ROM:只读存储器包含路由器正在使用的IOS的一份副本;
RAM:IOS将随机访问存储器分成共享和主存。主要用来存储运行中的路由器配置和与路由协议有关的IOS数据结构;
FLASH (闪存):用来存储IOS软件映像文件,闪存是可以擦除内存,它能够用IOS的新版本覆写,IOS升级主要是闪存中的IOS映像文件进行更换。
NVRAM:非易失性随机访问存储器,用来存储系统的配置文件。
IOS升级方法一
在对能够正常启动的CISCO路由器的IOS进行升级时,比较简单。具体步骤如下:
1、寻找一种TFTP服务器软件(有CISCO公司的TFTPServer或3COM公司的3Cserver等,在升级较大IOS映象文件时,建议用3Cserver),安装在一台计算机上,将要升级的IOS映象文件拷贝到相关的目录中(例:D:\),并运行TFTP服务器软件,通过菜单设置Root目录为拷贝IOS映象文件所在目录(如D:\)。假设该计算机的IP地址为10.32.10.1;
2、连接路由器的console口与PC机的COM1,使用PC的超级终端软件访问路由器,将路由器的地址设为10.32.10.32(与计算机的IP地址同网段即可)。建议在进行IOS升级前将原有IOS文件备份下来,防止待升级的IOS文件存在问题不可用;
Directory of flash:/
1 -rw- 5998292 C2600-I-MZ.122-11.BIN
8388608 bytes total (2390252 bytes free)
Router#copy flash tftp (备份IOS文件)
Source filename []?c2600-i-mz.122-11.bin
Address or name of remote host []? 10.32.10.1 (TFTP服务器地址)
Destination filename [c2600-i-mz.122-11.bin]?
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
…
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
5998292 bytes copied in 324.071 secs (18509 bytes/sec)
Router#
Address or name of remote host []? 10.32.10.1 (TFTP服务器地址)
Source filename []? c2600-i-mz.122-11.bin (需升级的新IOS映象文件名)
Destination filename [c2600-i-mz.122-11.bin]?
Do you want to over write? [confirm]
Accessing tftp://10.32.10.1/c2600-i-mz.122-11.bin...
Erase flash: before copying? [confirm]
Erasing the flash filesystem will remove all files! Continue? [confirm]
Erasing device... eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ...erasedee
Erase of flash: complete
Loading c2600-i-mz.122-11.bin from 10.32.10.1 (via Ethernet0/0): !!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
…
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
[OK - 5998292 bytes]
Verifying checksum... OK (0xA0C0)
5998292 bytes copied in 318.282 secs (18846 bytes/sec)
Router#
由于升级失败后或者路由器的config-register寄存器值为0x2101时,开启路由器时、或者在开启(某些型号)Cisco路由器的电源开关后30秒内按下Ctrl+break键,中断路由器的正常启动,路由器都会进入rom监视模式,即Router(boot)>,在这种情形下,对路由器的IOS进行升级,也比较简单。首先进入特权模式下,即
Router(boot)#
Router(boot)( config)# config-register 0x2102
Router(boot)( config)#exit
Router(boot)#wr
Router(boot)#reload
IOS升级方法三
由于不小心使用了命令erase flash或升级失败后或在开启(某些型号)Cisco路由器的电源开关后30秒内按下Ctrl+break键,中断路由器的正常启动,路由器都会进入rom监视模式,即 rommon 1>,在这种情形下,对路由器的IOS进行升级,情况要稍微复杂一点。在rommon 1>状态下,可键?请求帮助。(1为命令行序号,每执行1条命令自动加1)
alias set and display aliases command
boot boot up an external process
break set/show/clear the breakpoint
confreg configuration register utility
cont continue executing a downloaded p_w_picpath
context display the context of a loaded p_w_picpath
cookie display contents of cookie PROM in hex
dev list the device table
dir list files in file system
dis display instruction stream
dnld serial download a program module
frame print out a selected stack frame
help monitor builtin command help
history monitor command history
meminfo main memory information
repeat repeat a monitor command
reset system reset
set display the monitor variables
stack produce a stack trace
sync write monitor environment to NVRAM
sysret print out info from last system return
tftpdnld tftp p_w_picpath download
unalias unset an alias
unset unset a monitor variable
xmodem x/ymodem p_w_picpath download
rommon 2 >
(一)、通过Xmodem命令(注:Xmodem与实际的modem没有任何联系 只是一个传输协议 数据是通过终端的串口和路由器的Console口灌进去的)升级IOS,具体步骤如下:
1、用Cisco原配的线缆连接路由器的console口与PC机的COM1,使用PC机的超级终端软件访问路由器,这时不需要对PC和路由器配置任何地址。
2、在这个模式下,输入Xmodem命令,即:
(-c是带校验,c2600-i-mz.122-11.bin为存放在PC机上的IOS映像文件)
WARNING: All existing data in bootflash will be lost!
