Spring-Data数据查询方法的返回通常的是Repository管理的聚合根的一个或多个实例。但是,有时候我们只需要返回某些特定的属性,不需要全部返回,或者只返回一些复合型的字段。Spring-Data允许我们对特定的返回类型建模,以便更有选择的检索托管聚合的部分视图。
1、基于接口的投影
查询执行引擎在运行时为返回的每个元素创建该接口的代理实例,并将调用转发到目标对象的公开方法。
1.1、闭合投影(Closed Projections):一个投影接口,其get方法都与实体类的属性相同,被认为是一个闭合投影。如果使用闭合投影Spring-Data可以优化查询执行,因为我们知道支持投影代理所需要的所有属性。
比如说一个Admin类如下:
/** * admin实体 * * @author caofanqi */ @Data @Entity @Builder @Table(name = "jpa_admin") @NoArgsConstructor @AllArgsConstructor public class Admin { @Id @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY) private Long id; private String username; private String password; private String phone; private LocalDate createTime; @Embedded private Address address; @ManyToOne @JoinColumn(name = "role_id") private Role role; }
Repository中的方法如下:
List<Admin> findByCreateTime(LocalDate createTime);
测试,返回Admin打印的SQL语句:
Hibernate: select admin0_.id as id1_0_, admin0_.city as city2_0_, admin0_.county as county3_0_, admin0_.detailed_address as detailed4_0_, admin0_.province as province5_0_, admin0_.zip_code as zip_code6_0_, admin0_.create_time as create_t7_0_, admin0_.password as password8_0_, admin0_.phone as phone9_0_, admin0_.role_id as role_id11_0_, admin0_.username as usernam10_0_ from cfq_jpa_admin admin0_ where admin0_.create_time=?
我们不想取出Admin中的全部属性值,那怎么办呢?我们可以新建一个投影接口,提供自己需要属性的get方法,如下,我们只想要username
/** * username投影 * @author caofanqi */ public interface UsernameOnly { String getUsername(); }
修改Repository方法返回值,测试返回UsernameOnly打印的SQL语句:
Hibernate: select admin0_.username as col_0_0_ from cfq_jpa_admin admin0_ where admin0_.create_time=?
可见对sql语句进行了优化。那么如果我们想要返回username和所在city呢?
投影可以嵌套使用。例如还希望包含一些地址信息,请为此创建一个投影接口,并从getAddress()的声明中返回该接口。投影接口如下:
/** * 地址投影,只返回city * @author caofanqi */ public interface AddressCity { String getCity(); } /** * 想返回 username 和 所在城市的投影 * @author caofanqi */ public interface AdminUsernameAndCity { String getUsername(); AddressCity getAddress(); }
修改Repository方法返回值,测试返回AdminUsernameAndCity打印的SQL语句:除了username外,select后,还有address中的属性,做了部分优化
Hibernate: select admin0_.username as col_0_0_, admin0_.city as col_1_0_, admin0_.county as col_1_1_, admin0_.detailed_address as col_1_2_, admin0_.province as col_1_3_, admin0_.zip_code as col_1_4_ from cfq_jpa_admin admin0_ where admin0_.create_time=?
1.2、开放投影(Open Projections):投影接口中的get方法也可以使用@Value注释计算新值。
1.2.1、比如说我们要返回username和address的属性拼好的地址投影接口如下:
/** * username和全地址拼接投影 * @author caofanqi */ public interface AdminUsernameAndFullAddress { String getUsername(); @Value("#{target.address.province + ' ' + target.address.city + ' ' + target.address.county + ' ' + target.address.detailedAddress}") String getFullAddress(); }
修改Repository方法返回值,测试,返回AdminUsernameAndFullAddress打印的SQL语句如下:
Hibernate: select admin0_.id as id1_0_, admin0_.city as city2_0_, admin0_.county as county3_0_, admin0_.detailed_address as detailed4_0_, admin0_.province as province5_0_, admin0_.zip_code as zip_code6_0_, admin0_.create_time as create_t7_0_, admin0_.password as password8_0_, admin0_.phone as phone9_0_, admin0_.role_id as role_id11_0_, admin0_.username as usernam10_0_ from cfq_jpa_admin admin0_ where admin0_.create_time=?
我们发现SQL语句并没有优化,那是因为target变量中提供了支持投影的实体。使用@Value的投影接口是一个开放的投影。在这种情况下,Spring-Data不能进行查询优化,因为spel表达式可以使用实体的任何属性。
1.2.2、@Value中使用的表达式不要太复杂,要避免字符串变量编程。对于非常简单的表达式,可以选择使用java8中引入的接口默认方法。
/** * 使用默认接口方法返回全地址拼接路径投影 * @author caofanqi */ public interface AdminUsernameAndFullAddressWithJava8 { String getUsername(); /** * 要提供address的get方法供使用。 */ Address getAddress(); default String getFullAddress() { return getAddress().getProvince().concat(" ").concat(getAddress().getCity()).concat(" ").concat(getAddress().getCounty()) .concat(" ").concat(getAddress().getDetailedAddress()); } }
修改Repository方法返回值,测试返回AdminUsernameAndFullAddressWithJava8打印的SQL语句:进行了部分优化,没有把admin中全部的属性都查
Hibernate: select admin0_.username as col_0_0_, admin0_.city as col_1_0_, admin0_.county as col_1_1_, admin0_.detailed_address as col_1_2_, admin0_.province as col_1_3_, admin0_.zip_code as col_1_4_ from cfq_jpa_admin admin0_ where admin0_.create_time=?
1.2.3、但是java8方式要求能够完全基于投影接口上公开的其他get方法来实现逻辑。更灵活的方法是选择在Spring Bean中实现自定义逻辑,然后从spel表达式中调用该自定义逻辑。
/** * @author caofanqi */ @Component public class MyAdminBean { public String getFullAddress(Admin admin) { Address address = admin.getAddress(); return address.getProvince().concat(" ").concat(address.getCity()).concat(" ").concat(address.getCounty()) .concat(" ").concat(address.getDetailedAddress()); } } /** * 使用spring bean的方式的投影 */ public interface AdminUsernameAndFullAddressWithSpringBean { String getUsername(); @Value("#{@myAdminBean.getFullAddress(target)}") String getFullAddress(); }
修改Repository方法返回值,测试返回AdminUsernameAndFullAddressWithSpringBean打印的SQL语句:因为使用了target,所以没有进行优化。
Hibernate: select admin0_.id as id1_0_, admin0_.city as city2_0_, admin0_.county as county3_0_, admin0_.detailed_address as detailed4_0_, admin0_.province as province5_0_, admin0_.zip_code as zip_code6_0_, admin0_.create_time as create_t7_0_, admin0_.password as password8_0_, admin0_.phone as phone9_0_, admin0_.role_id as role_id11_0_, admin0_.username as usernam10_0_ from cfq_jpa_admin admin0_ where admin0_.create_time=?
spel也可以使用方法中的参数值。方法参数可通过名为args的Object数组中获得。
/** * spel使用方法中的参数值投影 * @author caofanqi */ public interface PrefixUsername { String getUsername(); @Value("#{args[0] + '' + target.username + '!'}") String getPrefixUsername(String prefix); }
2、基于类的投影DTO
定义投影的另一种方是使用值类型DTO(数据传输对象),该DTO持有需要检索的属性。DTO投影的使用方式与接口投影完全相同,只是不会发生代理,也不能用嵌套投影。要加载的字段由公开的构造方法的参数名确定。使用lombok的@Value注解来简化DTO编写。
比如说只想返回用户名使用DTO的方式的投影,如下:
import lombok.Value; /** * 使用DTO的方式返回用户名,需要构造函数,我们使用lombok的@Value方法来简化代码 * @author caofanqi */ @Value public class UsernameDTO { private String username; }
修改Repository方法返回值,测试返回UsernameDTO打印的SQL:也进行了优化
Hibernate: select admin0_.username as col_0_0_ from cfq_jpa_admin admin0_ where admin0_.create_time=?
