IoC 是 Inversion of Control 的简写，译为“控制反转”，它不是一门技术，而是一种设计思想，是一个重要的面向对象编程法则，能够指导我们如何设计出松耦合、更优良的程序。
Spring 通过 IoC 容器来管理所有 Java 对象的实例化和初始化，控制对象与对象之间的依赖关系。我们将由 IoC 容器管理的 Java 对象称为 Spring Bean，它与使用关键字 new 创建的 Java 对象没有任何区别。
IoC 容器是 Spring 框架中最重要的核心组件之一，它贯穿了 Spring 从诞生到成长的整个过程。
1.1、IoC容器
1.1.1、控制反转（IoC）
- 控制反转是一种思想。
- 控制反转是为了降低程序耦合度，提高程序扩展力。
- 控制反转，反转的是什么？
- 将对象的创建权利交出去，交给第三方容器负责。
- 将对象和对象之间关系的维护权交出去，交给第三方容器负责。
- 控制反转这种思想如何实现呢？
- DI（Dependency Injection）：依赖注入
1.1.2、依赖注入
DI（Dependency Injection）：依赖注入，依赖注入实现了控制反转的思想。
依赖注入：
- 指Spring创建对象的过程中，将对象依赖属性通过配置进行注入
依赖注入常见的实现方式包括两种：
- 第一种：set注入
- 第二种：构造注入
所以结论是：IOC 就是一种控制反转的思想， 而 DI 是对IoC的一种具体实现。
Bean管理说的是：Bean对象的创建，以及Bean对象中属性的赋值（或者叫做Bean对象之间关系的维护）。
1.1.1.IoC容器在Spring的实现
Spring 的 IoC 容器就是 IoC思想的一个落地的产品实现。IoC容器中管理的组件也叫做 bean。在创建 bean 之前，首先需要创建IoC 容器。Spring 提供了IoC 容器的两种实现方式：
①BeanFactory
这是 IoC 容器的基本实现，是 Spring 内部使用的接口。面向 Spring 本身，不提供给开发人员使用。
②ApplicationContext
BeanFactory 的子接口，提供了更多高级特性。面向 Spring 的使用者，几乎所有场合都使用 ApplicationContext 而不是底层的 BeanFactory。
③ApplicationContext的主要实现类
类型名 | 简介 |
ClassPathXmlApplicationContext | 通过读取类路径下的 XML 格式的配置文件创建 IOC 容器对象 |
FileSystemXmlApplicationContext | 通过文件系统路径读取 XML 格式的配置文件创建 IOC 容器对象 |
ConfigurableApplicationContext | ApplicationContext 的子接口，包含一些扩展方法 refresh() 和 close() ，让 ApplicationContext 具有启动、关闭和刷新上下文的能力。 |
WebApplicationContext | 专门为 Web 应用准备，基于 Web 环境创建 IOC 容器对象，并将对象引入存入 ServletContext 域中。 |
1.2、基于XML管理Bean
1.2.1、搭建子模块spring6-ioc-xml
①搭建模块
搭建方式如：spring-first
②引入配置文件
引入spring-first模块配置文件：beans.xml、log4j2.xml
③添加依赖
<dependencies>
<!--spring context依赖-->
<!--当你引入Spring Context依赖之后，表示将Spring的基础依赖引入了-->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-context</artifactId>
<version>6.0.1./version>
</dependency>
<!--junit5测试-->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.junit.jupiter</groupId>
<artifactId>junit-jupiter-api</artifactId>
<version>5.1.1</version>
</dependency>
<!--log4j2的依赖-->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.logging.log4j</groupId>
<artifactId>log4j-core</artifactId>
<version>2.19.0</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.logging.log4j</groupId>
<artifactId>log4j-slf4j2-impl</artifactId>
<version>2.19.0</version>
</dependency>
</dependencies>④引入java类
引入spring-first模块java及test目录下实体类
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean;
public class HelloWorld {
public HelloWorld() {
System.out.println("无参数构造方法执行");
}
public void sayHello(){
System.out.println("helloworld");
}
}package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;
public class HelloWorldTest {
private Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(HelloWorldTest.class);
@Test
public void testHelloWorld(){
}
}1.2.2、实验一：获取bean
①方式一：根据id获取
由于 id 属性指定了 bean 的唯一标识，所以根据 bean 标签的 id 属性可以精确获取到一个组件对象。上个实验中我们使用的就是这种方式。
②方式二：根据类型获取
@Test
public void testHelloWorld1(){
ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("beans.xml");
HelloWorld bean = ac.getBean(HelloWorld.class);
bean.sayHello();
}③方式三：根据id和类型
@Test
public void testHelloWorld2(){
ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("beans.xml");
HelloWorld bean = ac.getBean("helloworld", HelloWorld.class);
bean.sayHello();
}④注意的地方
当根据类型获取bean时，要求IOC容器中指定类型的bean有且只能有一个
当IOC容器中一共配置了两个：
<bean id="helloworldOne" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean.HelloWorld"></bean>
<bean id="helloworldTwo" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean.HelloWorld"></bean>根据类型获取时会抛出异常：
org.springframework.beans.factory.NoUniqueBeanDefinitionException: No qualifying bean of type ‘com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean.HelloWorld’ available: expected single matching bean but found 2: helloworldOne,helloworldTwo⑤扩展知识
如果组件类实现了接口，根据接口类型可以获取 bean 吗？
可以，前提是bean唯一
如果一个接口有多个实现类，这些实现类都配置了 bean，根据接口类型可以获取 bean 吗？
不行，因为bean不唯一
结论
根据类型来获取bean时，在满足bean唯一性的前提下，其实只是看：『对象 instanceof 指定的类型』的返回结果，只要返回的是true就可以认定为和类型匹配，能够获取到。
java中，instanceof运算符用于判断前面的对象是否是后面的类，或其子类、实现类的实例。如果是返回true，否则返回false。也就是说：用instanceof关键字做判断时， instanceof 操作符的左右操作必须有继承或实现关系
1.2.1.实验二：依赖注入之setter注入
①创建学生类Student
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean;
public class Student {
private Integer id;
private String name;
private Integer age;
private String sex;
public Student() {
}
public Integer getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId(Integer id) {
this.id = id;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public Integer getAge() {
return age;
}
public void setAge(Integer age) {
this.age = age;
}
public String getSex() {
return sex;
}
public void setSex(String sex) {
this.sex = sex;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Student{" +
"id=" + id +
", name='" + name + '\'' +
", age=" + age +
", sex='" + sex + '\'' +
'}';
}
}②配置bean时为属性赋值
spring-di.xml
<bean id="studentOne" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean.Student">
<!-- property标签：通过组件类的setXxx()方法给组件对象设置属性 -->
<!-- name属性：指定属性名（这个属性名是getXxx()、setXxx()方法定义的，和成员变量无关） -->
<!-- value属性：指定属性值 -->
<property name="id" value="1001"></property>
<property name="name" value="张三"></property>
<property name="age" value="21.></property>
<property name="sex" value="男"></property>
</bean>③测试
@Test
public void testDIBySet(){
ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-di.xml");
Student studentOne = ac.getBean("studentOne", Student.class);
System.out.println(studentOne);
}1.2.4、实验三：依赖注入之构造器注入
①在Student类中添加有参构造
public Student(Integer id, String name, Integer age, String sex) {
this.id = id;
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
this.sex = sex;
}②配置bean
spring-di.xml
