/**
* Here we have a class with a primary constructor and a member function.
* Note that there's no `new` keyword used to create an object.
* See http://kotlinlang.org/docs/reference/classes.html#classes
*/

class Greeter(val name: String) {
fun greet() {
println("Hello, ${name}");
}
}

fun main(args: Array<String>) {
Greeter(args[0]).greet()
}

构造函数传参

/**
* This example introduces a concept that we call destructuring declarations.
* It creates multiple variable at once. Anything can be on the right-hand
* side of a destructuring declaration, as long as the required number of component
* functions can be called on it.
* See http://kotlinlang.org/docs/reference/multi-declarations.html#multi-declarations
*/

fun main(args: Array<String>) {
val pair = Pair(1, "one")

val (num, name) = pair

println("num = $num, name = $name")

val triple = Triple(10,"B",10.0)
val (a,b,c) = triple
println("a=$a, b=$b, c=$c")
}

class Pair<K, V>(val first: K, val second: V) {
operator fun component1(): K {
return first
}

operator fun component2(): V {
return second
}
}

class Triple<K,V,T>(val first: K,val second:V,val third:T){
operator fun component1():K{return first}
operator fun component2():V{return second}
operator fun component3():T{return third}
}



运行结果:

num = 1, name = one
a=10, b=B, c=10.0

Data Class

We frequently create a class to do nothing but hold data. In such a class some standard functionality is often mechanically derivable from the data. In Kotlin, this is called a data class and is marked as data

data class User(val name: String, val age: Int)

The compiler automatically derives the following members from all properties declared in the primary constructor:

  • equals()/ hashCode() pair
  • toString() of the form "User(name=John, age=42)",
  • ​componentN() functions​​ corresponding to the properties in their order of declaration,
  • copy() function
/**
* Data class gets component functions, one for each property declared
* in the primary constructor, generated automatically, same for all the
* other goodies common for data: toString(), equals(), hashCode() and copy().
* See http://kotlinlang.org/docs/reference/data-classes.html#data-classes
*/

data class User(val name: String, val id: Int)

fun getUser(): User {
return User("Alex", 1)
}

fun main(args: Array<String>) {
val user = getUser()
println("name = ${user.name}, id = ${user.id}")

// or

val (name, id) = getUser()
println("name = $name, id = $id")

// or

println("name = ${getUser().component1()}, id = ${getUser().component2()}")
}

定义接口&实现之

package ch04.ex1_1_1_InterfacesInKotlin

interface Clickable {
fun click()
}
class Button : Clickable {
override fun click() = println("I was clicked")
}

fun main(args: Array<String>) {
Button().click()
}

写pojo bean

package jason.chen.mini_springboot.restful.entity

import java.util.*
import javax.persistence.Entity
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue
import javax.persistence.GenerationType
import javax.persistence.Id

@Entity
class Customer(
val firstName: String,
val lastName: String,
val gmtCreated: Date,
val gmtModified: Date,
val isDeleted: Int, //1 Yes 0 No
val deletedDate:Date,
@Id @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.AUTO)
val id: Long = -1) {
override fun toString(): String {
return "Customer(firstName='$firstName', lastName='$lastName', gmtCreated=$gmtCreated, gmtModified=$gmtModified, isDeleted=$isDeleted, deletedDate=$deletedDate, id=$id)"
}
}




data class Shop(val name: String, val customers: List<Customer>)

data class Customer(val name: String, val city: City, val orders: List<Order>) {
override fun toString() = "$name from ${city.name}"
}

data class Order(val products: List<Product>, val isDelivered: Boolean)

data class Product(val name: String, val price: Double) {
override fun toString() = "'$name' for $price"
}

data class City(val name: String) {
override fun toString() = name
}


定一个Rectangle对象

package geometry.shapes

import java.util.Random

class Rectangle(val height: Int, val width: Int) {
val isSquare: Boolean
get() = height == width
}

fun createRandomRectangle(): Rectangle {
val random = Random()
return Rectangle(random.nextInt(), random.nextInt())
}

