三、定语从句
定义及相关术语
定义，修饰某一名词或代词的从句，定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后（后置，而adj.要前置）；
先行词，被定义从句修饰的词叫先行词；
关系（代）词，引导定语从句的词；
关系词3个作用：1引导定语从句；2代替先行词；3在定语从句中担当一个成分；
The man (who is shaking hands with my father) is a policeman.
who is shaking hands with my father是定语从句；
先行词是the man；
who是引导定语从句的关系词，代替先行词the man，在定语从句中作主语；
人：
who，主语；
that，主语|宾语；
whom，宾语；
whose，定语，of which；
物：
that，主语|宾语；
which，主语|宾语；
whose，定语；
其他：
when，in which；
where，in which；
why，for which；
1、修饰人
关系代词：who|whose|whom|that；
主语，that|who；
宾语，that|whom；
定语，whose；
who指人，在定语从句中作主语；
关系代词后是动作；
The boys who are playingfootball are from Class One.
Those who want togo to the museum must be at the school.
Yesterday I helped an old man who had losthis way.
That is the teacher who teaches us physics.
whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，常可省略；
关系代词后是完整的句子；
Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked abouton the bus.
Li Ming is just the boy (whom) I want to see.
The professor (whom)you are waiting forhas come.
The girl (whom)the teacher often praises is our monitor.
that指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which；在定语从句中作主语和宾语，作宾语时常可省略；
The number of people that|who come to visit this city each year reaches one million.
Where is the man that|whom I saw this morning?
The person that|whom you introduced to me is very kind.
The season that|which comes after spring is summer.
Yesterday I received a letter that|which came from Australia.
whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中作定语；
关系代词的前后单词，需要用“的”联系起来；
I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country.
He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in.
2、修饰物
which|that|whose
主语、宾语，that|which；
定语，whose；
which指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省；
作主语，关系代词后是动作；
作宾语，关系代词后是完整的句子；
Football is a game whichis liked by most boys.
The factory whichmakes computersis far away from here.
He likes to read books whichare writeenby foreign writers.
The house which is by the lake looks nice.
This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.
The film (which)they went to seelast night was not interesting at all.
指物时，常用下列结构来代替；
The classroom whose dooris broken will soon be repaired.
- The classroom the door of whichis broken will soon be repaired.中英文语序相同用's，中英文语序相反用of
Do you like the book whose coveris yellow?
- Do you like the book the cover of whichis yellow?
“介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句
that是“事妈”，作主语|作宾语，修人|修物；
The school(which|that) he once studied inis very famous.
- The schoolin whichhe once studied is very famous.
Tomorrow I'll bring here the magazine (which|that)you askedfor.
- Tomorrow I'll bring here the magazine for whichyou asked.
3、修饰其他
关系副词引导的定语从句；
when，in which；
where，in which；
why，for which；
修饰时间，when，在定语从句中作时间状语；
I still remember the day whenI first came to this school.
The time when we got together finally arrived.
October 1, 1949 was the day whenthe People's Republic of China was founded.
修饰地点：where，在定语从句中作地点状语；
Shanghai is the citywhereI was born.
The house whereI lived the years ago has been pulled down.
I visited the farm wherea lot of cows were raised.
Is this the place wherethey fought the enemy?
修饰原因：why，在定语从句中作原因状语；
Please tell me the reasonwhy you missed the plane.
The reasonwhy he was punished is unknown to us.
I don't know the reason why he looks unhappy today.
关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示；
From the yearswhen|in whichhe was going to primary school in the country he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up.
Great changes are taking place in the city where|in whichthey live.
The reason why|for whichhe refused the invitation is quite clear.
限制性定语从句&非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句（对先行词有限定）；
The teacher told me that Tom was the only person (that I could depend on).
China is a country (which has a long history).
In the street I saw a man (who was from Africa). # be + prep. = 动作
非限制性定语从句（对先行词没有限定）：
形式上：用逗号，与语句隔开；
意义上：只是对先行词的补充说明，如果删除语句仍能表达完整的意思；
译法上：通常译成主句的并列句；
通常专有名词或名词前有代词，使用非限制性定语从句；
His mother(, who loves him very much,) is strict with him.
China(, which was founded in 1949,) is becoming more and more powerful.
Last summer I visited the People's Great Hall(, in which many important meetings are held every year).
只能用that引导定语从句的情况
1) 先行词是everything|anything|nothing等不定代词，或当先行词有every|any|all|some|no|little|few|much等代词修饰时；
Have you taken downeverything that Mr. Li said?
There seems to be nothing thatis impossbile to him in the world.
All thatcan be done has been done.
2) 先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰；
The first place thatthey visited in London was the Big Ben.
3) 先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰；
This is the bestfilmthatI have ever seen.
4) 先行词被the very|the only修饰；
This is the verydictionary thatI want to buy.
After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns.
5) 有who|which等疑问代词时；
Whois the man thatis standing by the gate?
Whichis the T-shirtthatfits me most?
6) 先行词有人与动物 或 人与物；
They talked aboutthe persons and things that they remembered at school.
Look atthe man and his donkey thatare walking up the street.
定语从句与同位语从句的区别
1) 定语从句修饰先行词，与先行词是修饰关系，“的”；
同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，与先行词是同位关系，“是”；
The plane that has just taken off is for Paris.定语从句
The fact that he has already died is quite clear.同位语从句
2) 定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导，关系词在从句中担当成分；
同位语从句由连词that引导，在从句中不担当成分；
The newsthathe told me is true.定语从句
The newsthat he has just died is true.同位语从句
3) 同位语从句与先行词一般可用动词be发展成一个完整的句子，而定语从句则不能；
The idea thatwe could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful.同位语从句
--> The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.
The problem (thatwe are facing now) is how we can collect so much money.定语从句
The problem howwe can collect so much money is diffcult to solve.同位语从句
只用which不用that
1) 引导非限制性定语从句时，非限制性定语从句的标志是从句前有个逗号；
Bamboo is hollow, whichmakes it light.竹子是空心的，这使得它很轻
2) 当关系词前有介词时，in which = where；
This is the room in which Chairman Mao once lived.这就是毛主席曾经住过的地方
只用who不用that
1) 当先行词为one(s)|anyone|those时；
2) 当先行词为人称代词时；
只用that不用who
1) 当主句已经出现who时；
2) 当先行词在主句中作表语，或关系代词在从句中作表语时；
My uncle is quite worn out from years of hard work. He is no longer the manthat he was fifteen years ago.
习题
1、I have never been to London, but that is the city (which) I'd most like to visit.我从未去过伦敦，但是那是我最想去的城市
I have never been to Rome, but that's the city (which) I'd like to visit. # visit是及物动词，后面要加宾语所以用which，连接代词在句中会充当成分作主语|宾语|表语
I have never been to Rome, but that's the city where I want to go. # 不缺宾语的时候用where，连接副词在句中不充当成分作状语
2、She remembered several occasions in the past whenshe had experienced a similar feeling.
3、They overcame all the difficulties and completed the project two months ahead of time, whichis something we had not expected.非限定性定语从句只能用which
4、There are lots of things thatI need to prepare before the trip.
5、I like the teacher whoseclasses are very interesting and creative.
6、The worldin whichwe live is made up of matter.
7、The dictionary you need is sold out in the bookshop.
8、The general at last got a chance to visit the village wherehe used to fight, whichhe had been dreaming of for years.
9、See the flags on top of the building? That was whatwe did this morning.
10、The team can handle whatever needs to be handled.这个团队可以处理任何需要处理的问题
