spring boot 服务改成微服务 springboot构建微服务

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mob64ca140fd7c1 2024-06-21 19:45:58

文章标签 spring boot 服务改成微服务 spring maven ci 文章分类 spring boot 后端开发

本文测试并总结Spring官网构建RESTful风格的HTTP服务，RESTful不是标准，只是架构上的一种方法，一种样式和一组约束。

前言：

本文按照Spring官网构建REST服务的步骤测试，可以得到结论：

到底什么样的风格才是RESTful风格呢？

1，约束请求命令如下：

GET，获取资源。例如：/employees表示获取列表资源，/employees/{id}表示获取单个对象资源。
POST，新增。例如：/employees，body为json对象，表示新增。
PUT，更新。例如：/employees/{id}，body为json对象，表示更新。
DELETE，删除。例如： /employees/{id}，表示删除。

2，约束返回结果：返回数据为列表，则每个对象资源附加自己的资源链接、列表资源链接以及可操作性链接。

官网demo按照如下步骤介绍如何使用SpringBoot构建REST服务，并强调

Pretty URLs like /employees/3 aren’t REST.
Merely using GET, POST, etc. aren’t REST.
Having all the CRUD operations laid out aren’t REST.

一、普通的http服务

pom.xml文件如下所示：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <groupId>com.htkm.demo</groupId>
    <artifactId>demo-restful</artifactId>
    <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
    <name>demo-restful</name>
    <description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description>
    <properties>
        <java.version>1.8</java.version>
        <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
        <project.reporting.outputEncoding>UTF-8</project.reporting.outputEncoding>
        <spring-boot.version>2.3.0.RELEASE</spring-boot.version>
    </properties>
    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-hateoas</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
            <artifactId>lombok</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.h2database</groupId>
            <artifactId>h2</artifactId>
            <scope>runtime</scope>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>
    <dependencyManagement>
        <dependencies>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-boot-dependencies</artifactId>
                <version>${spring-boot.version}</version>
                <type>pom</type>
                <scope>import</scope>
            </dependency>
        </dependencies>
    </dependencyManagement>
    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
                <configuration>
                    <source>1.8</source>
                    <target>1.8</target>
                    <encoding>UTF-8</encoding>
                </configuration>
            </plugin>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>
</project>

JPA类型的实体类：

@Data
@Entity
public class Employee {
    @Id 
    @GeneratedValue
    private Long id;
    private String name;
    private String role;
    public Employee() {}
    public Employee(String name, String role) {
        this.name = name;
        this.role = role;
    }
}

使用H2内存数据库，创建测试数据库：

@Configuration
@Slf4j
public class LoadDatabase {
    @Bean
    CommandLineRunner initDatabase(EmployeeRepository repository) {
        return args -> {
            log.info("Preloading " + repository.save(new Employee("Bilbo Baggins", "burglar")));
            log.info("Preloading " + repository.save(new Employee("Frodo Baggins", "thief")));
        };
    }
}

JPA类型的DAO：

public interface EmployeeRepository extends JpaRepository<Employee, Long> {}

EmployeeContrller控制器：

@RestController
public class EmployeeController {
    @Autowired
    private EmployeeRepository repository;

    @GetMapping("/employees")
    List<Employee> all() {
        return repository.findAll();
    }
    @PostMapping("/employees")
    Employee newEmployee(@RequestBody Employee newEmployee) {
        return repository.save(newEmployee);
    }
    @GetMapping("/employees/{id}")
    Employee one(@PathVariable Long id) {
        return repository.findById(id)
                .orElseThrow(() -> new EmployeeNotFoundException(id));
    }
    @PutMapping("/employees/{id}")
    Employee replaceEmployee(@RequestBody Employee newEmployee, @PathVariable Long id) {
        return repository.findById(id)
                .map(employee -> {
                    employee.setName(newEmployee.getName());
                    employee.setRole(newEmployee.getRole());
                    return repository.save(employee);
                })
                .orElseGet(() -> {
                    newEmployee.setId(id);
                    return repository.save(newEmployee);
                });
    }
    @DeleteMapping("/employees/{id}")
    void deleteEmployee(@PathVariable Long id) {
        repository.deleteById(id);
    }
}