<bean id="studentTwo" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean.Student">
<constructor-arg value="1002"></constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg value="李四"></constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg value="1."></constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg value="女"></constructor-arg>
</bean>注意：
constructor-arg标签还有两个属性可以进一步描述构造器参数：
- index属性：指定参数所在位置的索引（从0开始）
- name属性：指定参数名
③测试
@Test
public void testDIByConstructor(){
ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-di.xml");
Student studentOne = ac.getBean("studentTwo", Student.class);
System.out.println(studentOne);
}1.2.5、实验四：特殊值处理
①字面量赋值
什么是字面量？
int a = 10;
声明一个变量a，初始化为10，此时a就不代表字母a了，而是作为一个变量的名字。当我们引用a的时候，我们实际上拿到的值是10。
而如果a是带引号的：‘a’，那么它现在不是一个变量，它就是代表a这个字母本身，这就是字面量。所以字面量没有引申含义，就是我们看到的这个数据本身。
<!-- 使用value属性给bean的属性赋值时，Spring会把value属性的值看做字面量 -->
<property name="name" value="张三"/>②null值
<property name="name">
<null />
</property>注意：
<property name="name" value="null"></property>
以上写法，为name所赋的值是字符串null
③xml实体
<!-- 小于号在XML文档中用来定义标签的开始，不能随便使用 -->
<!-- 解决方案一：使用XML实体来代替 -->
<property name="expression" value="a < b"/>④CDATA节
<property name="expression">
<!-- 解决方案二：使用CDATA节 -->
<!-- CDATA中的C代表Character，是文本、字符的含义，CDATA就表示纯文本数据 -->
<!-- XML解析器看到CDATA节就知道这里是纯文本，就不会当作XML标签或属性来解析 -->
<!-- 所以CDATA节中写什么符号都随意 -->
<value><![CDATA[a < b]]></value>
</property>1.2.6、实验五：为对象类型属性赋值
①创建班级类Clazz
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean
public class Clazz {
private Integer clazzId;
private String clazzName;
public Integer getClazzId() {
return clazzId;
}
public void setClazzId(Integer clazzId) {
this.clazzId = clazzId;
}
public String getClazzName() {
return clazzName;
}
public void setClazzName(String clazzName) {
this.clazzName = clazzName;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Clazz{" +
"clazzId=" + clazzId +
", clazzName='" + clazzName + '\'' +
'}';
}
public Clazz() {
}
public Clazz(Integer clazzId, String clazzName) {
this.clazzId = clazzId;
this.clazzName = clazzName;
}
}②修改Student类
在Student类中添加以下代码：
private Clazz clazz;
public Clazz getClazz() {
return clazz;
}
public void setClazz(Clazz clazz) {
this.clazz = clazz;
}方式一：引用外部bean
配置Clazz类型的bean：
<bean id="clazzOne" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean.Clazz">
<property name="clazzId" value="1111"></property>
<property name="clazzName" value="财源滚滚班"></property>
</bean>为Student中的clazz属性赋值：
<bean id="studentFour" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean.Student">
<property name="id" value="1004"></property>
<property name="name" value="赵六"></property>
<property name="age" value="26"></property>
<property name="sex" value="女"></property>
<!-- ref属性：引用IOC容器中某个bean的id，将所对应的bean为属性赋值 -->
<property name="clazz" ref="clazzOne"></property>
</bean>错误演示：
<bean id="studentFour" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean.Student">
<property name="id" value="1004"></property>
<property name="name" value="赵六"></property>
<property name="age" value="26"></property>
<property name="sex" value="女"></property>
<property name="clazz" value="clazzOne"></property>
</bean>如果错把ref属性写成了value属性，会抛出异常： Caused by: java.lang.IllegalStateException: Cannot convert value of type ‘java.lang.String’ to required type ‘com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean.Clazz’ for property ‘clazz’: no matching editors or conversion strategy found
意思是不能把String类型转换成我们要的Clazz类型，说明我们使用value属性时，Spring只把这个属性看做一个普通的字符串，不会认为这是一个bean的id，更不会根据它去找到bean来赋值
方式二：内部bean
<bean id="studentFour" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean.Student">
<property name="id" value="1004"></property>
<property name="name" value="赵六"></property>
<property name="age" value="26"></property>
<property name="sex" value="女"></property>
<property name="clazz">
<!-- 在一个bean中再声明一个bean就是内部bean -->
<!-- 内部bean只能用于给属性赋值，不能在外部通过IOC容器获取，因此可以省略id属性 -->
<bean id="clazzInner" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean.Clazz">
<property name="clazzId" value="2222"></property>
<property name="clazzName" value="远大前程班"></property>
</bean>
</property>
</bean>方式三：级联属性赋值
<bean id="studentFour" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean.Student">
<property name="id" value="1004"></property>
<property name="name" value="赵六"></property>
<property name="age" value="26"></property>
<property name="sex" value="女"></property>
<property name="clazz" ref="clazzOne"></property>
<property name="clazz.clazzId" value="1.1."></property>
<property name="clazz.clazzName" value="最强王者班"></property>
</bean>1.2.7、实验六：为数组类型属性赋值
①修改Student类
在Student类中添加以下代码：
private String[] hobbies;
public String[] getHobbies() {
return hobbies;
}
public void setHobbies(String[] hobbies) {
this.hobbies = hobbies;
}②配置bean
<bean id="studentFour" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring.bean6.Student">
<property name="id" value="1004"></property>
<property name="name" value="赵六"></property>
<property name="age" value="26"></property>
<property name="sex" value="女"></property>
<!-- ref属性：引用IOC容器中某个bean的id，将所对应的bean为属性赋值 -->
<property name="clazz" ref="clazzOne"></property>
<property name="hobbies">
<array>
<value>抽烟</value>
<value>喝酒</value>
<value>烫头</value>
</array>
</property>
</bean>1.2.8、实验七：为集合类型属性赋值
①为List集合类型属性赋值
在Clazz类中添加以下代码：
private List<Student> students;
public List<Student> getStudents() {
return students;
}
public void setStudents(List<Student> students) {
this.students = students;
}配置bean：
<bean id="clazzTwo" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean.Clazz">
<property name="clazzId" value="4444"></property>
