相比exp,expdp,imp,impdp导入导出工具，作为运维人员，很有必要学习RMAN的备份与恢复。
一、备份整个数据库
[oracle@test11g ~]$ rman target / Recovery Manager: Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production on Fri Jul 12 09:12:29 2019 Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. connected to target database: ORCL (DBID=1530400561)
%s指定备份集，%p指定碎片编号，%t指定时间戳
RMAN> backup database format '/home/oracle/rman_back_%s_%p_%t'; Starting backup at 12-JUL-19 using channel ORA_DISK_1 channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup set channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set input datafile file number=00006 name=/u01/app/oraData/orcl/CMS69_DATA.dbf input datafile file number=00001 name=/u01/app/oraData/orcl/system01.dbf input datafile file number=00002 name=/u01/app/oraData/orcl/sysaux01.dbf input datafile file number=00003 name=/u01/app/oraData/orcl/undotbs01.dbf input datafile file number=00007 name=/u01/app/oraData/undoTbs/hbk_undotbs.dbf input datafile file number=00005 name=/u01/app/oraData/bak/hbk_data.dbf input datafile file number=00008 name=/u01/app/oraData/undoTbs/hbk_undotbs_auto input datafile file number=00004 name=/u01/app/oraData/orcl/users01.dbf channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 12-JUL-19 channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 12-JUL-19 piece handle=/home/oracle/rman_back_2_1_1013419522 tag=TAG20190712T092522 comment=NONE channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:13:06 channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup set channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set including current control file in backup set including current SPFILE in backup set channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 12-JUL-19 channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 12-JUL-19 piece handle=/home/oracle/rman_back_3_1_1013420308 tag=TAG20190712T092522 comment=NONE channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:03 Finished backup at 12-JUL-19
可以看到已经成功备份完成
[root@test11g oracle]# ll -sh /home/oracle/rman_back_* 2.2G -rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 2.2G 7月 12 09:38 /home/oracle/rman_back_2_1_1013419522 9.5M -rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 9.5M 7月 12 09:38 /home/oracle/rman_back_3_1_1013420308
二、备份单个表空间
先讲解下sqlplus的备份方式，然后对比下RMAN，让你体会RMAN是多么简单。
2.1 sqlplus备份单个表空间
由提供的表空间名，比如HBK_DATA
SQL> select tablespace_name from dba_tablespaces; TABLESPACE_NAME ------------------------------ SYSTEM SYSAUX UNDOTBS1 TEMP USERS HBK_TEMP HBK_DATA CMS69_DATA MYTEMP1 MYTEMP2 HBK_UNDOTBS TABLESPACE_NAME ------------------------------ HBK_UNDOTBS_AUTO 12 rows selected.
需要知道HBK_DATA表空间由哪些数据文件组成
SQL> select tablespace_name,file_name from sys.dba_data_files where tablespace_name = 'HBK_DATA'; TABLESPACE_NAME ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ FILE_NAME -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- HBK_DATA /u01/app/oraData/bak/hbk_data.dbf
可知HBK_DATA有一个数据文件组成，把表空间置于备份模式
SQL> alter tablespace HBK_DATA begin backup; Tablespace altered.
然后使用操作系统命令把数据库文件/u01/app/oraData/bak/hbk_data.dbf复制到备份路径中。
并退出备份模式，回到正常状态
SQL> alter tablespace HBK_DATA end backup; Tablespace altered.
执行手工归档
SQL> alter system archive log current; System altered.
这样才算备份单个表空间完成，是不是感觉比较多的步骤。
2.2RMAN备份单个表空间
RMAN> backup tablespace HBK_DATA format '/home/oracle/tbs_hbk_data_%s_%p_%t'; Starting backup at 12-JUL-19 using channel ORA_DISK_1 channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup set channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set input datafile file number=00005 name=/u01/app/oraData/bak/hbk_data.dbf channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 12-JUL-19 channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 12-JUL-19 piece handle=/home/oracle/tbs_hbk_data_4_1_1013422052 tag=TAG20190712T100731 comment=NONE channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01 Finished backup at 12-JUL-19 RMAN>
一条命令搞定手工。
三、备份单个数据文件
知道了数据文件的名称的情况下，使用RMAN备份数据文件也很简单
SQL> select file_name from dba_data_files; FILE_NAME -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /u01/app/oraData/orcl/users01.dbf /u01/app/oraData/orcl/undotbs01.dbf /u01/app/oraData/orcl/sysaux01.dbf /u01/app/oraData/orcl/system01.dbf /u01/app/oraData/bak/hbk_data.dbf /u01/app/oraData/orcl/CMS69_DATA.dbf /u01/app/oraData/undoTbs/hbk_undotbs.dbf /u01/app/oraData/undoTbs/hbk_undotbs_auto 8 rows selected.
比如我们备份/u01/app/oraData/bak/hbk_data.dbf数据文件，其实备份数据文件是备份表空间的一个分支，因为一个表空间有可能由多个数据文件组成，有的情况下，只需要备份单个数据文件即可。
RMAN> backup datafile '/u01/app/oraData/bak/hbk_data.dbf' format '/home/oracle/data_file_hbk_data_%s_%p_%t'; Starting backup at 12-JUL-19 using channel ORA_DISK_1 channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup set channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set input datafile file number=00005 name=/u01/app/oraData/bak/hbk_data.dbf channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 12-JUL-19 channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 12-JUL-19 piece handle=/home/oracle/data_file_hbk_data_5_1_1013422543 tag=TAG20190712T101543 comment=NONE channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01 Finished backup at 12-JUL-19 RMAN>
可以看到此次备份的数据文件跟上面备份表空间的大小一样，因为HBK_DATA表空间只有一个数据文件/u01/app/oraData/bak/hbk_data.dbf组成
[root@test11g oracle]# ll -h |grep hbk -rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 1.7M 7月 12 10:15 data_file_hbk_data_5_1_1013422543 -rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 1.7M 7月 12 10:07 tbs_hbk_data_4_1_1013422052
四、备份归档日志文件
4.1手工备份归档日志文件（不推荐，还是RMAN好用）
使用如下命令查看数据库有哪些归档日志文件，并使用操作系统命令进行复制备份
select thread#,sequence#,name from v$archived_log;
4.2RMAN备份归档日志文件
RMAN> backup archivelog all format '/home/oracle/log_%U'; Starting backup at 12-JUL-19 current log archived using channel ORA_DISK_1 channel ORA_DISK_1: starting archived log backup set channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying archived log(s) in backup set input archived log thread=1 sequence=66 RECID=1 STAMP=1008772006 input archived log thread=1 sequence=67 RECID=2 STAMP=1008784813 input archived log thread=1 sequence=68 RECID=3 STAMP=1008799278 input archived log thread=1 sequence=69 RECID=4 STAMP=1008824423 input archived log thread=1 sequence=70 RECID=5 STAMP=1008842431 input archived log thread=1 sequence=71 RECID=6 STAMP=1008853214 input archived log thread=1 sequence=72 RECID=7 STAMP=1008885662 input archived log thread=1 sequence=73 RECID=8 STAMP=1008891317 input archived log thread=1 sequence=74 RECID=9 STAMP=1008930478 input archived log thread=1 sequence=75 RECID=10 STAMP=1008939662 .......中间省略了好多 channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 12-JUL-19 channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 12-JUL-19 piece handle=/home/oracle/log_06u6f72v_1_1 tag=TAG20190712T102630 comment=NONE channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:18:53 Finished backup at 12-JUL-19 RMAN>
%U表示将产生唯一文件名
五、备份控制文件
备份控制文件有好多方法，但是我还是推荐RMAN，哈哈
5.1使用sqlplus
SQL> alter database backup controlfile to '/home/oracle/conf.bak';
5.2也可以备份到跟踪文件中，在跟踪文件中将生成创建控制文件的脚本
SQL> alter database backup controlfile to trace;
5.3RMAN备份控制文件（强力推荐）
也可以指定文件位置
RMAN> backup current controlfile; Starting backup at 12-JUL-19 using target database control file instead of recovery catalog allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1 channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=37 device type=DISK channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup set channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set including current control file in backup set channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 12-JUL-19 channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 12-JUL-19 piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/flash_recovery_area/ORCL/backupset/2019_07_12/o1_mf_ncnnf_TAG20190712T113853_glj06l08_.bkp tag=TAG20190712T113853 comment=NONE channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:09 Finished backup at 12-JUL-19 RMAN> backup current controlfile format '/home/oracle/conf.bak'; Starting backup at 12-JUL-19 using channel ORA_DISK_1 channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup set channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set including current control file in backup set channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 12-JUL-19 channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 12-JUL-19 piece handle=/home/oracle/conf.bak tag=TAG20190712T114001 comment=NONE channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01 Finished backup at 12-JUL-19
5.4启用控制文件的自动备份，当使用RMAN执行备份的时候，RMAN会自动备份控制文件（也会自动备份SPFILE）
RMAN> configure controlfile autobackup on; new RMAN configuration parameters: CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP ON; new RMAN configuration parameters are successfully stored
六、备份spfile
有可以加format指定具体备份文件位置
RMAN> backup spfile ; Starting backup at 12-JUL-19 using channel ORA_DISK_1 channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup set channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set including current SPFILE in backup set channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 12-JUL-19 channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 12-JUL-19 piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/flash_recovery_area/ORCL/backupset/2019_07_12/o1_mf_nnsnf_TAG20190712T114424_glj0jrgr_.bkp tag=TAG20190712T114424 comment=NONE channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01 Finished backup at 12-JUL-19 Starting Control File and SPFILE Autobackup at 12-JUL-19 piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/flash_recovery_area/ORCL/autobackup/2019_07_12/o1_mf_s_1013427865_glj0jspl_.bkp comment=NONE Finished Control File and SPFILE Autobackup at 12-JUL-19
后面的控制文件备份是因为设置了configure controlfile autobackup on;
