SSL / TLS加密会为您的用户带来更高的搜索排名和更好的安全性。
Let’s Encrypt 是一个认证机构(CA)。它可以提供免费证书,并且已经被大多数浏览器所信任。另外,通过工具 Certbot 可以让我们完全自动化证书的安装和更新。
安装证书的前提条件:
安装服务器(这里用 NGINX)。
注册域名。
创建一个DNS记录,将域名和服务器的 IP 地址相关联。
记得安装完成后,防火墙需要打开 443 端口,否则无法访问!!!
1. 安装 Let’s Encrypt 客户端
所有的证书相关的操作,都可以通过 Certbot 软件实现。
注意:HTTPS 作为重要的基础服务,一旦出问题就需要立刻把软件更新到官网提供的最新版本,所以不推荐用各个 Linux 发行版的默认仓库进行安装,而是通过官方工具 certbot-auto 安装。
wget https://dl.eff.org/certbot-auto # 下载到本地
chmod a+x ./certbot-auto # 添加可执行权限
./certbot-auto --help all # 查看帮助
2. 验证域名所有权
配置 Nginx,使要获取证书的域名对应的 80 端口可以正常访问。在 /etc/nginx/conf.d/ 目录下为域名创建新文件 www.example.com.conf,并添加相关配置信息:
server {
root /home/kikakika/trunk;
server_name kikakika.com;
index index.html index.htm index.php; location ~ \.php(.*)$ {
fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
fastcgi_index index.php;
fastcgi_split_path_info ^((?U).+\.php)(/?.+)$;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_param PATH_INFO $fastcgi_path_info;
fastcgi_param PATH_TRANSLATED $document_root$fastcgi_path_info;
include fastcgi_params;
}
}
重启 Nginx
systemctl restart nginx
3. 生成证书
certbot-auto --nginx -d kikakika.com -d www.kikakika.com
出现错误:
Error while running nginx -c /etc/nginx/nginx.conf -t.
nginx: [emerg] open() "/etc/nginx/nginx.conf" failed (2: No such file or directory)
nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test failed
解决方法:
/certbot-auto
--nginx --nginx-server-root=
/usr/local/nginx/conf
正常情况下,进入交互式界面,提示你输入邮箱(在证书失效前收到通知邮件),并同意官方协议。
[root@VM_120_242_centos tmp]# ./certbot-auto --nginx -d scall2.szhuizhong.cn
Saving debug log to /var/log/letsencrypt/letsencrypt.log
Plugins selected: Authenticator nginx, Installer nginx
Obtaining a new certificate
Performing the following challenges:
http-01 challenge for scall2.szhuizhong.cn
Waiting for verification...
Cleaning up challenges
Deployed Certificate to VirtualHost /etc/nginx/nginx.conf for scall2.szhuizhong.cnPlease choose whether or not to redirect HTTP traffic to HTTPS, removing HTTP access.
No redirect - Make no further changes to the webserver configuration.
Redirect - Make all requests redirect to secure HTTPS access. Choose this for
new sites, or if you're confident your site works on HTTPS. You can undo this
change by editing your web server's configuration.
证书生成成功后,会让你选择是否将所有的 HTTP 请求重定向到 HTTPS(输入 1 或者 2)。如果选 1,则通过 HTTP 和 HTTPS 都可以访问。如果选 2,则所有通过 HTTP 来的请求,都会被 301 重定向到 HTTPS。参考下面的 5. 配置 Nginx。
输完 1 或者 2 回车后,会有成功提示,并说明证书放在 /etc/letsencrypt/live/证书的域名 这个位置:
4. 开启 443 端口
开启443端口:firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=443/tcp
查看是否成功:firewall-cmd --permanent --query-port=443/tcp
端口添加成功后,需要reload重新载入:firewall-cmd --reload
5. 配置 Nginx
certbot-auto 会自动调用 Nginx 的插件,改写配置文件。可以通过参数 certonly 关闭自动改写配置文件的功能,只获取证书。
./certbot-auto certonly -d kikakika.com
下面是 certbot-auto 自动改写过的配置文件,所有改写过的行都在后面加了注释:# managed by Certbot。
# 生成证书时选 1: No redirect,不把 HTTP 请求重定向到 HTTPS,一个 server 同时监听 80 和 443 端口
server {
listen 80;
server_name scall2.szhuizhong.cn;
root /home/szhuizhong/trunk; location / {
if (-f $request_filename) {
expires max;
break;
}
if (!-e $request_filename) {
rewrite ^/(.*)$ /index.php/$1 last;
}
index index.html index.htm index.php l.php;
autoindex off;
} error_page 404 /404.html;
location = /40x.html {
}
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = /50x.html {
}
location ~ \.php(.*)$ {
fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
fastcgi_index index.php;
fastcgi_split_path_info ^((?U).+\.php)(/?.+)$;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_param PATH_INFO $fastcgi_path_info;
fastcgi_param PATH_TRANSLATED $document_root$fastcgi_path_info;
fastcgi_param CI_ENV 'testing';
include fastcgi_params;
} listen 443 ssl; # managed by Certbot
ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/scall2.szhuizhong.cn/fullchain.pem; # managed by Certbot
ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/scall2.szhuizhong.cn/privkey.pem; # managed by Certbot
include /etc/letsencrypt/options-ssl-nginx.conf; # managed by Certbot
ssl_dhparam /etc/letsencrypt/ssl-dhparams.pem; # managed by Certbot
}# 生成证书时选 2: redirect,HTTP 请求重定向到 HTTPS,两个 server 分别监听 80 和 443 端口
server {
root /home/kikakika/trunk;
server_name kikakika.com;
index index.html index.htm index.php; location ~ \.php(.*)$ {
fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
fastcgi_index index.php;
fastcgi_split_path_info ^((?U).+\.php)(/?.+)$;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_param PATH_INFO $fastcgi_path_info;
fastcgi_param PATH_TRANSLATED $document_root$fastcgi_path_info;
include fastcgi_params;
} listen 443 ssl; # managed by Certbot
ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/kikakika.com/fullchain.pem; # managed by Certbot
ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/kikakika.com/privkey.pem; # managed by Certbot
include /etc/letsencrypt/options-ssl-nginx.conf; # managed by Certbot
ssl_dhparam /etc/letsencrypt/ssl-dhparams.pem; # managed by Certbot
}
server {
server_name kikakika.com www.kikakika.com;
listen 80;
return 301 https://$host$request_uri; # managed by Certbot
}
6. 设置定时任务
出于安全策略, Let’s Encrypt 签发的证书有效期只有 90 天。通过 ./certbot-auto renew 命令可以续签。
- 编辑 crontab 文件:
$ crontab -e
添加 certbot 命令:
在每天凌晨3点运行。该命令将检查服务器上的证书是否将在未来30天内过期,如果是,则进行更新。--quiet 指令告诉 certbot 不要生成输出。
0 3 * * * /root/letsencrypt/certbot-auto renew --quiet
写入日志
0 0 1 * * /home/soft/ssl/letsencrypt/certbot-auto renew>>/home/soft/ssl/letsencrypt/log.txt
保存并关闭文件。所有安装的证书将自动更新并重新加载。