dmesg命令被用于检查和控制内核的环形缓冲区。kernel会将开机信息存储在ring buffer中。您若是开机时来不及查看信息,可利用dmesg来查看。开机信息保存在/var/log/dmesg文件里。系统在启动的时候,会写一些硬件相关的日志到 /var/log/message* 或  /var/log/boot* 文件中

语法

dmesg(选项)

选项

        -c :  当完成打印显示后清除环缓冲内的内容。
        -s :  缓冲区大小
                    定义一个大小为"缓冲区大小"的缓冲区用于查询内核环缓冲区。默认大小为 8196(此大小与 2.0.33 和 2.1.103 内核的默认syslog 缓冲区大小一致),如果你设置了一个大于默认值的环缓冲区,那你就可以用这个选项定义一个相当的缓冲区来查看完整的环缓冲区内容。
        -n级别
                    设置级别为记录控制台启动信息的级别。比如,-n 1指的就是将此级别设为最低级,除了内核恐慌信息之外不会向控制台显示信息。所有级别的启动信息还将记录到/proc/kmsg,文件中,因此,syslogd(8)同样可以用来对信息的输出进行控制。当使用-n选项时,dmesg将不会 清除内核环缓冲区中的内容。当同时使用以上两个选项时,只有最后一个选项才会产生效果。

dmesg’命令显示linux内核的环形缓冲区信息,我们可以从中获得诸如系统架构、cpu、挂载的硬件,RAM等多个运行级别的大量的系统信息。当计算机启动时,系统内核(操作系统的核心部分)将会被加载到内存中。在加载的过程中会显示很多的信息,在这些信息中我们可以看到内核检测硬件设备。

 

dmesg 命令的使用范例

‘dmesg’命令设备故障的诊断是非常重要的。在‘dmesg’命令的帮助下进行硬件的连接或断开连接操作时,我们可以看到硬件的检测或者断开连接的信息。‘dmesg’命令在多数基于Linux和Unix的操作系统中都可以使用。

下面我们展示一些最负盛名的‘dmesg’命令工具以及其实际使用举例。‘dmesg’命令的使用语法如下。

# dmesg [options...]

1. 列出加载到内核中的所有驱动

我们可以使用如‘more’。 ‘tail’, ‘less ’或者‘grep’文字处理工具来处理‘dmesg’命令的输出。由于dmesg日志的输出不适合在一页中完全显示,因此我们使用管道(pipe)将其输出送到more或者less命令单页显示。

[root@tecmint.com ~]# dmesg | more
[root@tecmint.com ~]# dmesg | less

输出

1. [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuset
2. [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpu
3. [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuacct
4. [ 0.000000] Linux version 3.11.0-13-generic (buildd@aatxe) (gcc version 4.8.1 (Ubuntu/Linaro 4.8.1-10ubuntu8) ) #20-Ubuntu SMP Wed Oct 23 17:26:33 UTC 2013 
5. (Ubuntu 3.11.0-13.20-generic 3.11.6)
6. [  0.000000]KERNEL supported cpus:
7. [  0.000000] Intel GenuineIntel
8. [  0.000000] AMD AuthenticAMD
9. [  0.000000] NSC Geode by NSC
10. [  0.000000] Cyrix CyrixInstead
11. [ 0.000000] Centaur CentaurHauls
12. [ 0.000000] Transmeta GenuineTMx86
13. [ 0.000000] Transmeta TransmetaCPU
14. [ 0.000000] UMC UMC UMC UMC
15. [ 0.000000]e820: BIOS-provided physical RAM map:
16. [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x000000000009fbff] usable
17. [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000000f0000-0x00000000000fffff] reserved
18. [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000100000-0x000000007dc08bff] usable
19. [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc08c00-0x000000007dc5cbff] ACPI NVS
20. [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc5cc00-0x000000007dc5ebff] ACPI data
21. [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc5ec00-0x000000007fffffff] reserved
22. [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000e0000000-0x00000000efffffff] reserved
23. [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000fec00000-0x00000000fed003ff] reserved
24. [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000fed20000-0x00000000fed9ffff] reserved
25. [0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000fee00000-0x00000000feefffff] reserved
26. [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000ffb00000-0x00000000ffffffff] reserved
27. [ 0.000000] NX (Execute Disable) protection: active
28. .....

2. 列出所有被检测到的硬件

要显示所有被内核检测到的硬盘设备,你可以使用‘grep’命令搜索‘sda’关键词,如下:

    1. [root@tecmint.com ~]# dmesg | grep sda
    2.  
    3. [  1.280971] sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] 488281250 512-byte logical blocks: (250 GB/232 GiB)
    4. [  1.281014] sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] Write Protect is off
    5. [  1.281016] sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] Mode Sense: 00 3a 00 00
    6. [  1.281039] sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] Write cache: enabled, read cache: enabled, doesn't support DPO or FUA
    7. [ 1.359585] sda: sda1 sda2 < sda5 sda6 sda7 sda8 >
    8. [ 1.360052] sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] Attached SCSI disk
    9. [ 2.347887] EXT4-fs (sda1): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null)
    10. [ 22.928440] Adding 3905532k swap on /dev/sda6. Priority:-1 extents:1 across:3905532k FS
    11. [ 23.950543] EXT4-fs (sda1): re-mounted. Opts: errors=remount-ro
    12. [ 24.134016] EXT4-fs (sda5): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null)
    13. [ 24.330762] EXT4-fs (sda7): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null)
    14. [ 24.561015] EXT4-fs (sda8): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null)

    注解

     

    3. 只输出dmesg命令的前20行日志

    在‘dmesg’命令后跟随‘head’命令来显示开始几行,‘dmesg | head -20′命令将显示开始的前20行。

    1. [root@tecmint.com ~]# dmesg | head -20
    2.  
    3. [0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuset
    4. [0.000000 ]Initializing cgroup subsys cpu
    5. [0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuacct
    6. [0.000000] Linux version 3.11.0-13-generic (buildd@aatxe) (gcc version 4.8.1 (Ubuntu/Linaro 4.8.1-10ubuntu8) ) #20-Ubuntu SMP Wed Oct 23 17:26:33 UTC 2013 (Ubuntu 3.11.0-13.20-generic 3.11.6)
    7. [0.000000] KERNEL supported cpus:
    8. [0.000000] Intel GenuineIntel
    9. [0.000000] AMD AuthenticAMD
    10. [0.000000] NSC Geode by NSC
    11. [0.000000] Cyrix CyrixInstead
    12. [0.000000] Centaur CentaurHauls
    13. [0.000000] Transmeta GenuineTMx86
    14. [0.000000] Transmeta TransmetaCPU
    15. [0.000000] UMC UMC UMC UMC
    16. [0.000000] e820: BIOS-provided physical RAM map:
    17. [0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x000000000009fbff] usable
    18. [0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000000f0000-0x00000000000fffff] reserved
    19. [0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000100000-0x000000007dc08bff] usable
    20. [0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc08c00-0x000000007dc5cbff] ACPI NVS
    21. [0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc5cc00-0x000000007dc5ebff] ACPI data
    22. [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc5ec00-0x000000007fffffff] reserved

    4. 只输出dmesg命令最后20行日志

    在‘dmesg’命令后跟随‘tail’命令(‘ dmesg | tail -20’)来输出‘dmesg’命令的最后20行日志,当你插入可移动设备时它是非常有用的。