自定义异常：

public class EmployeeNotFoundException extends RuntimeException {
    public EmployeeNotFoundException(Long id) {
        super("Could not find employee " + id);
    }
}

增加@ControllerAdvice注解，实现异常处理器：

@ControllerAdvice
public class EmployeeNotFoundAdvice {
    @ResponseBody
    @ExceptionHandler(EmployeeNotFoundException.class)
    @ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND)
    String employeeNotFoundHandler(EmployeeNotFoundException ex) {
        return ex.getMessage();
    }
}

使用postman或者curl工具测试执行：

1，GET http://localhost:8080/employees

[
    {
        "id": 1,
        "name": "Bilbo Baggins",
        "role": "burglar"
    },
    {
        "id": 2,
        "name": "Frodo Baggins",
        "role": "thief"
    }
]

2，GET http://localhost:8080/employees/1

{
    "id": 1,
    "name": "Bilbo Baggins",
    "role": "burglar"
}

3，DELETE http://localhost:8080/employees/1 资源被删除

二、restful的http服务

pom.xml增加hateoas依赖

<dependency>
   <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
   <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-hateoas</artifactId>
</dependency>

控制器更改，在原来的返回json基础之上附加操作链接，红色加粗部分可以重构简化，在下一章节。

@GetMapping("/employees")
CollectionModel<EntityModel<Employee>> all() {
    List<EntityModel<Employee>> employees = repository.findAll().stream()
            .map(employee -> EntityModel.of(employee,
                    linkTo(methodOn(EmployeeController.class).one(employee.getId())).withSelfRel(), // 附加自身链接
                    linkTo(methodOn(EmployeeController.class).all()).withRel("employees")))  // 附加all操作链接
            .collect(Collectors.toList());
    return CollectionModel.of(employees, linkTo(methodOn(EmployeeController.class).all()).withSelfRel()); // 附加自身链接
}
@GetMapping("/employees/{id}")
EntityModel<Employee> one(@PathVariable Long id) {
    Employee employee = repository.findById(id) //
            .orElseThrow(() -> new EmployeeNotFoundException(id));

    return EntityModel.of(employee,             linkTo(methodOn(EmployeeController.class).one(id)).withSelfRel(),  // 附加自身链接
            linkTo(methodOn(EmployeeController.class).all()).withRel("employees")); // 附加all操作链接
}

Postman测试执行

1，GET http://localhost:8080/employees，可以看到附加链接

{
    "_embedded": {
        "employeeList": [
            {
                "id": 1,
                "name": "Bilbo Baggins",
                "role": "burglar",
                "_links": {
                    "self": {
                        "href": "http://localhost:8080/employees/1"
                    },
                    "employees": {
                        "href": "http://localhost:8080/employees"
                    }
                }
            },
            {
                "id": 2,
                "name": "Frodo Baggins",
                "role": "thief",
                "_links": {
                    "self": {
                        "href": "http://localhost:8080/employees/2"
                    },
                    "employees": {
                        "href": "http://localhost:8080/employees"
                    }
                }
            }
        ]
    },
    "_links": {
        "self": {
            "href": "http://localhost:8080/employees"
        }
    }
}

2，GET http://localhost:8080/employees/1

{
    "id": 1,
    "name": "Bilbo Baggins",
    "role": "burglar",
    "_links": {
        "self": {
            "href": "http://localhost:8080/employees/1"
        },
        "employees": {
            "href": "http://localhost:8080/employees"
        }
    }
}

三、扩展的restful服务

扩展实体，将name拆分为fristname和lastname，同时通过增加虚拟的get/set保留name属性：

@Data
@Entity
public class Employee {
    @Id
    @GeneratedValue
    private Long id;
    private String firstName;
    private String lastName;
    private String role;
    public Employee() {}
    public Employee(String firstName, String lastName, String role) {
        this.firstName = firstName;
        this.lastName = lastName;
        this.role = role;
    }
    public String getName() {
        return this.firstName + " " + this.lastName;
    }
    public void setName(String name) {
        String[] parts = name.split(" ");
        this.firstName = parts[0];
        this.lastName = parts[1];
    }
}

