我们前面讲MongoDB的CRUD操作讲过:MongoDB的更新操作通过集合的update()函数实现。这个函数有两个参数:要更改的文档和更改后的样子。要更新文档有两种情况:更新文档和对文档某些部分更新。下面分别说说这两种情况:
1.更新整个文档
假设现在有下面的一个文档:
{"name":"zhangsan","dad":"zhangyi","mom":"lisi"};
{"name":"zhangsan","age":20,"parents":{dad:"zhangyi","mom":"lisi"}};
如果要将数据库中的第一个文档替代为上面第二个文档,使用update操作的过程如下:
> var zhangsan = db.info.findOne({"name" : "zhangsan"});
> zhangsan
{
"_id" : ObjectId("4ee37409c3fc1a9f80ad74ed"),
"name" : "zhangsan",
"dad" : "zhangyi",
"mom" : "lisi"
}
> zhangsan.parents={"dad":zhangsan.dad,"mom":zhangsan.mom};
{ "dad" : "zhangyi", "mom" : "lisi" }
> zhangsan
{
"_id" : ObjectId("4ee37409c3fc1a9f80ad74ed"),
"name" : "zhangsan",
"dad" : "zhangyi",
"mom" : "lisi",
"parents" : {
"dad" : "zhangyi",
"mom" : "lisi"
}
}
> zhangsan.age=20
20
> zhangsan
{
"_id" : ObjectId("4ee37409c3fc1a9f80ad74ed"),
"name" : "zhangsan",
"dad" : "zhangyi",
"mom" : "lisi",
"parents" : {
"dad" : "zhangyi",
"mom" : "lisi"
},
"age" : 20
}
> delete zhangsan.dad
true
> zhangsan
{
"_id" : ObjectId("4ee37409c3fc1a9f80ad74ed"),
"name" : "zhangsan",
"mom" : "lisi",
"parents" : {
"dad" : "zhangyi",
"mom" : "lisi"
},
"age" : 20
}
> delete zhangsan.mom
true
> zhangsan
{
"_id" : ObjectId("4ee37409c3fc1a9f80ad74ed"),
"name" : "zhangsan",
"parents" : {
"dad" : "zhangyi",
"mom" : "lisi"
},
"age" : 20
}
> db.info.update({"_id" : ObjectId("4ee37409c3fc1a9f80ad74ed")},zhangsan);
> db.info.find();
{ "_id" : ObjectId("4ee37409c3fc1a9f80ad74ed"), "name" : "zhangsan", "parents" : { "dad" : "zhangyi", "mom" : "lisi" }, "age" : 20 }
>
以这种方式进行文档更新需要注意一点:尽量通过_id来匹配需要被替换的文档。至于为什么,我想用过数据库的人应该都能明白(类似于用主键去匹配特性的记录)。
2.使用修改器部分修改文档的一部分
a) $set修改器
$set修改器指定一个键的新值,若不存在则创建新的。我们要给上面的zhangsan文档(数据库中的)添加一个wife键值对。
> db.info.update({"_id" : ObjectId("4ee37409c3fc1a9f80ad74ed")},{"$set":{"wife":"wangwu"}});
> db.info.find();
{ "_id" : ObjectId("4ee37409c3fc1a9f80ad74ed"), "age" : 20, "name" : "zhangsan", "parents" : { "dad" : "zhangyi", "mom" : "lisi" }, "wife" : "wangwu" }
>
现在过了一年,张三已经是21岁了,那么可以使用$set更新age键的值:
> db.info.update({"_id" : ObjectId("4ee37409c3fc1a9f80ad74ed")},{"$set":{"age":21}});
> db.info.find();
{ "_id" : ObjectId("4ee37409c3fc1a9f80ad74ed"), "age" : 21, "name" : "zhangsan", "parents" : { "dad" : "zhangyi", "mom" : "lisi" }, "wife" : "wangwu" }
>
当然这种情况还有别的修改器可以实现,并且更合适,我们一会会继续介。
zhangsan离婚了,没老婆了,怎们办?我们可以通过$unset修改器来撤销wife这个键值对。(PS:这个例子不是很合适,太残酷了)
> db.info.update({"_id" : ObjectId("4ee37409c3fc1a9f80ad74ed")},{"$unset":{"wife":1}});
> db.info.find();
{ "_id" : ObjectId("4ee37409c3fc1a9f80ad74ed"), "age" : 21, "name" : "zhangsan", "parents" : { "dad" : "zhangyi", "mom" : "lisi" } }
>
b)$inc修改器
$inc修改器增加和修改已有键的值(只适用于数字类型)。上面我们提到,随着时间推移,zhangsan的年龄会不断增大,就可以使用这个修改器:
> db.info.update({"_id" : ObjectId("4ee37409c3fc1a9f80ad74ed")},{"$inc":{"age":1}});
> db.info.find();
{ "_id" : ObjectId("4ee37409c3fc1a9f80ad74ed"), "age" : 22, "name" : "zhangsan", "parents" : { "dad" : "zhangyi", "mom" : "lisi" } }
>
这个修改器非常适合那些投票、计分、访问量统计一类的情况。但是得注意,这个选择器只适用于对数字类型的键值对进行增加和减少。减少只需要传递负值就可以了。