<property name="clazzName" value="Javaee0222"></property>
<property name="students">
<list>
<ref bean="studentOne"></ref>
<ref bean="studentTwo"></ref>
<ref bean="studentThree"></ref>
</list>
</property>
</bean>若为Set集合类型属性赋值，只需要将其中的list标签改为set标签即可
②为Map集合类型属性赋值
创建教师类Teacher：
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean;
public class Teacher {
private Integer teacherId;
private String teacherName;
public Integer getTeacherId() {
return teacherId;
}
public void setTeacherId(Integer teacherId) {
this.teacherId = teacherId;
}
public String getTeacherName() {
return teacherName;
}
public void setTeacherName(String teacherName) {
this.teacherName = teacherName;
}
public Teacher(Integer teacherId, String teacherName) {
this.teacherId = teacherId;
this.teacherName = teacherName;
}
public Teacher() {
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Teacher{" +
"teacherId=" + teacherId +
", teacherName='" + teacherName + '\'' +
'}';
}
}在Student类中添加以下代码：
private Map<String, Teacher> teacherMap;
public Map<String, Teacher> getTeacherMap() {
return teacherMap;
}
public void setTeacherMap(Map<String, Teacher> teacherMap) {
this.teacherMap = teacherMap;
}配置bean：
<bean id="teacherOne" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean.Teacher">
<property name="teacherId" value="10010"></property>
<property name="teacherName" value="大宝"></property>
</bean>
<bean id="teacherTwo" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean.Teacher">
<property name="teacherId" value="10086"></property>
<property name="teacherName" value="二宝"></property>
</bean>
<bean id="studentFour" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean.Student">
<property name="id" value="1004"></property>
<property name="name" value="赵六"></property>
<property name="age" value="26"></property>
<property name="sex" value="女"></property>
<!-- ref属性：引用IOC容器中某个bean的id，将所对应的bean为属性赋值 -->
<property name="clazz" ref="clazzOne"></property>
<property name="hobbies">
<array>
<value>抽烟</value>
<value>喝酒</value>
<value>烫头</value>
</array>
</property>
<property name="teacherMap">
<map>
<entry>
<key>
<value>10010</value>
</key>
<ref bean="teacherOne"></ref>
</entry>
<entry>
<key>
<value>10086</value>
</key>
<ref bean="teacherTwo"></ref>
</entry>
</map>
</property>
</bean>③引用集合类型的bean
<!--list集合类型的bean-->
<util:list id="students">
<ref bean="studentOne"></ref>
<ref bean="studentTwo"></ref>
<ref bean="studentThree"></ref>
</util:list>
<!--map集合类型的bean-->
<util:map id="teacherMap">
<entry>
<key>
<value>10010</value>
</key>
<ref bean="teacherOne"></ref>
</entry>
<entry>
<key>
<value>10086</value>
</key>
<ref bean="teacherTwo"></ref>
</entry>
</util:map>
<bean id="clazzTwo" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean.Clazz">
<property name="clazzId" value="4444"></property>
<property name="clazzName" value="Javaee0222"></property>
<property name="students" ref="students"></property>
</bean>
<bean id="studentFour" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean.Student">
<property name="id" value="1004"></property>
<property name="name" value="赵六"></property>
<property name="age" value="26"></property>
<property name="sex" value="女"></property>
<!-- ref属性：引用IOC容器中某个bean的id，将所对应的bean为属性赋值 -->
<property name="clazz" ref="clazzOne"></property>
<property name="hobbies">
<array>
<value>抽烟</value>
<value>喝酒</value>
<value>烫头</value>
</array>
</property>
<property name="teacherMap" ref="teacherMap"></property>
</bean>使用util:list、util:map标签必须引入相应的命名空间
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w1.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:util="http://www.springframework.org/schema/util"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/util
http://www.springframework.org/schema/util/spring-util.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">1.2.9、实验八：p命名空间
引入p命名空间
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w1.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:util="http://www.springframework.org/schema/util"
xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/util
http://www.springframework.org/schema/util/spring-util.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">引入p命名空间后，可以通过以下方式为bean的各个属性赋值
<bean id="studentSix" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean.Student"
p:id="1006" p:name="小明" p:clazz-ref="clazzOne" p:teacherMap-ref="teacherMap"></bean>1.2.10、实验九：引入外部属性文件
①加入依赖
<!-- MySQL驱动 -->
<dependency>
<groupId>mysql</groupId>
<artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
<version>8.0.1.</version>
</dependency>
<!-- 数据源 -->
<dependency>
<groupId>com.alibaba</groupId>
<artifactId>druid</artifactId>
<version>1.2.15</version>
</dependency>②创建外部属性文件
jdbc.user=root
jdbc.password=javaxiaobear
jdbc.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost:1.06/ssm?serverTimezone=UTC
jdbc.driver=com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver③引入属性文件
引入context 名称空间
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w1.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd">
</beans><!-- 引入外部属性文件 -->
<context:property-placeholder location="classpath:jdbc.properties"/>注意：在使用 context:property-placeholder 元素加载外包配置文件功能前，首先需要在 XML 配置的一级标签 中添加 context 相关的约束。
④配置bean
<bean id="druidDataSource" class="com.alibaba.druid.pool.DruidDataSource">
<property name="url" value="${jdbc.url}"/>
<property name="driverClassName" value="${jdbc.driver}"/>
<property name="username" value="${jdbc.user}"/>
<property name="password" value="${jdbc.password}"/>
</bean>⑤测试
@Test
public void testDataSource() throws SQLException {
ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-datasource.xml");
DataSource dataSource = ac.getBean(DataSource.class);
Connection connection = dataSource.getConnection();
System.out.println(connection);
}1.2.11、实验十：bean的作用域
①概念
在Spring中可以通过配置bean标签的scope属性来指定bean的作用域范围，各取值含义参加下表：
取值 | 含义 | 创建对象的时机 |
singleton（默认） | 在IOC容器中，这个bean的对象始终为单实例 | IOC容器初始化时 |
prototype | 这个bean在IOC容器中有多个实例 | 获取bean时 |
如果是在WebApplicationContext环境下还会有另外几个作用域（但不常用）：
取值 | 含义 |
request | 在一个请求范围内有效 |
session | 在一个会话范围内有效 |
②创建类User
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean;
public class User {
private Integer id;
private String username;
private String password;
private Integer age;
public User() {
}
public User(Integer id, String username, String password, Integer age) {
this.id = id;
this.username = username;
this.password = password;
this.age = age;
}
public Integer getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId(Integer id) {
this.id = id;
}
public String getUsername() {
return username;
}
public void setUsername(String username) {
this.username = username;
}
public String getPassword() {
return password;
}
public void setPassword(String password) {
this.password = password;
}
public Integer getAge() {
return age;
}
public void setAge(Integer age) {
this.age = age;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "User{" +
"id=" + id +
", username='" + username + '\'' +
", password='" + password + '\'' +
", age=" + age +
'}';
}
}③配置bean
<!-- scope属性：取值singleton（默认值），bean在IOC容器中只有一个实例，IOC容器初始化时创建对象 -->
<!-- scope属性：取值prototype，bean在IOC容器中可以有多个实例，getBean()时创建对象 -->
<bean class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean.User" scope="prototype"></bean>④测试
@Test
public void testBeanScope(){
ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-scope.xml");
User user1 = ac.getBean(User.class);
User user2 = ac.getBean(User.class);
System.out.println(user1==user2);
}1.2.12、实验十一：bean生命周期
①具体的生命周期过程
- bean对象创建（调用无参构造器）
- 给bean对象设置属性
- bean的后置处理器（初始化之前）
- bean对象初始化（需在配置bean时指定初始化方法）
- bean的后置处理器（初始化之后）
- bean对象就绪可以使用
- bean对象销毁（需在配置bean时指定销毁方法）
- IOC容器关闭
②修改类User
public class User {
private Integer id;
private String username;
private String password;
private Integer age;
public User() {
System.out.println("生命周期：1、创建对象");
}
public User(Integer id, String username, String password, Integer age) {
this.id = id;
this.username = username;
this.password = password;
this.age = age;
}
public Integer getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId(Integer id) {
System.out.println("生命周期：2、依赖注入");
this.id = id;
}
public String getUsername() {
return username;
}
public void setUsername(String username) {
this.username = username;
}
public String getPassword() {
return password;
}
public void setPassword(String password) {
this.password = password;
}
public Integer getAge() {
return age;
}
public void setAge(Integer age) {
this.age = age;
}
public void initMethod(){
System.out.println("生命周期：1.初始化");
}
public void destroyMethod(){
System.out.println("生命周期：5、销毁");
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "User{" +
"id=" + id +
", username='" + username + '\'' +
", password='" + password + '\'' +
", age=" + age +
'}';
}
}注意其中的initMethod()和destroyMethod()，可以通过配置bean指定为初始化和销毁的方法
③配置bean
<!-- 使用init-method属性指定初始化方法 -->
<!-- 使用destroy-method属性指定销毁方法 -->
<bean class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean.User" scope="prototype" init-method="initMethod" destroy-method="destroyMethod">
<property name="id" value="1001"></property>
<property name="username" value="admin"></property>
<property name="password" value="121.56"></property>
<property name="age" value="21.></property>
</bean>④测试
@Test
public void testLife(){
ClassPathXmlApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-lifecycle.xml");
User bean = ac.getBean(User.class);
System.out.println("生命周期：4、通过IOC容器获取bean并使用");
ac.close();
}⑤bean的后置处理器
bean的后置处理器会在生命周期的初始化前后添加额外的操作，需要实现BeanPostProcessor接口，且配置到IOC容器中，需要注意的是，bean后置处理器不是单独针对某一个bean生效，而是针对IOC容器中所有bean都会执行
创建bean的后置处理器：
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.process;
import org.springframework.beans.BeansException;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.config.BeanPostProcessor;
public class MyBeanProcessor implements BeanPostProcessor {
@Override
public Object postProcessBeforeInitialization(Object bean, String beanName) throws BeansException {
System.out.println("☆☆☆" + beanName + " = " + bean);
return bean;
}
@Override
public Object postProcessAfterInitialization(Object bean, String beanName) throws BeansException {
System.out.println("★★★" + beanName + " = " + bean);
return bean;
}
}在IOC容器中配置后置处理器：
<!-- bean的后置处理器要放入IOC容器才能生效 -->
<bean id="myBeanProcessor" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.process.MyBeanProcessor"/>1.2.11.实验十二：FactoryBean
①简介
FactoryBean是Spring提供的一种整合第三方框架的常用机制。和普通的bean不同，配置一个FactoryBean类型的bean，在获取bean的时候得到的并不是class属性中配置的这个类的对象，而是getObject()方法的返回值。通过这种机制，Spring可以帮我们把复杂组件创建的详细过程和繁琐细节都屏蔽起来，只把最简洁的使用界面展示给我们。
将来我们整合Mybatis时，Spring就是通过FactoryBean机制来帮我们创建SqlSessionFactory对象的。
/*
* Copyright 2002-2020 the original author or authors.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.springframework.beans.factory;
import org.springframework.lang.Nullable;
/**
* Interface to be implemented by objects used within a {@link BeanFactory} which
* are themselves factories for individual objects. If a bean implements this
* interface, it is used as a factory for an object to expose, not directly as a
* bean instance that will be exposed itself.