重构简化代码，增加对象包装处理类

@Component
class EmployeeModelAssembler implements RepresentationModelAssembler<Employee, EntityModel<Employee>> {

    @Override
    public EntityModel<Employee> toModel(Employee employee) {
        return EntityModel.of(employee, 
                linkTo(methodOn(EmployeeController.class).one(employee.getId())).withSelfRel(),
                linkTo(methodOn(EmployeeController.class).all()).withRel("employees"));
    }
}

控制器更改：

@RestController
public class EmployeeController {

    @Autowired
    private EmployeeRepository repository;

    @Autowired
    private EmployeeModelAssembler assembler;

    @GetMapping("/employees")
    CollectionModel<EntityModel<Employee>> all() {
        List<EntityModel<Employee>> employees = repository.findAll().stream()
                .map(assembler::toModel)  // 包装对象
                .collect(Collectors.toList());
        return CollectionModel.of(employees, linkTo(methodOn(EmployeeController.class).all()).withSelfRel()); // 附加自身链接
    }

    @PostMapping("/employees")
    ResponseEntity<?> newEmployee(@RequestBody Employee newEmployee) {
        EntityModel<Employee> entityModel = assembler.toModel(repository.save(newEmployee));
        return ResponseEntity
                .created(entityModel.getRequiredLink(IanaLinkRelations.SELF).toUri())
                .body(entityModel); // 返回状态码201，增加Location头 http://localhost:8080/employees/3

    }

    @GetMapping("/employees/{id}")
    EntityModel<Employee> one(@PathVariable Long id) {
        Employee employee = repository.findById(id) //
                .orElseThrow(() -> new EmployeeNotFoundException(id));

        return assembler.toModel(employee); // 包装对象
    }

    @PutMapping("/employees/{id}")
    ResponseEntity<?> replaceEmployee(@RequestBody Employee newEmployee, @PathVariable Long id) {
        Employee updatedEmployee = repository.findById(id) //
                .map(employee -> {
                    employee.setName(newEmployee.getName());
                    employee.setRole(newEmployee.getRole());
                    return repository.save(employee);
                }) //
                .orElseGet(() -> {
                    newEmployee.setId(id);
                    return repository.save(newEmployee);
                });
        EntityModel<Employee> entityModel = assembler.toModel(updatedEmployee);
        return ResponseEntity
                .created(entityModel.getRequiredLink(IanaLinkRelations.SELF).toUri())
                .body(entityModel); // 返回状态码201，增加Location头 http://localhost:8080/employees/3

    }

    @DeleteMapping("/employees/{id}")
    ResponseEntity<?> deleteEmployee(@PathVariable Long id) {
        repository.deleteById(id);
        return ResponseEntity.noContent().build();// 返回状态码204

    }
}

curl测试执行

$ curl -v -X POST localhost:8080/employees -H 'Content-Type:application/json' -d '{"name": "Samwise Gamgee", "role": "gardener"}'

请求相应状态为201，包含Location 响应头

> POST /employees HTTP/1.1
> Host: localhost:8080
> User-Agent: curl/7.54.0
> Accept: */*
> Content-Type:application/json
> Content-Length: 46
>
< Location: http://localhost:8080/employees/3
< Content-Type: application/hal+json;charset=UTF-8
< Transfer-Encoding: chunked
< Date: Fri, 10 Aug 2018 19:44:43 GMT
<
{
  "id": 3,
  "firstName": "Samwise",
  "lastName": "Gamgee",
  "role": "gardener",
  "name": "Samwise Gamgee",
  "_links": {
    "self": {
      "href": "http://localhost:8080/employees/3"
    },
    "employees": {
      "href": "http://localhost:8080/employees"
    }
  }
}

$ curl -v -X PUT localhost:8080/employees/3 -H 'Content-Type:application/json' -d '{"name": "Samwise Gamgee", "role": "ring bearer"}'

> PUT /employees/3 HTTP/1.1
> Host: localhost:8080
> User-Agent: curl/7.54.0
> Accept: */*
> Content-Type:application/json
> Content-Length: 49
>
< HTTP/1.1 201
< Location: http://localhost:8080/employees/3
< Content-Type: application/hal+json;charset=UTF-8
< Transfer-Encoding: chunked
< Date: Fri, 10 Aug 2018 19:52:56 GMT
{
    "id": 3,
    "firstName": "Samwise",
    "lastName": "Gamgee",
    "role": "ring bearer",
    "name": "Samwise Gamgee",
    "_links": {
        "self": {
            "href": "http://localhost:8080/employees/3"
        },
        "employees": {
            "href": "http://localhost:8080/employees"
        }
    }
}

$ curl -v -X DELETE localhost:8080/employees/1

> DELETE /employees/1 HTTP/1.1
> Host: localhost:8080
> User-Agent: curl/7.54.0
> Accept: */*
>
< HTTP/1.1 204
< Date: Fri, 10 Aug 2018 21:30:26 GMT

四、附加可操作链接的restful服务

订单实体转换器,如果订单状态为可执行的订单则附加取消和完成链接

@Component
public class OrderModelAssembler implements RepresentationModelAssembler<Order, EntityModel<Order>> {
   @Override
   public EntityModel<Order> toModel(Order order) {
      // Unconditional links to single-item resource and aggregate root
      EntityModel<Order> orderModel = EntityModel.of(order,
            linkTo(methodOn(OrderController.class).one(order.getId())).withSelfRel(),
            linkTo(methodOn(OrderController.class).all()).withRel("orders"));
      // Conditional links based on state of the order
      if (order.getStatus() == Status.IN_PROGRESS) {
         orderModel.add(linkTo(methodOn(OrderController.class).cancel(order.getId())).withRel("cancel")); // 附加cancel链接
         orderModel.add(linkTo(methodOn(OrderController.class).complete(order.getId())).withRel("complete")); // 附加complete链接
      }
      return orderModel;
   }
}

控制器中取消和完成操作

@DeleteMapping("/orders/{id}/cancel")
   ResponseEntity<?> cancel(@PathVariable Long id) {

      Order order = orderRepository.findById(id)
            .orElseThrow(() -> new OrderNotFoundException(id));

      if (order.getStatus() == Status.IN_PROGRESS) {
         order.setStatus(Status.CANCELLED);
         return ResponseEntity.ok(assembler.toModel(orderRepository.save(order)));
      }

      return ResponseEntity
            .status(HttpStatus.METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED)
            .header(HttpHeaders.CONTENT_TYPE, MediaTypes.HTTP_PROBLEM_DETAILS_JSON_VALUE)
            .body(Problem.create()
                  .withTitle("Method not allowed")
                  .withDetail("You can't cancel an order that is in the " + order.getStatus() + " status"));
   }
   @PutMapping("/orders/{id}/complete")
   ResponseEntity<?> complete(@PathVariable Long id) {

      Order order = orderRepository.findById(id)
            .orElseThrow(() -> new OrderNotFoundException(id));

      if (order.getStatus() == Status.IN_PROGRESS) {
         order.setStatus(Status.COMPLETED);
         return ResponseEntity.ok(assembler.toModel(orderRepository.save(order)));
      }

      return ResponseEntity
            .status(HttpStatus.METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED)
            .header(HttpHeaders.CONTENT_TYPE, MediaTypes.HTTP_PROBLEM_DETAILS_JSON_VALUE)
            .body(Problem.create()
                  .withTitle("Method not allowed")
                  .withDetail("You can't complete an order that is in the " + order.getStatus() + " status"));
   }

PostMan测试执行：

1，GET http://localhost:8080

{
    "_links": {
        "employees": {
            "href": "http://localhost:8080/employees"
        },
        "orders": {
            "href": "http://localhost:8080/orders"
        }
    }
}