3、动态投影
到目前为止,我们使用的投影类型作为集合的返回类型或元素类型。如果我们想要在调用时才确定投影的类型呢,这也是可以的。
Repository方法改造为如下:
/** * 动态返回投影,type可以是实体,接口投影,DTO投影 */ <T> List<T> findByCreateTime(LocalDate createTime, Class<T> type);
调用时,动态确定返回投影:
@Test void findByCreateTime2(){ //返回实体Admin List<Admin> list1 = adminRepository.findByCreateTime(LocalDate.of(2019, 11, 11), Admin.class); list1.forEach( System.out::println); System.out.println("==================="); //返回接口投影 List<UsernameOnly> list2 = adminRepository.findByCreateTime(LocalDate.of(2019, 11, 11), UsernameOnly.class); list2.forEach(u -> System.out.println(u.getUsername())); System.out.println("==================="); //返回DTO投影 List<UsernameDTO> list3 = adminRepository.findByCreateTime(LocalDate.of(2019, 11, 21), UsernameDTO.class); list3.forEach(u -> System.out.println(u.getUsername())); }
4、投影支持分页排序,和返回Optional等。
/** * 支持分页 * @param createTime * @param type * @param pageable * @param <T> * @return */ <T> Page<T> findByCreateTime(LocalDate createTime, Class<T> type, Pageable pageable); @Test void findByCreateTimeWithPage(){ Page<AdminUsernameAndAddressDTO> page = adminRepository.findByCreateTime(LocalDate.of(2019, 11, 21), AdminUsernameAndAddressDTO.class, PageRequest.of(1, 2, Sort.Direction.DESC,"username")); System.out.println(page.getTotalElements()); System.out.println(page.getTotalPages()); System.out.println(page.getNumberOfElements()); System.out.println(page.getContent()); }
5、投影与@Query的使用
有时,我们需要多表关联,使用一些分组函数进行求职计算等,我们要使用投影来接收返回值,提高我们代码的可读性,而不是使用Objec[],Map等去接收。
5.1、举个例子,我们想知道每个角色名称对应的管理员数量和平均年龄,我们创建接口投影如下:
/** * 角色名称,admin个数count ,admin平均年龄 投影 * @author caofanqi */ public interface RoleNameAndAdminCountAndAgeAvg { String getRoleName(); Long getAdminCount(); Double getAgeAvg(); }
可以使用JPQL或原生SQL进行查询:
/** * JPQL 使用投影 */ @Query(value = "select r.roleName as roleName,count(a) as adminCount , avg(a.age) as ageAvg from Role r inner join Admin a on r = a.role group by r.roleName ") List<RoleNameAndAdminCountAndAgeAvg> findRoleNameAndAdminCountAndAgeAvgWithJPQL(); /** * 原生SQL 使用投影 */ @Query(value = "SELECT r.role_name AS roleName,COUNT(*) AS adminCount,AVG(a.age) AS ageAvg FROM cfq_jpa_role r INNER JOIN cfq_jpa_admin a ON r.id = a.role_id GROUP BY r.role_name ", nativeQuery = true) List<RoleNameAndAdminCountAndAgeAvg> findRoleNameAndAdminCountAndAgeAvgWithSQL();
测试接口投影接收JPQL返回值:
@Test void findRoleNameAndAdminCountAndAgeAvgWithJPQL(){ List<RoleNameAndAdminCountAndAgeAvg> roleNameAndAdminCountAndAgeAvgWithJPQL = roleRepository.findRoleNameAndAdminCountAndAgeAvgWithJPQL(); roleNameAndAdminCountAndAgeAvgWithJPQL.forEach(r -> System.out.println(r.getRoleName() + " : " + r.getAdminCount() + " : " + r.getAgeAvg())); }
JPQL控制台打印如下:
Hibernate: select role0_.role_name as col_0_0_, count(admin1_.id) as col_1_0_, avg(admin1_.age) as col_2_0_ from cfq_jpa_role role0_ inner join cfq_jpa_admin admin1_ on (role0_.id=admin1_.role_id) group by role0_.role_name 普通管理员 : 3 : 26.0 超级管理员 : 2 : 23.5
测试接口投影接收SQL返回值:
@Test void findRoleNameAndAdminCountAndAgeAvgWithSQL(){ List<RoleNameAndAdminCountAndAgeAvg> roleNameAndAdminCountAndAgeAvgWithSQL = roleRepository.findRoleNameAndAdminCountAndAgeAvgWithSQL(); roleNameAndAdminCountAndAgeAvgWithSQL.forEach(r -> System.out.println(r.getRoleName() + " : " + r.getAdminCount() + " : " + r.getAgeAvg())); }