*
* <p><b>NB: A bean that implements this interface cannot be used as a normal bean.</b>
* A FactoryBean is defined in a bean style, but the object exposed for bean
* references ({@link #getObject()}) is always the object that it creates.
*
* <p>FactoryBeans can support singletons and prototypes, and can either create
* objects lazily on demand or eagerly on startup. The {@link SmartFactoryBean}
* interface allows for exposing more fine-grained behavioral metadata.
*
* <p>This interface is heavily used within the framework itself, for example for
* the AOP {@link org.springframework.aop.framework.ProxyFactoryBean} or the
* {@link org.springframework.jndi.JndiObjectFactoryBean}. It can be used for
* custom components as well; however, this is only common for infrastructure code.
*
* <p><b>{@code FactoryBean} is a programmatic contract. Implementations are not
* supposed to rely on annotation-driven injection or other reflective facilities.</b>
* {@link #getObjectType()} {@link #getObject()} invocations may arrive early in the
* bootstrap process, even ahead of any post-processor setup. If you need access to
* other beans, implement {@link BeanFactoryAware} and obtain them programmatically.
*
* <p><b>The container is only responsible for managing the lifecycle of the FactoryBean
* instance, not the lifecycle of the objects created by the FactoryBean.</b> Therefore,
* a destroy method on an exposed bean object (such as {@link java.io.Closeable#close()}
* will <i>not</i> be called automatically. Instead, a FactoryBean should implement
* {@link DisposableBean} and delegate any such close call to the underlying object.
*
* <p>Finally, FactoryBean objects participate in the containing BeanFactory's
* synchronization of bean creation. There is usually no need for internal
* synchronization other than for purposes of lazy initialization within the
* FactoryBean itself (or the like).
*
* @author Rod Johnson
* @author Juergen Hoeller
* @since 08.01.2003
* @param <T> the bean type
* @see org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanFactory
* @see org.springframework.aop.framework.ProxyFactoryBean
* @see org.springframework.jndi.JndiObjectFactoryBean
*/
public interface FactoryBean<T> {
/**
* The name of an attribute that can be
* {@link org.springframework.core.AttributeAccessor#setAttribute set} on a
* {@link org.springframework.beans.factory.config.BeanDefinition} so that
* factory beans can signal their object type when it can't be deduced from
* the factory bean class.
* @since 5.2
*/
String OBJECT_TYPE_ATTRIBUTE = "factoryBeanObjectType";
/**
* Return an instance (possibly shared or independent) of the object
* managed by this factory.
* <p>As with a {@link BeanFactory}, this allows support for both the
* Singleton and Prototype design pattern.
* <p>If this FactoryBean is not fully initialized yet at the time of
* the call (for example because it is involved in a circular reference),
* throw a corresponding {@link FactoryBeanNotInitializedException}.
* <p>As of Spring 2.0, FactoryBeans are allowed to return {@code null}
* objects. The factory will consider this as normal value to be used; it
* will not throw a FactoryBeanNotInitializedException in this case anymore.
* FactoryBean implementations are encouraged to throw
* FactoryBeanNotInitializedException themselves now, as appropriate.
* @return an instance of the bean (can be {@code null})
* @throws Exception in case of creation errors
* @see FactoryBeanNotInitializedException
*/
@Nullable
T getObject() throws Exception;
/**
* Return the type of object that this FactoryBean creates,
* or {@code null} if not known in advance.
* <p>This allows one to check for specific types of beans without
* instantiating objects, for example on autowiring.
* <p>In the case of implementations that are creating a singleton object,
* this method should try to avoid singleton creation as far as possible;
* it should rather estimate the type in advance.
* For prototypes, returning a meaningful type here is advisable too.
* <p>This method can be called <i>before</i> this FactoryBean has
* been fully initialized. It must not rely on state created during
* initialization; of course, it can still use such state if available.
* <p><b>NOTE:</b> Autowiring will simply ignore FactoryBeans that return
* {@code null} here. Therefore it is highly recommended to implement
* this method properly, using the current state of the FactoryBean.
* @return the type of object that this FactoryBean creates,
* or {@code null} if not known at the time of the call
* @see ListableBeanFactory#getBeansOfType
*/
@Nullable
Class<?> getObjectType();
/**
* Is the object managed by this factory a singleton? That is,
* will {@link #getObject()} always return the same object
* (a reference that can be cached)?
* <p><b>NOTE:</b> If a FactoryBean indicates to hold a singleton object,
* the object returned from {@code getObject()} might get cached
* by the owning BeanFactory. Hence, do not return {@code true}
* unless the FactoryBean always exposes the same reference.
* <p>The singleton status of the FactoryBean itself will generally
* be provided by the owning BeanFactory; usually, it has to be
* defined as singleton there.
* <p><b>NOTE:</b> This method returning {@code false} does not
* necessarily indicate that returned objects are independent instances.