2，GET http://localhost:8080/orders

{
    "_embedded": {
        "orderList": [
            {
                "id": 3,
                "description": "MacBook Pro",
                "status": "COMPLETED",
                "_links": {
                    "self": {
                        "href": "http://localhost:8080/orders/3"
                    },
                    "orders": {
                        "href": "http://localhost:8080/orders"
                    }
                }
            },
            {
                "id": 4,
                "description": "iPhone",
                "status": "IN_PROGRESS",
                "_links": {
                    "self": {
                        "href": "http://localhost:8080/orders/4"
                    },
                    "orders": {
                        "href": "http://localhost:8080/orders"
                    },
                    "cancel": {
                        "href": "http://localhost:8080/orders/4/cancel"
                    },
                    "complete": {
                        "href": "http://localhost:8080/orders/4/complete"
                    }
                }
            }
        ]
    },
    "_links": {
        "self": {
            "href": "http://localhost:8080/orders"
        }
    }
}

3，DELETE http://localhost:8080/orders/3/cancel

{
    "title": "Method not allowed",
    "detail": "You can't cancel an order that is in the COMPLETED status"
}

4，DELETE http://localhost:8080/orders/4/cancel

{
    "id": 4,
    "description": "iPhone",
    "status": "CANCELLED",
    "_links": {
        "self": {
            "href": "http://localhost:8080/orders/4"
        },
        "orders": {
            "href": "http://localhost:8080/orders"
        }
    }
}

5，POST localhost:8080/orders

设置header为Content-Type:application/json

body为{"name": "Samwise Gamgee", "role": "gardener"}'

{
    "id": 5,
    "description": "新的订单",
    "status": "IN_PROGRESS",
    "_links": {
        "self": {
            "href": "http://localhost:8080/orders/5"
        },
        "orders": {
            "href": "http://localhost:8080/orders"
        },
        "cancel": {
            "href": "http://localhost:8080/orders/5/cancel"
        },
        "complete": {
            "href": "http://localhost:8080/orders/5/complete"
        }
    }
}

五、总结

RESTful风格的http服务，包含以下特征（百度百科摘录）：

1、每一个URI代表1种资源；
2、客户端使用GET、POST、PUT、DELETE4个表示操作方式的动词对服务端资源进行操作：GET用来获取资源，POST用来新建资源（也可以用于更新资源），PUT用来更新资源，DELETE用来删除资源；
3、通过操作资源的表现形式来操作资源；
4、资源的表现形式是XML或HTML；
5、客户端与服务端之间的交互在请求之间是无状态的，从客户端到服务端的每个请求都必须包含理解请求所必需的信息。

官网demo描述：

What’s important to realize is that REST, however ubiquitous, is not a standard, per se, but an approach, a style, a set of constraints on your architecture that can help you build web-scale systems.

到底什么样的风格才是为RESTful风格呢？

首先约束请求命令如下：

GET，获取资源。例如：/employees表示获取列表资源，/employees/{id}表示获取单个对象资源。
POST，新增。例如：/employees，body为json对象，表示新增。
PUT，更新。例如：/employees/{id}，body为json对象，表示更新。
DELETE，删除。例如： /employees/{id}，表示更新。

其次约束返回结果：返回数据为列表，则每个对象资源附加自己的资源链接、列表资源链接以及可操作性链接。

以下例子是可能的返回结果：

{
    "_embedded": {
        "orderList": [
            {
                "id": 3,
                "description": "MacBook Pro",
                "status": "COMPLETED",
                "_links": {
                    "self": {
                        "href": "http://localhost:8080/orders/3"
                    },
                    "orders": {
                        "href": "http://localhost:8080/orders"
                    }
                }
            },
            {
                "id": 4,
                "description": "iPhone",
                "status": "IN_PROGRESS",
                "_links": {
                    "self": {
                        "href": "http://localhost:8080/orders/4"
                    },
                    "orders": {
                        "href": "http://localhost:8080/orders"
                    },
                    "cancel": {
                        "href": "http://localhost:8080/orders/4/cancel"
                    },
                    "complete": {
                        "href": "http://localhost:8080/orders/4/complete"
                    }
                }
            }
        ]
    },
    "_links": {
        "self": {
            "href": "http://localhost:8080/orders"
        }
    }
}

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