封装个日期工具类

package jason.chen.mini_springboot.restful.utils

import java.text.SimpleDateFormat
import java.util.*

/**
* Created by jack on 2017/3/11.
* @author jack
* @date 2017/03/11
*
* val date = Date()
date + 1 //后一天
date - 1 //前一天
date + Month(2) //后2月
date - Year(3) //前3年
date++ //本月的最后一天
date-- //本月的第一天
取年月日时分秒 date[0] date[1] date[2] 。。。

//日期比较
if( date1 > date2){

}

*/


enum class DateOptUnit {
YEAR,MONTH,DATE;
fun parseType():Int{
var value = Calendar.DATE
when(this){
YEAR -> value = Calendar.DATE
MONTH -> value = Calendar.MONTH
DATE -> value = Calendar.DATE
}
return value
}
}

data class DateOperator(val unit :DateOptUnit,val value: Int)

fun Any.year(value:Int):DateOperator {
return DateOperator(DateOptUnit.YEAR,value)
}

fun Any.month(value:Int):DateOperator {
return DateOperator(DateOptUnit.MONTH,value)
}

fun Any.day(value:Int):DateOperator {
return DateOperator(DateOptUnit.DATE,value)
}

/**
* date+1
* 往后的几天
*/
operator fun Date.plus(nextVal:Int):Date{
val calendar = GregorianCalendar()
calendar.time = this
calendar.add(Calendar.DATE, nextVal)
return calendar.time
}

/**
* date-1
*/
operator fun Date.minus(nextVal:Int):Date{
val calendar = GregorianCalendar()
calendar.time = this
calendar.add(Calendar.DATE, nextVal*-1)
return calendar.time
}

/**
* date+year(3)
* 往后的几天
*/
operator fun Date.plus(nextVal:DateOperator):Date{
val calendar = GregorianCalendar()
calendar.time = this
calendar.add(nextVal.unit.parseType(), nextVal.value)
return calendar.time
}

/**
* date-month(4)
*/
operator fun Date.minus(nextVal:DateOperator):Date{
val calendar = GregorianCalendar()
calendar.time = this
calendar.add(nextVal.unit.parseType(), nextVal.value*-1)
return calendar.time
}

/**
* 得到月末
*/
operator fun Date.inc():Date {
val calendar = GregorianCalendar()
calendar.time = this
calendar.add(Calendar.MONTH, 1);
calendar.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 0);
return calendar.time
}

/**
* 得到月初
*/
operator fun Date.dec():Date {
val calendar = GregorianCalendar()
calendar.time = this
calendar.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 1)
return calendar.time
}

/**
* 取 年月日时分秒 0 - 5
* 例如 2015-12-21 22:15:56
* date[0]:2015 date[1]:12 date[2]:21
*/
operator fun Date.get(position:Int):Int {
val calendar = GregorianCalendar()
calendar.time = this
var value = 0
when(position) {
0 -> value = calendar.get(Calendar.YEAR)
1 -> value = calendar.get(Calendar.MONTH)+1
2 -> value = calendar.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH)
3 -> value = calendar.get(Calendar.HOUR)
4 -> value = calendar.get(Calendar.MINUTE)
5 -> value = calendar.get(Calendar.SECOND)
}
return value
}

/**
* 比较2个日期
* if(date1 > date2) {
* }
*/

operator fun Date.compareTo(compareDate : Date):Int {
return (time - compareDate.time).toInt()
}

/**
* 日期转化为字符串
*/
fun Date.stringFormat(formatType:String):String{
return SimpleDateFormat(formatType).format(this)
}


