dpkg 包管理器

  • 语法格式
dpkg [option] [package]
  • 常见用法
#安装包，不支持包的依赖
dpkg -i package.deb
#删除包，不建议，不自动卸载依赖于它的包
dpkg -r package
#删除包（包括配置文件）
dpkg -P package
#列出当前已安装的包，类似rpm -qa
dpkg -l
#显示该包的简要说明
dpkg -l package
#列出该包的状态，包括详细信息，类似rpm –qi
dpkg -s package
#列出该包中所包含的文件，类似rpm –ql
dpkg -L package
#搜索包含pattern的包，类似rpm –qf
dpkg -S <pattern>
#配置包，-a 使用，配置所有没有配置的软件包
dpkg --configure package
#列出 deb 包的内容，类似rpm –qpl
dpkg -c package.deb
#解开 deb 包的内容
dpkg --unpack package.deb
  • 范例
#列出系统上安装的所有软件包
dpkg -l
#列出软件包安装的文件
dpkg -L bash
#查看/bin/bash来自于哪个软件包
dpkg -S /bin/bash
#安装本地的 .deb 文件
dpkg -i /mnt/cdrom/pool/main/z/zip/zip_3.0-11build1_amd64.deb
#卸载软件包
dpkg -r zip
  • 注意：
    ​​​一般建议不要使用dpkg卸载软件包。因为删除包时，其它依赖它的包不会卸载，并且可能无法再正常运行​​

apt工具集来管理包系统

  • apt与apt-get命令对比

apt 命令

被取代的命令

命令的功能

apt install

apt-get install

安装软件包

apt remove

apt-get remove

移除软件包

apt purge

apt-get purge

移除软件包及配置文件

apt update

apt-get update

刷新存储库索引

apt upgrade

apt-get upgrade

升级所有可升级的软件包

apt autoremove

apt-get autoremove

升级所有可升级的软件包

apt full-upgrade

apt-get dist-upgrade

在升级软件包时自动处理依赖关系

apt search

apt-get search

在升级软件包时自动处理依赖关系

apt show

apt-cache show

搜索应用程序

  • apt 特有的命令
apt list 列出包含条件的包（已安装，可升级等）
apt edit-sources 编辑源列表
  • apt包索引配置文件
/etc/apt/sources.list
/etc/apt/sources.list.d
  • 常用国内镜像源版本
#本节均为 Ubuntu 20.04 的镜像源列表。若为其他版本，将所有focal更改为其他版本代号即可。
常用的Ubuntu版本代号如下：
Ubuntu 22.04：jammy
Ubuntu 20.04：focal
Ubuntu 18.04：bionic
Ubuntu 16.04：xenial
  • 配置apt包索引文件
  • 阿里云源：ubuntu 16.04 配置如下
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial main
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial main

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial universe
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial universe
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates universe
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates universe

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security main
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security main
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security universe
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security universe
  • 阿里云源：ubuntu 18.04(bionic) 配置如下
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse

# deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
  • 阿里云源：ubuntu 20.04(focal) 配置如下
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse

# deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
  • 清华源：Ubuntu20.04
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse

# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse

## Pre-released source, not recommended.
# deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
  • 网易163：Ubuntu20.04
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse

# deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse

## Pre-released source, not recommended.
# deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse