source:http://www.oracle-developer.net/display.php?id=313
Flashback technology was introduced in 9i with flashback queries. In 10g, it has evolved significantly with the introduction of flashback table and even flashback database. The flashback table concept is simple. We can now flashback a table to either a previous state in time or to a time before it was dropped. We will see examples of both methods of flashback table in this article.
setup and prerequisites
We'll use a very simple table for our examples as follows.
SQL> CREATE TABLE t 2 NOLOGGING 3 ENABLE ROW MOVEMENT 4 AS 5 SELECT object_type AS x 6 FROM all_objects;
Table created.
As stated, we'll be exploring both forms of flashback table in this article. To flashback an existing table to a prior state, there are two pre-requisites as follows.
- the table has row movement enabled, either by an ALTER TABLE or at the time of CREATE as in the demonstration table above; and
- the user performing the flashback has either the FLASHBACK ANY TABLE system privilege or the FLASHBACK grant on the target table.
To flashback a dropped table, all that is required is the privilege that enabled us to drop the table in the first place.
Having created our table, we should wait a few minutes to allow the SCN to advance. Attempting to flashback a new table straight away can result in ORA-01466: unable to read data - table definition has changed.
flashback to a previous state
Flashback table is primarily a recovery technology so we'll demonstrate the recovery of data that was deleted from our table and committed. We'll start with the deletion.
SQL> DELETE 2 FROM t 3 WHERE x = 'PACKAGE'; 863 rows deleted.
We'll commit this DML and confirm that the data has gone.
SQL> COMMIT;
Commit complete.
SQL> SELECT COUNT(*) 2 FROM t 3 WHERE x = 'PACKAGE';
COUNT(*)
----------
0
1 row selected.
To recover our data, we can flashback the table to its state before the delete took place. Unlike flashback query, which simply reports the data at a fixed point in time, flashback table permanently recovers the data. This cannot be undone (other than by repeating the DML that changed the data in the first place, that is). In the following example, we'll pick a time just two minutes previously and verify that our data has been recovered.
SQL> FLASHBACK TABLE t TO TIMESTAMP SYSTIMESTAMP - INTERVAL '2' MINUTE;
Flashback complete.
SQL> SELECT COUNT(*) 2 FROM t 3 WHERE x = 'PACKAGE';
COUNT(*)
----------
863
1 row selected.
We can also flashback the table to a specific SCN. Oracle supplies two functions to assist with SCN and TIMESTAMP conversions: TIMESTAMP_TO_SCN and SCN_TO_TIMESTAMP. In fact, for data migrations and releases, it is probably sensible to record either the SCN or TIMESTAMP prior to changing the data. In the following example, we'll repeat the deletion but record the SCN in a bind variable up-front and use this in our recovery.
SQL> var scn number; SQL> BEGIN 2 :scn := TIMESTAMP_TO_SCN(SYSTIMESTAMP); 3 END; 4 /
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL> DELETE 2 FROM t 3 WHERE x = 'PACKAGE'; 863 rows deleted. SQL> COMMIT;
Commit complete.
SQL> SELECT COUNT(*) 2 FROM t 3 WHERE x = 'PACKAGE';
COUNT(*)
----------
0
1 row selected.
This time we can use the SCN to drive our recovery. The following demonstrates that we can use bind variables in the FLASHBACK TABLE command as well as literals (we used literals in the TIMESTAMP example).
SQL> FLASHBACK TABLE t TO SCN :scn;
Flashback complete.
SQL> SELECT COUNT(*) 2 FROM t 3 WHERE x = 'PACKAGE';
COUNT(*)
----------
863
1 row selected.
flashback data, not structure
It is worth noting that flashback table restores data, not table structure. The exception to this is the before drop option that we will see later in this article (which "undrops" a dropped table). This aside, we can easily demonstrate the effects of flashback table to a time before a table alteration occurred. In the following example, we will add a new populated column to our scratch table and flashback to a time before the DDL took place.
First we'll modify the scratch table as follows.
SQL> ALTER TABLE t ADD new_column INTEGER DEFAULT 0;
Table altered.
SQL> UPDATE t SET x = 'MODIFIED';
48418 rows updated.
SQL> COMMIT;
Commit complete.
SQL> SELECT * FROM t WHERE ROWNUM <= 10;
X NEW_COLUMN ------------------- ---------- MODIFIED 0 MODIFIED 0 MODIFIED 0 MODIFIED 0 MODIFIED 0 MODIFIED 0 MODIFIED 0 MODIFIED 0 MODIFIED 0 MODIFIED 0 10 rows selected.
We now have a table and data that is very different from the time of our restore point. In addition to having modified data in an existing column, we have an entirely new column. We can now flashback this table and see the effects, given that it now has a different structure.
SQL> FLASHBACK TABLE t TO TIMESTAMP (SYSTIMESTAMP - INTERVAL '2' MINUTE);
Flashback complete.
SQL> SELECT * FROM t WHERE ROWNUM <= 10;
X NEW_COLUMN ------------------- ---------- TABLE INDEX VIEW LIBRARY PACKAGE BODY VIEW VIEW VIEW VIEW VIEW 10 rows selected.
We can see that the original data is restored but the new column has not been removed (although its data has). This raises some interesting questions about how Oracle implements the flashback table feature. The clues are both in our schema and in SQL trace. If we look at the objects created during this article, we can see an additional table that we did not create ourselves.
SQL> SELECT owner 2 , object_name 3 , object_type 4 , temporary 5 FROM dba_objects 6 WHERE created > TRUNC(SYSDATE);
OWNER OBJECT_NAME OBJECT_TYPE TEMPORARY ---------- -------------------- ------------------ ---------- SCOTT SYS_TEMP_FBT TABLE Y SCOTT T TABLE N 2 rows selected.
We can see a global temporary table named SYS_TEMP_FBT. Oracle has created this table to support our flashback table operation (we'll investigate why in a moment). Its structure is as follows.
SQL> desc SYS_TEMP_FBT
Name Null? Type -------------------------------- --------- ---------------- SCHEMA VARCHAR2(32) OBJECT_NAME VARCHAR2(32) OBJECT# NUMBER RID ROWID ACTION CHAR(1)
A small sample of the data in this system-generated table is as follows.
SQL> SELECT * FROM sys_temp_fbt SAMPLE (0.01);
SCHEMA OBJECT_NAME OBJECT# RID ACTION ---------- -------------------- ---------- -------------------- ------- SCOTT T 53427 AAANCzAAEAAAAAMAJZ D SCOTT T 53427 AAANCzAAEAAAAAXAAX I SCOTT T 53427 AAANCzAAEAAAAAkACS D SCOTT T 53427 AAANCzAAEAAAAArAGT D SCOTT T 53427 AAANCzAAEAAAAAwAEV D SCOTT T 53427 AAANCzAAEAAAAF0AA7 D SCOTT T 53427 AAANCzAAEAAAAGYAE7 I SCOTT T 53427 AAANCzAAEAAAAGvAA8 I SCOTT T 53427 AAANCzAAEAAAAHwAH4 D 9 rows selected.
This data appears when we perform a flashback table operation. In fact, the table itself is created on our first flashback table operation. From the above, it appears as though this table is recording the removal of our "new" data and the re-instatement of our existing data. We can draw this conclusion because we have the same number of deletes (action=D) and inserts (action=I) as follows.
SQL> SELECT action 2 , COUNT(*) 3 FROM sys_temp_fbt 4 GROUP BY 5 action;
ACTION COUNT(*) ---------- ---------- D 48418 I 48418 2 rows selected.
An examination of the SQL trace file shows the following statements.