    1. [root@tecmint.com ~]# dmesg | tail -20
    2.  
    3. parport0: PC-style at 0x378, irq 7 [PCSPP,TRISTATE]
    4. ppdev: user-space parallel port driver
    5. EXT4-fs (sda1): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode
    6. Adding 2097144k swap on /dev/sda2. Priority:-1 extents:1 across:2097144k
    7. readahead-disable-service: delaying service auditd
    8. ip_tables: (C) 2000-2006 Netfilter Core Team
    9. nf_conntrack version 0.5.0 (16384 buckets, 65536 max)
    10. NET: Registered protocol family 10
    11. lo: Disabled Privacy Extensions
    12. e1000: eth0 NIC Link is Up 1000 Mbps Full Duplex, Flow Control: None
    13. Slow work thread pool: Starting up
    14. Slow work thread pool: Ready
    15. FS-Cache: Loaded
    16. CacheFiles: Loaded
    17. CacheFiles: Security denies permission to nominate security context: error -95
    18. eth0: no IPv6 routers present
    19. type=1305 audit(1398268784.593:18630): audit_enabled=0 old=1 auid=4294967295 ses=4294967295 res=1
    20. readahead-collector: starting delayed service auditd
    21. readahead-collector: sorting
    22. readahead-collector: finished

    5. 搜索包含特定字符串的被检测到的硬件

    由于‘dmesg’命令的输出实在太长了,在其中搜索某个特定的字符串是非常困难的。因此,有必要过滤出一些包含‘usb’ ‘dma’ ‘tty’ ‘memory’等字符串的日志行。grep 命令 的‘-i’选项表示忽略大小写。

      1. [root@tecmint.com log]# dmesg | grep -i usb
      2. [root@tecmint.com log]# dmesg | grep -i dma
      3. [root@tecmint.com log]# dmesg | grep -i tty
      4. [root@tecmint.com log]# dmesg | grep -i memory

      输出

      1. [ 0.000000] Scanning 1 areas for low memory corruption
      2. [ 0.000000] initial memory mapped: [mem 0x00000000-0x01ffffff]
      3. [ 0.000000] Base memory trampoline at [c009b000] 9b000 size 16384
      4. [ 0.000000] init_memory_mapping: [mem 0x00000000-0x000fffff]
      5. [ 0.000000] init_memory_mapping: [mem 0x37800000-0x379fffff]
      6. [ 0.000000] init_memory_mapping: [mem 0x34000000-0x377fffff]
      7. [ 0.000000] init_memory_mapping: [mem 0x00100000-0x33ffffff]
      8. [ 0.000000] init_memory_mapping: [mem 0x37a00000-0x37bfdfff]
      9. [ 0.000000] Early memory node ranges
      10. [ 0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0x0009f000-0x000effff]
      11. [ 0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0x000f0000-0x000fffff]
      12. [ 0.000000] please try 'cgroup_disable=memory' option if you don't want memory cgroups
      13. [ 0.000000] Memory: 2003288K/2059928K available (6352K kernel code, 607K rwdata, 2640K rodata, 880K init, 908K bss, 56640K reserved, 1146920K highmem)
      14. [ 0.000000] virtual kernel memory layout:
      15. [ 0.004291] Initializing cgroup subsys memory
      16. [ 0.004609] Freeing SMP alternatives memory: 28K (c1a3e000 - c1a45000)
      17. [ 0.899622] Freeing initrd memory: 23616K (f51d0000 - f68e0000)
      18. [ 0.899813] Scanning for low memory corruption every 60 seconds
      19. [ 0.946323] agpgart-intel 0000:00:00.0: detected 32768K stolen memory
      20. [ 1.360318] Freeing unused kernel memory: 880K (c1962000 - c1a3e000)
      21. [ 1.429066] [drm] Memory usable by graphics device = 2048M

      6. 清空dmesg缓冲区日志

      我们可以使用如下命令来清空dmesg的日志。该命令会清空dmesg环形缓冲区中的日志。但是你依然可以查看存储在‘/var/log/dmesg’文件中的日志。你连接任何的设备都会产生dmesg日志输出。

      [root@tecmint.com log]# dmesg -c

      7. 实时监控dmesg日志输出

      在某些发行版中可以使用命令‘tail -f /var/log/dmesg’来实时监控dmesg的日志输出。

      [root@tecmint.com log]# watch "dmesg | tail -20"