* An implementation of the extended {@link SmartFactoryBean} interface
* may explicitly indicate independent instances through its
* {@link SmartFactoryBean#isPrototype()} method. Plain {@link FactoryBean}
* implementations which do not implement this extended interface are
* simply assumed to always return independent instances if the
* {@code isSingleton()} implementation returns {@code false}.
* <p>The default implementation returns {@code true}, since a
* {@code FactoryBean} typically manages a singleton instance.
* @return whether the exposed object is a singleton
* @see #getObject()
* @see SmartFactoryBean#isPrototype()
*/
default boolean isSingleton() {
return true;
}
}②创建类UserFactoryBean
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean;
public class UserFactoryBean implements FactoryBean<User> {
@Override
public User getObject() throws Exception {
return new User();
}
@Override
public Class<?> getObjectType() {
return User.class;
}
}③配置bean
<bean id="user" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean.UserFactoryBean"></bean>④测试
@Test
public void testUserFactoryBean(){
//获取IOC容器
ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-factorybean.xml");
User user = (User) ac.getBean("user");
System.out.println(user);
}1.2.14、实验十三：基于xml自动装配
自动装配：
根据指定的策略，在IOC容器中匹配某一个bean，自动为指定的bean中所依赖的类类型或接口类型属性赋值
①场景模拟
创建类UserController
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.autowire.controller
public class UserController {
private UserService userService;
public void setUserService(UserService userService) {
this.userService = userService;
}
public void saveUser(){
userService.saveUser();
}
}创建接口UserService
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.autowire.service
public interface UserService {
void saveUser();
}创建类UserServiceImpl实现接口UserService
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.autowire.service.impl
public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {
private UserDao userDao;
public void setUserDao(UserDao userDao) {
this.userDao = userDao;
}
@Override
public void saveUser() {
userDao.saveUser();
}
}创建接口UserDao
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.autowire.dao
public interface UserDao {
void saveUser();
}创建类UserDaoImpl实现接口UserDao
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.autowire.dao.impl
public class UserDaoImpl implements UserDao {
@Override
public void saveUser() {
System.out.println("保存成功");
}
}②配置bean
使用bean标签的autowire属性设置自动装配效果
自动装配方式：byType
byType：根据类型匹配IOC容器中的某个兼容类型的bean，为属性自动赋值
若在IOC中，没有任何一个兼容类型的bean能够为属性赋值，则该属性不装配，即值为默认值null
若在IOC中，有多个兼容类型的bean能够为属性赋值，则抛出异常NoUniqueBeanDefinitionException
<bean id="userController" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.autowire.controller.UserController" autowire="byType"></bean>
<bean id="userService" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.autowire.service.impl.UserServiceImpl" autowire="byType"></bean>
<bean id="userDao" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.autowire.dao.impl.UserDaoImpl"></bean>自动装配方式：byName
byName：将自动装配的属性的属性名，作为bean的id在IOC容器中匹配相对应的bean进行赋值
<bean id="userController" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.autowire.controller.UserController" autowire="byName"></bean>
<bean id="userService" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.autowire.service.impl.UserServiceImpl" autowire="byName"></bean>
<bean id="userServiceImpl" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.autowire.service.impl.UserServiceImpl" autowire="byName"></bean>
<bean id="userDao" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.autowire.dao.impl.UserDaoImpl"></bean>
<bean id="userDaoImpl" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.autowire.dao.impl.UserDaoImpl"></bean>③测试
@Test
public void testAutoWireByXML(){
ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("autowire-xml.xml");
UserController userController = ac.getBean(UserController.class);
userController.saveUser();
}1.1.基于注解管理Bean（☆）
从 Java 5 开始，Java 增加了对注解（Annotation）的支持，它是代码中的一种特殊标记，可以在编译、类加载和运行时被读取，执行相应的处理。开发人员可以通过注解在不改变原有代码和逻辑的情况下，在源代码中嵌入补充信息。
Spring 从 2.5 版本开始提供了对注解技术的全面支持，我们可以使用注解来实现自动装配，简化 Spring 的 XML 配置。
Spring 通过注解实现自动装配的步骤如下：
- 引入依赖
- 开启组件扫描
- 使用注解定义 Bean
- 依赖注入
1.1.1、搭建子模块spring6-ioc-annotation
①搭建模块
搭建方式如：spring6-ioc-xml
②引入配置文件
引入spring-ioc-xml模块日志log4j2.xml
③添加依赖
<dependencies>
<!--spring context依赖-->
<!--当你引入Spring Context依赖之后，表示将Spring的基础依赖引入了-->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-context</artifactId>
<version>6.0.1./version>
</dependency>
<!--junit5测试-->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.junit.jupiter</groupId>
<artifactId>junit-jupiter-api</artifactId>
</dependency>
<!--log4j2的依赖-->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.logging.log4j</groupId>
<artifactId>log4j-core</artifactId>
<version>2.19.0</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.logging.log4j</groupId>
<artifactId>log4j-slf4j2-impl</artifactId>
<version>2.19.0</version>
</dependency>
</dependencies>1.1.2、开启组件扫描
Spring 默认不使用注解装配 Bean，因此我们需要在 Spring 的 XML 配置中，通过 context:component-scan 元素开启 Spring Beans的自动扫描功能。开启此功能后，Spring 会自动从扫描指定的包（base-package 属性设置）及其子包下的所有类，如果类上使用了 @Component 注解，就将该类装配到容器中。
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w1.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-1.0.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd">
<!--开启组件扫描功能-->
<context:component-scan base-package="com.javaxiaobear.spring6"></context:component-scan>
</beans>注意：在使用 context:component-scan 元素开启自动扫描功能前，首先需要在 XML 配置的一级标签 中添加 context 相关的约束。
情况一：最基本的扫描方式
<context:component-scan base-package="com.javaxiaobear.spring6">
</context:component-scan>情况二：指定要排除的组件
<context:component-scan base-package="com.javaxiaobear.spring6">
<!-- context:exclude-filter标签：指定排除规则 -->
<!--
type：设置排除或包含的依据
type="annotation"，根据注解排除，expression中设置要排除的注解的全类名
type="assignable"，根据类型排除，expression中设置要排除的类型的全类名
-->
<context:exclude-filter type="annotation" expression="org.springframework.stereotype.Controller"/>
<!--<context:exclude-filter type="assignable" expression="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.controller.UserController"/>-->
</context:component-scan>情况三：仅扫描指定组件
<context:component-scan base-package="com.javaxiaobear" use-default-filters="false">
<!-- context:include-filter标签：指定在原有扫描规则的基础上追加的规则 -->
<!-- use-default-filters属性：取值false表示关闭默认扫描规则 -->
<!-- 此时必须设置use-default-filters="false"，因为默认规则即扫描指定包下所有类 -->
<!--
type：设置排除或包含的依据
type="annotation"，根据注解排除，expression中设置要排除的注解的全类名
type="assignable"，根据类型排除，expression中设置要排除的类型的全类名