******************************************************************************** truncate table sys_temp_fbt ******************************************************************************** INSERT /*+ APPEND */ into SYS_TEMP_FBT SELECT /*+ FBTSCAN FULL(S) PARALLEL(S, DEFAULT) */ :1, :2, :3, rowid, SYS_FBT_INSDEL FROM SCOTT.T as of SCN :4 S ******************************************************************************** DELETE /*+ BYPASS_UJVC */ FROM (SELECT /*+ ORDERED USE_NL(S) PARALLEL(S, DEFAULT) PARALLEL(T, DEFAULT) */ S.rowid FROM SYS_TEMP_FBT T, SCOTT.T S WHERE T.rid = S.rowid and T.action = 'D' and T.object# = : 1) V ******************************************************************************** INSERT /*+ PARALLEL(S, DEFAULT) PARALLEL(T, DEFAULT) */ INTO SCOTT.T SELECT /*+ USE_NL(S) ORDERED PARALLEL(S, DEFAULT) PARALLEL(T, DEFAULT) */ S.* FROM SYS_TEMP_FBT T , SCOTT.T as of SCN :1 S WHERE T.rid = S.rowid and T.action = 'I' and T.object# = :2 ********************************************************************************
The above SQL statements are arranged in order of their appearance in the trace file. It is interesting to note how Oracle is implementing flashback table. The sequence of events is something like the following:
- 1) using flashback query (AS OF), insert the ROWIDs of the data in T that also existed at our specified point in time;
- 2) using these ROWIDs, delete all current data from T that existed at our specified point in time; and
- 3) using flashback query, insert the data from our specified point in time into T that we collected ROWIDs for in step 1.
In step 3 above, Oracle uses S.* as the column-assignment for the insert into T. At such time, the column NEW_COLUMN was non-existent, so it is clear that flashback query returns NULL rather than creates an exception such as the ORA-01466 error described in the introduction to this article.
As an aside, it's also interesting to note the appearance of the SYS_FBT_INSDEL function and FBTSCAN hint, but these are investigations for another day!
flashback drop
In addition to recovering data in a table, we can also recover a dropped table. We'll see an example of this first, then explore how Oracle makes this possible. First we'll drop the demonstration table.
SQL> DROP TABLE t;
Table dropped.
To recover this table, we use the third and final option to FLASHBACK TABLE, this being TO BEFORE DROP.
SQL> FLASHBACK TABLE t TO BEFORE DROP;
Flashback complete.
SQL> DESCRIBE t;
Name Null? Type --------------------------------- -------- --------------- X VARCHAR2(19) NEW_COLUMN NUMBER(38)
How many DBAs or developers wish that this had been available in previous releases following an accident? This author is certainly one of them!
So how does Oracle enable flashback drop? The answer is that Oracle 10g now has a recycle bin (the recycle bin concept should be familiar to anyone who has ever used Windows). We'll take a short look at this in the next section.
recycle bin
In 10g, whenever we drop a table using the existing DROP TABLE syntax, Oracle doesn't actually drop the segment (or segments as FLASHBACK TABLE also works with partitioned tables). Rather, the segment is renamed and the object recorded in the recycle bin. We can see the contents of the recycle bin in the XXX_RECYCLEBIN view family, but we also have a RECYCLEBIN synonym for the USER view. The USER_RECYCLEBIN view looks as follows.
SQL> DESC recyclebin
Name Null? Type ----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------- OBJECT_NAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(30) ORIGINAL_NAME VARCHAR2(32) OPERATION VARCHAR2(9) TYPE VARCHAR2(25) TS_NAME VARCHAR2(30) CREATETIME VARCHAR2(19) DROPTIME VARCHAR2(19) DROPSCN NUMBER PARTITION_NAME VARCHAR2(32) CAN_UNDROP VARCHAR2(3) CAN_PURGE VARCHAR2(3) RELATED NOT NULL NUMBER BASE_OBJECT NOT NULL NUMBER PURGE_OBJECT NOT NULL NUMBER SPACE NUMBER
Let's drop the demonstration table again. Using Tom Kyte's print_table procedure to make the format easier to read, we can see our table in the recycle bin. Note the system-generated name (you might have noticed names like these appearing in your XXX_OBJECTS views).
SQL> DROP TABLE t;
Table dropped.