Invoke this application only for disaster recovery.
Do you wish to continue? y/n [n]: y
program flash location 0x605b0000
Download Complete!
Self decompressing the p_w_picpath : #################################################
################################################# [OK]
Smart Init is disabled. IOMEM set to: 10
Using iomem percentage: 10
Restricted Rights Legend
Use, duplication, or disclosure by the Government is
subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph
(c) of the Commercial Computer Software - Restricted
Rights clause at FAR sec. 52.227-19 and subparagraph
(c) (1) (ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer
Software clause at DFARS sec. 252.227-7013.
cisco Systems, Inc.
170 West Tasman Drive
San Jose, California 95134-1706
Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS (tm) C2600 Software (C2600-I-M), Version 12.2(11)T9, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
TAC Support: [url]http://www.cisco.com/tac[/url]
Copyright (c) 1986-2003 by cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Mon 23-Jun-03 15:42 by cmong
Image text-base: 0x8000809C, data-base: 0x80A68B48
cisco 2610 (MPC860) processor (revision 0x203) with 22528K/2048K bytes of memory
Processor board ID JAD03483395 (1128032249)
M860 processor: part number 0, mask 49
Bridging software.
X.25 software, Version 3.0.0.
1 Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s)
2 Serial(sync/async) network interface(s)
32K bytes of non-volatile configuration memory.
8192K bytes of processor board System flash (Read/Write)
Press RETURN to get started!
*Mar 1 00:00:05.652: %PA-2-UNDEFPA: Undefined Port Adaptor type 100 in bay 1
*Mar 1 00:00:07.996: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Ethernet0/0, changed state to up
*Mar 1 00:00:07.996: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Serial0/0, changed state to down
*Mar 1 00:00:07.996: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Serial0/1, changed state to down
*Mar 1 00:00:09.142: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Ethernet0/0, changed state to up
*Mar 1 00:00:09.142: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0, changed state to down
*Mar 1 00:00:09.142: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/1, changed state to down
*Mar 1 00:00:09.458: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from memory by console
*Mar 1 00:00:11.245: %LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/1, changed state to administratively down
*Mar 1 00:00:12.275: %SYS-5-RESTART: System restarted --Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS (tm) C2600 Software (C2600-I-M), Version 12.2(11)T9, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
TAC Support: [url]http://www.cisco.com/tac[/url]
Copyright (c) 1986-2003 by cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Mon 23-Jun-03 15:42 by cmong
*Mar 1 00:00:12.279: %SNMP-5-COLDSTART: SNMP agent on host NE16 is undergoing a cold start
Router>
Configuration Summary
enabled are:
load rom after netboot fails
console baud: 9600
boot: p_w_picpath specified by the boot system commands
or default to: cisco2-C2600
do you wish to change the configuration? y/n [n]: y (选择 yes)
enable "diagnostic mode"? y/n [n]: n (选择 no)
enable "use net in IP bcast address"? y/n [n]: n (选择 no)
disable "load rom after netboot fails"? y/n [n]: n (选择 no)
enable "use all zero broadcast"? y/n [n]: n (选择 no)
enable "break/abort has effect"? y/n [n]: n (选择 no)
enable "ignore system config info"? y/n [n]: n (选择 no)
change console baud rate? y/n [n]: y (选择 yes)
enter rate: 0 = 9600, 1 = 4800, 2 = 1200, 3 = 2400
4 = 19200, 5 = 38400, 6 = 57600, 7 = 115200 [0]: 7 (选择 7,用最大的11520
速率的xmodem传输)
change the boot characteristics? y/n [n]: n (选择 no)
Configuration Summary
enabled are:
load rom after netboot fails
console baud: 115200
boot: p_w_picpath specified by the boot system commands
or default to: cisco2-C2600
do you wish to change the configuration? y/n [n]: n (选择 no)
You must reset or power cycle for new config to take effect
rommon 2 > reset 回车
Do not start the sending program yet...
Invoke this application only for disaster recovery.