示例代码1

/**
* This example introduces a concept that we call destructuring declarations.
* It creates multiple variable at once. Anything can be on the right-hand
* side of a destructuring declaration, as long as the required number of component
* functions can be called on it.
* See http://kotlinlang.org/docs/reference/multi-declarations.html#multi-declarations
*/

fun main(args: Array<String>) {
val pair = Pair(1, "one")

val (num, name) = pair

println("num = $num, name = $name")
}

class Pair<K, V>(val first: K, val second: V) {
operator fun component1(): K {
return first
}

operator fun component2(): V {
return second
}
}

示例代码2


/**
* Data class gets component functions, one for each property declared
* in the primary constructor, generated automatically, same for all the
* other goodies common for data: toString(), equals(), hashCode() and copy().
* See http://kotlinlang.org/docs/reference/data-classes.html#data-classes
*/

data class User(val name: String, val id: Int)

fun getUser(): User {
return User("Alex", 1)
}

fun main(args: Array<String>) {
val user = getUser()
println("name = ${user.name}, id = ${user.id}")

// or

val (name, id) = getUser()
println("name = $name, id = $id")

// or

println("name = ${getUser().component1()}, id = ${getUser().component2()}")
}

类和继承

类声明Kotlin使用关键字*class *{:.keyword}

class Invoice {
}

这个类声明被花括号包围,包括类名、类头(指定其类型参数,主构造函数等)和这个类的主干。类头和主干都是可选的;
如果这个类没有主干,花括号可以被省略。

class Empty

构造

在Kotlin中的类可以有主构造函数和一个或多个二级构造函数。主构造函数是类头的一部分:它跟在这个类名后面(和可选的类型参数)

class Person constructor(firstName: String) {
}

如果这个主构造函数没有任何注解或者可见的修饰符,这个constructor{: .keyword }关键字可以被省略

class Person(firstName: String) {
}

这个主构造函数不能包含任何的代码。初始化的代码可以被放置在initializer blocks(初始的模块),以init为前缀作为关键字{:.keyword}

class Customer(name: String) {
init {
logger.info("Customer initialized with value ${name}")
}
}

请注意,主构造的参数可以在初始化模块中使用。它们也可以在类体内声明初始化的属性:

class Customer(name: String) {
val customerKey = name.toUpperCase()
}

事实上,声明属性和初始化主构造函数,Kotlin有简洁的语法:

class Person(val firstName: String, val lastName: String, var age: Int) {
// ...
}

与普通属性一样,主构造函数中声明的属性可以是可变的或者是只读的

If the constructor has annotations or visibility modifiers, the constructor{: .keyword } keyword is required, and
the modifiers go before it:
如果构造函数有注解或可见性修饰符,这个constructor{: .keyword }需要被关键字修饰。

class Customer public inject constructor(name: String) { ... }

更多请查看​​Visibility Modifiers​

扩展构造函数

类也可以拥有被称为"二级构造函数"(为了实现Kotlin向Java一样拥有多个构造函数),通常被加上前缀"constructor"

class Person {
constructor(parent: Person) {
parent.children.add(this)
}
}

如果类有一个主构造函数,每个二级构造函数需要委托给主构造函数,直接或间接地通过另一个二级函数。
委托到另一个使用同一个类的构造函数用this{: .keyword }关键字

class Person(val name: String) {
constructor(name: String, parent: Person) : this(name) {
parent.children.add(this)
}
}

如果一个非抽象类没有声明任何构造函数(原发性或继发性),这将有一个生成的主构造函数不带参数。构造函数的可见性是public。如果你不希望你的类有一个公共构造函数,你需要声明与非缺省可见一个空的主构造函数:

class DontCreateMe private constructor () {
}

注意在JVM上,如果所有的主构造函数的参数有默认值,编译器会产生一个额外的参数的构造函数,将使用默认值。
这使得更易于使用kotlin与通过参数构造函数创建类的实例,如使用Jackson或JPA库的时候。

​class Customer(val customerName: String = "") ​

{:.info}

创建类的实例

要创建一个类的实例,我们调用构造函数,就好像它是普通的函数:

val invoice = Invoice()

val customer = Customer("Joe Smith")