-->
<context:include-filter type="annotation" expression="org.springframework.stereotype.Controller"/>
<!--<context:include-filter type="assignable" expression="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.controller.UserController"/>-->
</context:component-scan>1.1.1.使用注解定义 Bean
Spring 提供了以下多个注解，这些注解可以直接标注在 Java 类上，将它们定义成 Spring Bean。
注解 | 说明 |
@Component | 该注解用于描述 Spring 中的 Bean，它是一个泛化的概念，仅仅表示容器中的一个组件（Bean），并且可以作用在应用的任何层次，例如 Service 层、Dao 层等。 使用时只需将该注解标注在相应类上即可。 |
@Repository | 该注解用于将数据访问层（Dao 层）的类标识为 Spring 中的 Bean，其功能与 @Component 相同。 |
@Service | 该注解通常作用在业务层（Service 层），用于将业务层的类标识为 Spring 中的 Bean，其功能与 @Component 相同。 |
@Controller | 该注解通常作用在控制层（如SpringMVC 的 Controller），用于将控制层的类标识为 Spring 中的 Bean，其功能与 @Component 相同。 |
1.1.4、实验一：@Autowired注入
单独使用@Autowired注解，默认根据类型装配。【默认是byType】
查看源码：
package org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation;
import java.lang.annotation.Documented;
import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;
@Target({ElementType.CONSTRUCTOR, ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.PARAMETER, ElementType.FIELD, ElementType.ANNOTATION_TYPE})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
public @interface Autowired {
boolean required() default true;
}源码中有两处需要注意：
- 第一处：该注解可以标注在哪里？
- 构造方法上
- 方法上
- 形参上
- 属性上
- 注解上
- 第二处：该注解有一个required属性，默认值是true，表示在注入的时候要求被注入的Bean必须是存在的，如果不存在则报错。如果required属性设置为false，表示注入的Bean存在或者不存在都没关系，存在的话就注入，不存在的话，也不报错。
①场景一：属性注入
创建UserDao接口
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.dao;
public interface UserDao {
public void print();
}创建UserDaoImpl实现
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.dao.impl;
import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.dao.UserDao;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;
@Repository
public class UserDaoImpl implements UserDao {
@Override
public void print() {
System.out.println("Dao层执行结束");
}
}创建UserService接口
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.service;
public interface UserService {
public void out();
}创建UserServiceImpl实现类
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.service.impl;
import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.dao.UserDao;
import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.service.UserService;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
@Service
public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {
@Autowired
private UserDao userDao;
@Override
public void out() {
userDao.print();
System.out.println("Service层执行结束");
}
}创建UserController类
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.controller;
import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.service.UserService;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
@Controller
public class UserController {
@Autowired
private UserService userService;
public void out() {
userService.out();
System.out.println("Controller层执行结束。");
}
}测试一
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean;
import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.controller.UserController;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;
public class UserTest {
private Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(UserTest.class);
@Test
public void testAnnotation(){
ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("Beans.xml");
UserController userController = context.getBean("userController", UserController.class);
userController.out();
logger.info("执行成功");
}
}测试结果：
以上构造方法和setter方法都没有提供，经过测试，仍然可以注入成功。
②场景二：set注入
修改UserServiceImpl类
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.service.impl;
import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.dao.UserDao;
import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.service.UserService;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
@Service
public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {
private UserDao userDao;
@Autowired
public void setUserDao(UserDao userDao) {
this.userDao = userDao;
}
@Override
public void out() {
userDao.print();
System.out.println("Service层执行结束");
}
}修改UserController类
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.controller;
import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.service.UserService;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
@Controller
public class UserController {
private UserService userService;
@Autowired
public void setUserService(UserService userService) {
this.userService = userService;
}
public void out() {
userService.out();
System.out.println("Controller层执行结束。");
}
}测试：成功调用
③场景三：构造方法注入
修改UserServiceImpl类
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.service.impl;
import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.dao.UserDao;
import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.service.UserService;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
@Service
public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {
private UserDao userDao;
@Autowired
public UserServiceImpl(UserDao userDao) {
this.userDao = userDao;
}
@Override
public void out() {
userDao.print();
System.out.println("Service层执行结束");
}
}修改UserController类
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.controller;
import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.service.UserService;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
@Controller
public class UserController {
private UserService userService;
@Autowired
public UserController(UserService userService) {
this.userService = userService;
}
public void out() {
userService.out();
System.out.println("Controller层执行结束。");
}
}测试：成功调用
④场景四：形参上注入
修改UserServiceImpl类
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.service.impl;
import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.dao.UserDao;
import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.service.UserService;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
@Service
public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {
private UserDao userDao;
public UserServiceImpl(@Autowired UserDao userDao) {
this.userDao = userDao;
}
@Override
public void out() {
userDao.print();
System.out.println("Service层执行结束");
}
}修改UserController类
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.controller;
import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.service.UserService;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
@Controller
public class UserController {
private UserService userService;
public UserController(@Autowired UserService userService) {
this.userService = userService;
