execute immedlate sql_stmt into emp_rec using emp_id;
end;
===============================================================
declare
aaa varchar2(20);
num number(10);
bbb varchar2(20);
begin
aaa='&aaa';
num=&kkk;
execute immedlate 'select '||aaa||' from test where age=:a'into bbb using num;(标准SQL语句)
dbms_output.put_line(bbb);
end;
into 变量(给值)
:a(外界参数) using bb(邦定常量)
===============================================================
自己定义异常
declare
invar exception;
cate varchar2(10);
begin
cate:='&cate';
if cate not in('aa','ff','dd') then
raise invar;
else
dbms_output.put_line('你输入的类别是:'||cate);
end if;
exception
when invar then
dbms_output.put_line('无法认识这个类别!');
raise_application_error(-20200,'自己写');
end;
让数据库真正出错
raise_application_error(-20200,'自己写');
例子2
declare
rate itemfile.itemrate%type;
ratee exception;
begin
select nvl(itemrate,0) into rate from itemfile
where itemcode='i207';
if rate=0 then
raise ratee;
else
dbms_output.put_line('项费率是:'||rate);
end if;
exception
when ratee then
RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001, '未指定项费率');
end;
===============================================================
create procedure存储过程
===============================================================
创建标准索引
SQL> CREATE INDEX item_index ON itemfile (itemcode)
TABLESPACE index_tbs;
重建索引
SQL> ALTER INDEX item_index REBUILD;
删除索引
SQL> DROP INDEX item_index;
唯一索引确保在定义索引的列中没有重复值
Oracle 自动在表的主键列上创建唯一索引
使用CREATE UNIQUE INDEX语句创建唯一索引
SQL> CREATE UNIQUE INDEX item_index
ON itemfile (itemcode);
组合索引是在表的多个列上创建的索引
索引中列的顺序是任意的
如果 SQL 语句的 WHERE 子句中引用了组合索引的所有列或大多数列,则可以提高检索速度
SQL> CREATE INDEX comp_index
ON itemfile(p_category, itemrate);
反向键索引反转索引列键值的每个字节
通常建立在值是连续增长的列上,使数据均匀地分布在整个索引上
创建索引时使用REVERSE关键字
SQL> CREATE INDEX rev_index
ON itemfile (itemcode) REVERSE;
SQL> ALTER INDEX rev_index REBUID NOREVERSE;
位图索引适合创建在低基数列上
位图索引不直接存储ROWID,而是存储字节位到ROWID的映射
减少响应时间
节省空间占用
SQL> CREATE BITMAP INDEX bit_index
ON order_master (orderno);
基于一个或多个列上的函数或表达式创建的索引
表达式中不能出现聚合函数
不能在LOB类型的列上创建
创建时必须具有 QUERY REWRITE 权限
SQL> CREATE INDEX lowercase_idx
ON toys (LOWER(toyname));
SQL> SELECT toyid FROM toys
WHERE LOWER(toyname)='doll';
与索引有关的数据字典视图有:
USER_INDEXES - 用户创建的索引的信息
USER_IND_PARTITIONS - 用户创建的分区索引的信息
USER_IND_COLUMNS - 与索引相关的表列的信息
SQL> SELECT INDEX_NAME, TABLE_NAME, COLUMN_NAME
FROM USER_IND_COLUMNS
ORDER BY INDEX_NAME, COLUMN_POSITION;
可以将索引存储在不同的分区中
与分区有关的索引有三种类型:
局部分区索引 - 在分区.
表上创建的索引,在每个表分区上创建独立的索引,索引的分区范围与表一致
全局分区索引 - 在分区表或非分区表上创建的索引,索引单独指定分区的范围,与表的分区范围或是否分区无关
全局非分区索引 - 在分区表上创建的全局普通索引,索引没有被分区
SQL> CREATE TABLE ind_org_tab (
vencode NUMBER(4) PRIMARY KEY,
venname VARCHAR2(20)
)
ORGANIZATION INDEX;
与索引有关的数据字典视图有:
USER_INDEXES - 用户创建的索引的信息
USER_IND_PARTITIONS - 用户创建的分区索引的信息
USER_IND_COLUMNS - 与索引相关的表列的信息
SQL> SELECT INDEX_NAME, TABLE_NAME, COLUMN_NAME
FROM USER_IND_COLUMNS
ORDER BY INDEX_NAME, COLUMN_POSITION;
----游标简介
逐行处理查询结果,经编程的方式访问数据
---游标类型:
隐式游标:在 PL/SQL 程序中执行DML SQL 语句时自动创建隐式游标。
显式游标:显式游标用于处理返回多行的查询。
REF 游标:REF 游标用于处理运行时才能确定的动态 SQL 查询的结果
------隐式游标的属性有:
%FOUND – SQL 语句影响了一行或多行时为 TRUE
%NOTFOUND – SQL 语句没有影响任何行时为TRUE
%ROWCOUNT – SQL 语句影响的行数
%ISOPEN - 游标是否打开,始终为FALSE
删除游标
delete from table_name where cursor of cursor_name;
===============================================================
------隐式游标示例
------too_many_rows的用法!
1 declare
2 empid varchar2(20);
3 begin
4 select name into empid from test;
5 exception
6 when too_many_rows then
7 dbms_output.put_line('该查询多于两行!');
8* end;
SQL> /
该查询多于两行!
PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。
===============================================================
------no_data_found的用法!
SQL> set serverout on
SQL> ed
已写入文件 afiedt.buf
1 declare
2 empid varchar2(20);
3 desig varchar2(20);
4 begin
5 empid:='&emp';
6 select name into desig from test where name=empid;
7 dbms_output.put_line('你查询的名字是:'||desig);
8 exception
9 when no_data_found then
10 dbms_output.put_line('没有时间!');
11* end;
SQL> /
输入 emp 的值: xiaoli
原值 5: empid:='&emp';
新值 5: empid:='xiaoli';
你查询的名字是:xiaoli
PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。
SQL> /
输入 emp 的值: ss
原值 5: empid:='&emp';
新值 5: empid:='ss';
没有时间!
PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。
===============================================================
SQL> set serveroutput on
SQL> begin
2 update test set name='renbinbo' where name='binbo';
3 if sql%found then
4 dbms_output.put_line('表已经更新!');
5 end if;
6 end;
7 /
test_t表中name也已经更新!
表已经更新!
===============================================================
SQL>
declare
aa varchar2(20);
bb varchar2(20);
begin
bb:='&bb';
select score into aa from test where name=bb;
if sql%found then
dbms_output.put_line(bb||'的分数为:'||aa);
end if;
end;
SQL> /
输入 bb 的值: renbinbo
原值 5: bb:='&bb';
新值 5: bb:='renbinbo';
renbinbo的分数为:100
PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。
===============================================================
SQL> ed
已写入文件 afiedt.buf
1 declare
2 my_toy rbb.test.name%type;
3 cursor toy_cur is
4 select name from test where name='xiaoli';
5 begin
6 open toy_cur;
7 loop
8 fetch toy_cur into my_toy;
9 exit when toy_cur%notfound;
10 dbms_output.put_line('你查询人的姓名:'||my_toy);
11 end loop;
12 close toy_cur;
13* end;
SQL> /
你查询人的姓名:xiaoli
PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。
SQL> ed
已写入文件 afiedt.buf
1 declare
2 name_n rbb.test.name%type;
3 sex_s rbb.test.name%type;
4 sex_t rbb.test.name%type;
5 cursor test_t is
6 select name,sex,score from test;
7 begin
8 open test_t;
9 dbms_output.put_line('你所查资料列表:');
10 loop
11 fetch test_t into name_n,sex_s,sex_t;
12 exit when test_t%notfound;
13 dbms_output.put_line(name_n||' 'basex_s||' 'basex_t);
14 end loop;
15 close test_t;
16* end;
17 /
你所查资料列表:
xiaoli 女 90
renbinbo 男 100
xiaoming 男 89
xiaowang 男 91
xiaohua 女 98
yunfeng 男 88
wangming 男 78
wuming 男 98
xiaobin 男 68
binbin 男 44
tianhua 女 55
liyun 女 65
PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。
===============================================================
bibno-->ed
已写入文件 afiedt.buf
1 declare
2 cursor test_cur is
3 select name,sex,score from test;
4 begin
5 dbms_output.put_line('用户资料列表:');
6 for namet in test_cur
7 loop
8 dbms_output.put_line(namet.name||' '||namet.sex||' '||namet.score);
9 end loop;
10* end;
11 /
用户资料列表:
xiaoli 女 90
renbinbo 男 100
xiaoming 男 89
xiaowang 男 91
xiaohua 女 98
yunfeng 男 88
wangming 男 78
wuming 男 98
xiaobin 男 68
binbin 男 44
tianhua 女 55
liyun 女 65
PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。
===============================================================
带参数的显式游标
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
SQL> DECLARE
desig VARCHAR2(20);
emp_code VARCHAR2(5);
empnm VARCHAR2(20);
CURSOR emp_cur(desigparam VARCHAR2) IS
SELECT empno, ename FROM employee
WHERE designation=desig;
BEGIN
desig:= '&desig';
OPEN emp_cur(desig);
LOOP
FETCH emp_cur INTO emp_code,empnm;
EXIT WHEN emp_cur%NOTFOUND;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(emp_code||' '||empnm);
END LOOP;
CLOSE emp_cur;
END;
===============================================================
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
SQL> DECLARE
new_price NUMBER;
CURSOR cur_toy IS
SELECT toyprice FROM toys WHERE toyprice<100
FOR UPDATE OF toyprice;
BEGIN
OPEN cur_toy;
LOOP
FETCH cur_toy INTO new_price;
EXIT WHEN cur_toy%NOTFOUND;
UPDATE toys
SET toyprice = 1.1*new_price
WHERE CURRENT OF cur_toy;
END LOOP;
CLOSE cur_toy;
COMMIT;
END;
===============================================================
游标变量的功能强大,可以简化数据处理
游标变量的优点有:
1.可从不同的 SELECT 语句中提取结果集
2.可以作为过程的参数进行传递
3.可以引用游标的所有属性
4.可以进行赋值运算
使用游标变量的限制:
1.不能在程序包中声明游标变量
2.FOR UPDATE子句不能与游标变量一起使用
3.不能使用比较运算符
===============================================================
===============================================================
创建过程
create procedure test_b(test varchar2,test1 number)
as
begin
dbms_output.put_line(test);
dbms_output.put_line(test1);
end;
create procedure test_c(test varchar2,test1 char)
as
aa varchar2(20);
bb char(10);
begin
select name into aa from test where name=test;
dbms_output.put_line(aa);
select age into bb from test where age=test1;
dbms_output.put_line(bb);
end;
===============================================================
创建函数
create or replace function test_binbo return varchar2
as
begin
return '我爱你!';
end
执行:
select test_binbo from dual;
create or replace function test_binbo return varchar2
as
aa varchar2(20);
bb char(3);
begin
bb:='&bb';
select name into aa from test where sex=bb;
return 'name';
end;
执行:
select test_binbo from dual;
create or replace function item_price_range(price number)
return varchar2 as
min_price number;
max_price number;
begin
select max(itemrate),min(temrate) into max_price,min_price
from test;
if price>=min_price and price<=max_price then
return '将计就计机';
else
return '哩哩啦啦理论';
end if;
end;
执行:
select test_binbo from dual