注意Kotlin不能有“new”关键字

类成员

类可以包括

继承

在Kotlin所有的类中都有一个共同的父类​​Any​​,这是一个默认的父类且没有父类型声明:

class Example // Implicitly inherits from Any

​Any​​​不属于​​java.lang.Object​​​;特别是,它并没有任何其他任何成员,甚至连​​equals()​​​,​​hashCode()​​​和​​toString()​​都没有。

请参阅​​Java的互操作性​​更多的细节部分。

要声明一个明确的父类,我们把类型放到类头冒号之后:

open class Base(p: Int)

class Derived(p: Int) : Base(p)

如上所见,父类可以(并且必须)在声明继承的地方,用原始构造函数初始化。

如果类没有主构造,那么每个次级构造函数初始化基本类型
使用super{:.keyword}关键字,或委托给另一个构造函数做到这一点。
注意,在这种情况下,不同的二级构造函数可以调用基类型的不同的构造:

class MyView : View {
constructor(ctx: Context) : super(ctx) {
}

constructor(ctx: Context, attrs: AttributeSet) : super(ctx, attrs) {
}
}

父类上的open{:.keyword}标注可以理解为Java中final{:.keyword}的反面,它允许其他他类
从这个类中继承。默认情况下,在Kotlin所有的类都是final,
对应于 ​​​Effective Java​​ 书中的17条:设计并显示标注继承,否则就禁止它

覆盖成员

我们之前提到过,Kotlin力求清晰显式。不像Java中,Kotlin需要明确的
标注覆盖的成员(我们称之为open)和重写的函数。(继承父类并覆盖父类函数时,Kotlin要求父类必须有open标注,被覆盖的函数必须有open标注,并且子类的函数必须加override标注。):

open class Base {
open fun v() {}
fun nv() {}
}
class Derived() : Base() {
override fun v() {}
}

Derived.v()函数上必须加上override标注。如果没写,编译器将会报错。
如果父类的这个函数没有标注open,则子类中不允许定义同名函数,不论加不加override
在一个final类中(即没有声明open的类),函数上也不允许加open标注。

成员标记为override{:.keyword}的本身是开放的,也就是说,它可以在子类中重写。如果你想禁止重写的,使用final{:.keyword}关键字:

open class AnotherDerived() : Base() {
final override fun v() {}
}

等等!!这样我怎么hack我的库?

我们这样设计继承和覆盖的方式(类和成员默认final),会让人很难继承第三方的类,因此很难进行hack。

我们认为这不是一个劣势,原因如下:

  • 最佳实践已经表明不应该使用这些hacks
  • 其他的有类似机制的语言(C++, C#)已经证明是成功的
  • 如果人们实在想hack,仍然有办法:比如某些情况下可以使用Java进行hack,再用Kotlin调用;或者使用面向切面的框架(Aspect)。(请参阅​​Java的互操作​​)

重写的规则

在Kotlin中,实现继承的调用通过以下规则:
如果一个类继承父类成员的多种实现方法,可以直接在子类中引用,
它必须重写这个成员,并提供其自己的实现(当然也可以使用父类的)。
为了表示从中继承的实现而采取的父类型,我们使用super{:.keyword}在尖括号,如规范的父名​​super<Base>​​:

open class A {
open fun f() { print("A") }
fun a() { print("a") }
}

interface B {
fun f() { print("B") } // interface members are 'open' by default
fun b() { print("b") }
}

class C() : A(), B {
// The compiler requires f() to be overridden:
override fun f() {
super<A>.f() // call to A.f()
super<B>.f() // call to B.f()
}
}

类C同时继承A和B是可以的,而且我们在调用a()和b()函数时没有任何问题,因为他们在C的基类中只有一个实现。
但是f()函数则在A,B中都有实现,所以我们必须在C中覆盖f(),并且提供我们的实现以消除歧义。

抽象类

类和其中的某些实现可以声明为abstract{:.keyword}。
抽象成员在本类中可以不用实现。。
因此,当一些子类继承一个抽象的成员,它并不算是一个实现:

abstract class A {
abstract fun f()
}

interface B {
open fun f() { print("B") }
}

class C() : A(), B {
// We are not required to override f()
}

Note that we do not need to annotate an abstract class or function with open – it goes without saying.