}
public void out() {
userService.out();
System.out.println("Controller层执行结束。");
}
}测试：成功调用
⑤场景五：只有一个构造函数，无注解
修改UserServiceImpl类
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.service.impl;
import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.dao.UserDao;
import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.service.UserService;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
@Service
public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {
@Autowired
private UserDao userDao;
public UserServiceImpl(UserDao userDao) {
this.userDao = userDao;
}
@Override
public void out() {
userDao.print();
System.out.println("Service层执行结束");
}
}测试通过
当有参数的构造方法只有一个时，@Autowired注解可以省略。
说明：有多个构造方法时呢？大家可以测试（再添加一个无参构造函数），测试报错
⑥场景六：@Autowired注解和@Qualifier注解联合
添加dao层实现
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.dao.impl;
import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.dao.UserDao;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;
@Repository
public class UserDaoRedisImpl implements UserDao {
@Override
public void print() {
System.out.println("Redis Dao层执行结束");
}
}测试：测试异常
错误信息中说：不能装配，UserDao这个Bean的数量等于2
怎么解决这个问题呢？当然要byName，根据名称进行装配了。
修改UserServiceImpl类
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.service.impl;
import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.dao.UserDao;
import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.service.UserService;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
@Service
public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {
@Autowired
@Qualifier("userDaoImpl") // 指定bean的名字
private UserDao userDao;
@Override
public void out() {
userDao.print();
System.out.println("Service层执行结束");
}
}总结
- @Autowired注解可以出现在：属性上、构造方法上、构造方法的参数上、setter方法上。
- 当带参数的构造方法只有一个，@Autowired注解可以省略。（）
- @Autowired注解默认根据类型注入。如果要根据名称注入的话，需要配合@Qualifier注解一起使用。
1.1.5、实验二：@Resource注入
@Resource注解也可以完成属性注入。那它和@Autowired注解有什么区别？
- @Resource注解是JDK扩展包中的，也就是说属于JDK的一部分。所以该注解是标准注解，更加具有通用性。(JSR-250标准中制定的注解类型。JSR是Java规范提案。)
- @Autowired注解是Spring框架自己的。
- @Resource注解默认根据名称装配byName，未指定name时，使用属性名作为name。通过name找不到的话会自动启动通过类型byType装配。
- @Autowired注解默认根据类型装配byType，如果想根据名称装配，需要配合@Qualifier注解一起用。
- @Resource注解用在属性上、setter方法上。
- @Autowired注解用在属性上、setter方法上、构造方法上、构造方法参数上。
@Resource注解属于JDK扩展包，所以不在JDK当中，需要额外引入以下依赖：【如果是JDK8的话不需要额外引入依赖。高于JDK11或低于JDK8需要引入以下依赖。】
<dependency>
<groupId>jakarta.annotation</groupId>
<artifactId>jakarta.annotation-api</artifactId>
<version>2.1.1</version>
</dependency>源码：
package jakarta.annotation;
import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Repeatable;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;
@Target({ElementType.TYPE, ElementType.FIELD, ElementType.METHOD})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Repeatable(Resources.class)
public @interface Resource {
String name() default "";
String lookup() default "";
Class<?> type() default Object.class;
Resource.AuthenticationType authenticationType() default Resource.AuthenticationType.CONTAINER;
boolean shareable() default true;
String mappedName() default "";
String description() default "";
public static enum AuthenticationType {
CONTAINER,
APPLICATION;
private AuthenticationType() {
}
}
}①场景一：根据name注入
修改UserDaoImpl类
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.dao.impl;
import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.dao.UserDao;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;
@Repository("myUserDao")
public class UserDaoImpl implements UserDao {
@Override
public void print() {
System.out.println("Dao层执行结束");
}
}修改UserServiceImpl类
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.service.impl;
import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.dao.UserDao;
import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.service.UserService;
import jakarta.annotation.Resource;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
@Service
public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {
@Resource(name = "myUserDao")
private UserDao myUserDao;
@Override
public void out() {
myUserDao.print();
System.out.println("Service层执行结束");
}
}测试通过
②场景二：name未知注入
修改UserDaoImpl类
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.dao.impl;
import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.dao.UserDao;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;
@Repository("myUserDao")
public class UserDaoImpl implements UserDao {
@Override
public void print() {
System.out.println("Dao层执行结束");
}
}修改UserServiceImpl类
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.service.impl;
import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.dao.UserDao;
import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.service.UserService;
import jakarta.annotation.Resource;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
@Service
public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {
@Resource
private UserDao myUserDao;
@Override
public void out() {
myUserDao.print();
System.out.println("Service层执行结束");
}
}测试通过
当@Resource注解使用时没有指定name的时候，还是根据name进行查找，这个name是属性名。
③场景三 其他情况
修改UserServiceImpl类，userDao1属性名不存在
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.service.impl;
import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.dao.UserDao;
import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.service.UserService;
import jakarta.annotation.Resource;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
@Service
public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {
@Resource
private UserDao userDao1;
@Override
public void out() {
userDao1.print();
System.out.println("Service层执行结束");
}
}测试异常
根据异常信息得知：显然当通过name找不到的时候，自然会启动byType进行注入，以上的错误是因为UserDao接口下有两个实现类导致的。所以根据类型注入就会报错。
@Resource的set注入可以自行测试
总结：
@Resource注解：默认byName注入，没有指定name时把属性名当做name，根据name找不到时，才会byType注入。byType注入时，某种类型的Bean只能有一个
1.1.6、Spring全注解开发
全注解开发就是不再使用spring配置文件了，写一个配置类来代替配置文件。
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.config;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
@Configuration
//@ComponentScan({"com.javaxiaobear.spring6.controller", "com.javaxiaobear.spring6.service","com.javaxiaobear.spring6.dao"})
@ComponentScan("com.javaxiaobear.spring6")
public class Spring6Config {
}测试类
@Test
public void testAllAnnotation(){
ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(Spring6Config.class);
UserController userController = context.getBean("userController", UserController.class);
userController.out();
logger.info("执行成功");
}好了，本文就到这里了！如果觉得内容不错的话，希望大家可以帮忙点赞转发一波，这是对我最大的鼓励，感谢🙏🏻
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