介绍
不同的编码格式会导致同一字符,在不同字符集下的编码会不同。同样同一编码在不同的字符集中代码的字符也不相同。当你的MySQL返回的字符串的编码格式(字符集)与你的客户工具程序使用的字符集不同时,就会造成乱码。
MySQL中默认字符集的设置有四级:服务器级,数据库级,表级 。最终是字段级 的字符集设置。注意前三种均为默认设置,并不代码你的字段最终会使用这个字符集设置。
MySQL中默认字符集的设置有四级:服务器级别 > 数据库级别 > 表级别 > 列级别。如果后者没有显示指定字符集,那么将采用前者的字符集。
MySQL默认字符集
MySQL对于字符集的指定可以细化到一个数据库,一张表,一列.传统的程序在创建数据库和数据表时并没有使用那么复杂的配置,它们用的是默认的配置.
(1)、编译MySQL 时,指定了一个默认的字符集,这个字符集是 latin1;
(2)、安装MySQL 时,可以在配置文件 (my.ini) 中指定一个默认的的字符集,如果没指定,这个值继承自编译时指定的;
(3)、启动mysqld 时,可以在命令行参数中指定一个默认的的字符集,如果没指定,这个值继承自配置文件中的配置,此时 character_set_server 被设定为这个默认的字符集;
Server
1、查看数据库的编码方式命令
mysql> show variables like 'character%';
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
| character_set_client | utf8 |
| character_set_connection | utf8 |
| character_set_database | utf8 |
| character_set_filesystem | binary |
| character_set_results | utf8 |
| character_set_server | utf8 |
| character_set_system | utf8 |
| character_sets_dir | /usr/share/mysql/charsets/ |
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)
其中
- character_set_client 客户端来源数据使用的字符集编码;
- character_set_connection 为建立连接使用的编码(从客户端接收到数据,然后传输的字符集);
- character_set_database 默认数据库的字符集编码;
- character_set_filesystem 把os上文件名转化成此字符集,即把 character_set_client转换character_set_filesystem, 默认binary是不做任何转换的
- character_set_results 查询结果字符集编码;
- character_set_server 数据库服务器的默认字符集编码;
- character_set_system 系统元数据(字段名等)字符集,是为存储系统元数据的字符集;
2、另一组查看数据库编码的命令
mysql> show variables like 'collation%';
+----------------------+-----------------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+----------------------+-----------------+
| collation_connection | utf8_general_ci |
| collation_database | utf8_general_ci |
| collation_server | utf8_bin |
+----------------------+-----------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
其中
- COLLATION_CONNECTION 当前连接的校对
- COLLATION_DATABASE 当前日期的默认校对。每次使用USE语句来“跳转”到另一个数据库时,这个变量就会改变。
- COLLATION_SERVER 服务器默认校对
Database
1、查看某数据库的字符集
方法:show create database DatabaseName;
mysql> show create database zjtravel;
+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Database | Create Database |
+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| zjtravel | CREATE DATABASE `zjtravel` /*!40100 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8 */ |
+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
Table
1、数据库表的字符集设置
方法:show create table TableName;
显示一:
mysql> show create table destination;
+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table | Create Table |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| destination | CREATE TABLE `destination` (
`id` int(10) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`pid` int(10) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
`name` varchar(20) NOT NULL,
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=38 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
显示二:
mysql> show create table destination \G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: destination
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `destination` (
`id` int(10) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`pid` int(10) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
`name` varchar(20) NOT NULL,
`subarea` varchar(1000) DEFAULT NULL,
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=38 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
column
1、数据库表中字段的字符集设置
显示一:
mysql> show full columns from destination;
+------------+---------------+-----------------+------+-----+---------------------+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| Field | Type | Collation | Null | Key | Default | Extra | Privileges | Comment |
+------------+---------------+-----------------+------+-----+---------------------+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| id | int(10) | NULL | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | select,insert,update,references | |
| pid | int(10) | NULL | NO | MUL | 0 | | select,insert,update,references | |
| name | varchar(20) | utf8_general_ci | NO | | NULL | | select,insert,update,references | |
| subarea | varchar(1000) | utf8_general_ci | YES | | NULL | | select,insert,update,references | |
+------------+---------------+-----------------+------+-----+---------------------+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
显示二:
mysql> show full columns from destination \G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Field: id
Type: int(10)
Collation: NULL
Null: NO
Key: PRI
Default: NULL
Extra: auto_increment
Privileges: select,insert,update,references
Comment:
*************************** 2. row ***************************
Field: pid
Type: int(10)
Collation: NULL
Null: NO
Key: MUL
Default: 0
Extra:
Privileges: select,insert,update,references
Comment:
*************************** 3. row ***************************
Field: name
Type: varchar(20)
Collation: utf8_general_ci
Null: NO
Key:
Default: NULL
Extra:
Privileges: select,insert,update,references
Comment:
*************************** 4. row ***************************
Field: subarea
Type: varchar(1000)
Collation: utf8_general_ci
Null: YES
Key:
Default: NULL
Extra:
Privileges: select,insert,update,references
Comment:
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
修改默认字符集
1、修改mysql的my.cnf文件中的字符集键值
编辑配置文件
#vi /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
default-character-set = utf8
character_set_server = utf8
collation-server=utf8_bin
更新编辑完成之后,重启mysql服务器使其生效。
2、使用mysql的命令修改字符集的方法
mysql> SET character_set_client = utf8 ;
mysql> SET character_set_connection = utf8 ;
mysql> SET character_set_database = utf8 ;
mysql> SET character_set_results = utf8 ;
mysql> SET character_set_server = utf8 ;
mysql> SET collation_connection = utf8 ;
mysql> SET collation_database = utf8 ;
mysql> SET collation_server = utf8 ;
使其快速设置成相应的字符集,但重启之后会变成之前系统默认字符集。
问题追踪
设置了表的默认字符集为utf8并且通过UTF-8编码发送查询,存入数据库的仍然是乱码。那connection连接层上可能出了问题。解决方法是在发送查询前执行一下下面这句: SET NAMES 'utf8';它相当于下面的三句指令:
SET character_set_client = utf8;
SET character_set_results = utf8;
SET character_set_connection = utf8;
转载于:https://blog.51cto.com/pangge/1595604