SQL> exec print_table( q'[SELECT * FROM recyclebin WHERE original_name = 'T']' );
OBJECT_NAME : BIN$KGpN+vdaIL/gRAADukiYGw==$0 ORIGINAL_NAME : T OPERATION : DROP TYPE : TABLE TS_NAME : USERS CREATETIME : 2004-06-05:11:50:04 DROPTIME : 2004-06-05:14:29:16 DROPSCN : 1434683 PARTITION_NAME : CAN_UNDROP : YES CAN_PURGE : YES RELATED : 53427 BASE_OBJECT : 53427 PURGE_OBJECT : 53427 SPACE : 256 ----------------- PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
The recycle bin is telling us that we can recover this table and that the segment is currently using 256 blocks of space. Which leads us to consider space issues. If we genuinely have no further need for this table we can purge the entire recycle bin using the PURGE RECYCLEBIN command. This will permanently drop all of the segments in the recycle bin and release the space back to the respective tablespaces. If we choose not to do anything with the recycle bin segments and run out of space in a tablespace, Oracle will automatically reclaim some space by purging relevant segments itself.
As we have seen, Oracle has changed the behaviour of the DROP TABLE command. If we do not wish to preserve the table in the recycle bin, we can permanently drop it by adding the PURGE keyword to the end of the DDL. In the following example, we'll recover the demonstration table, drop it permanently and then check the contents of the recycle bin as before. First, we'll undrop the table but this time we'll include another little feature that enables us to rename the recovered table.
SQL> FLASHBACK TABLE t TO BEFORE DROP RENAME TO t_renamed;
Flashback complete.
SQL> DESCRIBE t_renamed;
Name Null? Type --------------------------------- -------- --------------- X VARCHAR2(19) NEW_COLUMN NUMBER(38)
Finally, we'll permanently drop the table and check the recycle bin.
SQL> DROP TABLE t_renamed PURGE;
Table dropped.
SQL> exec print_table( q'[SELECT * FROM recyclebin WHERE original_name = 'T_RENAMED']' );
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
a warning on indexes and constraints
When a table is dropped without purge, any additional segments "belonging" to the table (such as indexes or LOBs) are also renamed and recorded in the recycle bin. However, when the table is recovered, the additional segments are not renamed (surely this behaviour will not be around for too many releases). We can see this in the following example, where we'll begin by creating a table with a primary key.
SQL> CREATE TABLE t (x INT PRIMARY KEY USING INDEX (CREATE UNIQUE INDEX it ON t(x)));
Table created.
With this demonstration table we have two segments; the table and the index that supports the primary key. Now we'll drop the table and look in the recycle bin.
SQL> DROP TABLE t;
Table dropped.
SQL> SELECT r.object_name 2 , r.original_name 3 , r.type 4 FROM user_recyclebin r 5 WHERE r.base_object = (SELECT rr.base_object 6 FROM user_recyclebin rr 7 WHERE rr.original_name = 'T');
OBJECT_NAME ORIGINAL_NAME TYPE ----------------------------------- --------------- ------------ BIN$KG36on7jNr3gRAADukiYGw==$0 IT INDEX BIN$KG36on7kNr3gRAADukiYGw==$0 T TABLE 2 rows selected.
We can see that Oracle has recorded both segments in the recycle bin, but the following demonstrates what happens when we recover the table.
SQL> FLASHBACK TABLE t TO BEFORE DROP;
Flashback complete.
SQL> SELECT index_name 2 FROM user_indexes 3 WHERE table_name = 'T';
INDEX_NAME ------------------------------ BIN$KG36on7jNr3gRAADukiYGw==$0 1 row selected.
SQL> SELECT constraint_name 2 FROM user_constraints 3 WHERE table_name = 'T' 4 AND constraint_type = 'P';
CONSTRAINT_NAME ------------------------------ BIN$KG36on7iNr3gRAADukiYGw==$0 1 row selected.
This is unlikely to be a feature-killer for most developers or DBAs, as indexes and constraints can be renamed after the event (as long as we keep a note of their recycle bin and original name pairs). It would, however, be worth keeping a close check on patchsets to see if Oracle changes this behaviour.
further reading
For further information, see the online documentation.
source code
The source code for the examples in this article can be downloaded from here.
Adrian Billington, June 2004