We can override a non-abstract open member with an abstract one

需要注意的是,我们并不需要标注一个抽象类或者函数为open - 因为这不言而喻。

我们可以重写一个open非抽象成员使之为抽象的。

open class Base {
open fun f() {}
}

abstract class Derived : Base() {
override abstract fun f()
}

同伴对象

在Kotlin中,不像Java或C#,类没有静态方法。在大多数情况下,它建议简单地使用包级函数。

如果你需要写一个可以调用的函数,而不依赖一个类的实例,但需要访问的内部一个类(例如,一个工厂方法),你可以写为[对象声明](object_declarations.html)中的一员里面的那个类。

更具体地讲,如果你声明一个​​同伴对象​​​在你的的类中,
你就可以在Java/ C#中调用与它的成员方法相同的语法的静态方法,只使用类名作为一个修饰语。

代码示例

java代码:

package com.restfeel.config;

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Profile;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.PropertySource;
import org.springframework.context.support.PropertySourcesPlaceholderConfigurer;

/**
* Created by santoshm1 on 04/06/14.
*
* Adds support for runtime property files. Run with -Dspring.profiles.active={production,default,development,test}
* defaults to development.
*/

@Configuration
@PropertySource(value = {"classpath:common.properties"})
public class PropertyConfig {

public PropertyConfig() {}

@Bean
public static PropertySourcesPlaceholderConfigurer myPropertySourcesPlaceholderConfigurer() {
return new PropertySourcesPlaceholderConfigurer();
}

/**
* Properties to support the 'test' mode of operation.
*/
@Configuration
@Profile({"devlopment", "default"})
@PropertySource(value = {"classpath:env-development.properties"})
static class Dev {
}

/**
* Properties to support the 'test' mode of operation.
*/
@Configuration
@Profile("test")
@PropertySource(value = {"classpath:env-test.properties"})
static class Test {
}

/**
* Properties to support the 'production' mode of operation.
*/
@Configuration
@Profile("production")
@PropertySource(value = {"classpath:env-production.properties"})
static class Production {
// Define additional beans for this profile here
}

}

对应的kotlin代码:

package com.restfeel.config

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Profile
import org.springframework.context.annotation.PropertySource
import org.springframework.context.support.PropertySourcesPlaceholderConfigurer

/**
* Created by jack on 2017/3/29.
*/

@Configuration
@PropertySource(value = *arrayOf("classpath:common.properties"))
class ApplicationConfig {

@Bean
fun myPropertySourcesPlaceholderConfigurer(): PropertySourcesPlaceholderConfigurer {
return PropertySourcesPlaceholderConfigurer();
}

//静态类,伴生对象
companion object {
/**
* Properties to support the 'test' mode of operation.
*/
@Configuration
@Profile(*arrayOf("devlopment", "default"))
@PropertySource(value = *arrayOf("classpath:env-development.properties"))
class Dev {
}

/**
* Properties to support the 'test' mode of operation.
*/
@Configuration
@Profile("test")
@PropertySource(value = *arrayOf("classpath:env-test.properties"))
class Test {
}

/**
* Properties to support the 'production' mode of operation.
*/
@Configuration
@Profile("production")
@PropertySource(value = *arrayOf("classpath:env-production.properties"))
class Production {
// Define additional beans for this profile here
}
}


}

参考文档:

​https://github.com/kymjs/KotlinDoc-cn/blob/master/unit3/ClassesInheritance.md​