SQL控制台打印如下:
Hibernate: SELECT r.role_name AS roleName,COUNT(*) AS adminCount,AVG(a.age) AS ageAvg FROM cfq_jpa_role r INNER JOIN cfq_jpa_admin a ON r.id = a.role_id GROUP BY r.role_name 普通管理员 : 3 : 26.0 超级管理员 : 2 : 23.5
5.2、使用DTO投影来进行接收时,要使用如下方式:
import lombok.Value; /** * 角色名称,对应的管理管个数,管理员平均年龄 * @author caofanqi */ @Value public class RoleNameAndAdminCountAndAgeAvgDTO { private String roleName; private Long adminCount; private Double ageAvg; }
Repository方法:
/** * 使用DTO投影接收JPQL查询结果,如果不是实体本身的属性,要使用如下方式 */ @Query(value = "select new cn.caofanqi.study.studyspringdatajpa.pojo.domain.projections.RoleNameAndAdminCountAndAgeAvgDTO(r.roleName ,count(a), avg(a.age)) from Role r inner join Admin a on r = a.role group by r.roleName") List<RoleNameAndAdminCountAndAgeAvgDTO> findRoleNameAndAdminCountAndAgeAvgWithDTO();
测试用例:
@Test void findRoleNameAndAdminCountAndAgeAvgWithDTO(){ List<RoleNameAndAdminCountAndAgeAvgDTO> roleNameAndAdminCountAndAgeAvgWithDTO = roleRepository.findRoleNameAndAdminCountAndAgeAvgWithDTO(); roleNameAndAdminCountAndAgeAvgWithDTO.forEach(r -> System.out.println(r.getRoleName() + " : " + r.getAdminCount() + " : " + r.getAgeAvg())); }
控制台打印:
Hibernate: select role0_.role_name as col_0_0_, count(admin1_.id) as col_1_0_, avg(admin1_.age) as col_2_0_ from cfq_jpa_role role0_ inner join cfq_jpa_admin admin1_ on (role0_.id=admin1_.role_id) group by role0_.role_name 普通管理员 : 3 : 26.0 超级管理员 : 2 : 23.5
DTO投影接收原生SQL返回就比较麻烦了,如下:
实体类中添加如下:
@NamedNativeQueries({ @NamedNativeQuery(name = "Role.findRoleNameAndAdminCountAndAgeAvgDTOWithSQL", query = "SELECT r.role_name AS roleName,COUNT(*) AS adminCount,AVG(a.age) AS ageAvg FROM cfq_jpa_role r INNER JOIN cfq_jpa_admin a ON r.id = a.role_id GROUP BY r.role_name", resultSetMapping = "roleNameAndAdminCountAndAgeAvgDTO")}) @SqlResultSetMapping( name = "roleNameAndAdminCountAndAgeAvgDTO", classes = @ConstructorResult(targetClass = RoleNameAndAdminCountAndAgeAvgDTO.class, columns = { @ColumnResult(name = "roleName", type = String.class), @ColumnResult(name = "adminCount", type = Long.class), @ColumnResult(name = "ageAvg", type = Double.class) }))
Repository接口方法如下:
/** * 原生SQL 使用DTO投影,需要@NamedNativeQuery、@SqlResultSetMapping、@Query(nativeQuery = true)注解一起使用 */ @Query(nativeQuery = true) List<RoleNameAndAdminCountAndAgeAvgDTO> findRoleNameAndAdminCountAndAgeAvgDTOWithSQL();
测试及控制台打印
@Test void findRoleNameAndAdminCountAndAgeAvgDTOWithSQL(){ List<RoleNameAndAdminCountAndAgeAvgDTO> roleNameAndAdminCountAndAgeAvgDTOWithSQL = roleRepository.findRoleNameAndAdminCountAndAgeAvgDTOWithSQL(); roleNameAndAdminCountAndAgeAvgDTOWithSQL.forEach(r -> System.out.println(r.getRoleName() + " : " + r.getAdminCount() + " : " + r.getAgeAvg())); }
Hibernate: SELECT r.role_name AS roleName,COUNT(*) AS adminCount,AVG(a.age) AS ageAvg FROM cfq_jpa_role r INNER JOIN cfq_jpa_admin a ON r.id = a.role_id GROUP BY r.role_name 普通管理员 : 3 : 26.0 超级管理员 : 2 : 23.5
源码地址:https://github.com/caofanqi/study-spring-data-jpa