Do you wish to continue? y/n [n]: y (选择 yes)
Ready to receive file ...
方法如下:
Router#reload 重启系统
Proceed with reload? [confirm] 回车
00:01:04: %SYS-5-RELOAD: Reload requested
System Bootstrap, Version 11.3(2)XA4, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Copyright (c) 1999 by cisco Systems, Inc.
TAC:Home:SW:IOS:Specials for info
PC = 0xfff0a530, Vector = 0x500, SP = 0x680127b0
C2600 platform with 24576 Kbytes of main memory
PC = 0xfff0a530, Vector = 0x500, SP = 0x80004684
monitor: command "boot" aborted due to user interrupt
30秒内按ctrl+break键
rommon 1 > confreg ( 输入“confreg”命令)
Configuration Summary
enabled are:
load rom after netboot fails
console baud: 115200
boot: p_w_picpath specified by the boot system commands
or default to: cisco2-C2600
do you wish to change the configuration? y/n [n]: y (选择 yes)
enable "diagnostic mode"? y/n [n]: n (选择 no)
enable "use nn IP bcast address"? y/n [n]: n (选择 no)
disable "load rom after netboot fails"? y/n [n]: n (选择 no)
enable "use all zero broadcast"? y/n [n]: n (选择 no)
enable "break/abort has effect"? y/n [n]: n (选择 no)
enable "ignore system config info"? y/n [n]: n (选择 no)
change console baud rate? y/n [n]: y (选择 yes)
enter rate: 0 = 9600, 1 = 4800, 2 = 1200, 3 = 2400
4 = 19200, 5 = 38400, 6 = 57600, 7 = 115200 [7]: 0 (选择 0,改回用标准速率速率9600的xmodem传输)
change the boot characteristics? y/n [n]: n (选择 no)
Configuration Summary
enabled are:
load rom after netboot fails
console baud: 9600
boot: p_w_picpath specified by the boot system commands
or default to: cisco2-C2600
do you wish to change the configuration? y/n [n]: n You must reset or power cycle for new config to take effect
rommon 2 >
然后敲入
(二)通过tftpdnld命令升级IOS,具体步骤如下:
1、用Cisco原配的线缆连接路由器的console口与PC机的COM1,使用PC机的超级终端软件访问路由器;用一根双绞线连接路由器的eth0/0口与PC机的网卡。
2、将路由器的eth0/0口IP地址设为10.32.10.32;PC机的IP地址设为10.32.10.1。将要升级的IOS映象文件拷贝到相关的目录中,并运行TFTP服务器软件,通过菜单设置Root目录为拷贝IOS映象文件所在目录。
3、通过set 命令查看配置参数
PS1=rommon ! >
BOOT=
BSI=0
RET_2_RTS=
?=0
rommon 4 >IP_SUBNET_MASK=255.255.255.0 (路由器的掩码)
rommon 5 >DEFAULT_GATEWAY=10.32.10.32 (缺省网关,是pc机的ip地址)
rommon 6 >TFTP_SERVER=10.32.10.32 (是pc机的ip地址)
rommon 7 >TFTP_FILE=C2600-I-MZ.122-11.BIN (上传ios文件的名称)
rommon 8>sync (保存参数配置)
rommon 9 >set (查看)
rommon 10 > set
PS1=rommon ! >
BOOT=
IP_ADDRESS=10.32.10.1
IP_SUBNET_MASK=255.255.255.0
DEFAULT_GATEWAY=10.32.10.32
TFTP_SERVER=10.32.10.32
TFTP_FILE=C2600-I-MZ.122-11.BIN
BSI=0
RET_2_RTS=
?=0
rommon 11 >tftpdnld
IP_ADDRESS: 10.32.10.1
IP_SUBNET_MASK: 255.255.255.0
DEFAULT_GATEWAY: 10.32.10.32
TFTP_SERVER: 10.32.10.32
TFTP_FILE: C2600-I-MZ.122-11.BIN
Invoke this command for disaster recovery only.
WARNING: all existing data in all partitions on flash will be lost!
Do you wish to continue? y/n: [n]: y
Receiving C2600-I-MZ.122-11.BIN from 10.32.10.32!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
…
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
File reception completed.
Copying file C2600-I-MZ.122-11.BIN to flash.
Erasing flash at 0x607c0000
program flash location 0x605b0000
rommon 13 >
在rommon 13 >提示符下键入reset,或重新启动路由器(power-cycle),进入正常引导状态,即:
Router>