概述

typescript 的接口只会关注值的外形,实际就是类型(条件)的检查,只要满足就是被允许的。

接口描述了类的公共部分。

接口

interface Person {
    firstName: string;
    lastName: string;
}
function greeter(person: Person) {
    return 'Hello, ' + person.firstName + ' ' + person.lastName;
}
var user = {
    firstName: 'Jane',
    lastName: 'User'
};
document.body.innerHTML = greeter(user);

// 可选属性
interface SquareConfig {
    color?: string;
    width?: number;
}
function createSquare(config: SquareConfig): { color: string; area: number } {
    let newSquare = { color: 'white', area: 100 };
    if ( config.width ) {
        newSquare.area = config.width * config.width;
    }
    return newSquare;
}
let mySquare = createSquare({color: 'black'});

// 只读属性(只能在对象刚刚创建的时候修改其值)
interface Point {
    readonly x: number;
    readonly y: number;
}
let p1: Point = { x: 10, y: 20 };
p1.x = 5;   // error

// ReadonlyArray<T>
let a: number[] = [1, 2, 3, 4];
let ro: ReadonlyArray<number> = a;
ro[0] = 12; // error
ro.push(5); // error
ro.length = 100;    // error
a = ro; // error
// 可以使用断言重写
a = ro as number[];

// const vs readonly
// 作为变量则用 const
// 作为属性则使用 readonly

// 对于会额外带有任意数量的其他属性,最佳方法是添加一个字符串索引签名
// 一旦定义了任意属性,那么确定属性和可选属性都必须是它的子属性,如下代码,即string、number为any的子属性
interface SquareConfig {
    color?: string;
    width?: number;
    [propName: string]: any;    // 字符串索引签名
}

接口(函数类型)

interface SearchFunc {
    // 定义调用签名
    (source: string, subString: string): boolean;
}

let mySearch: SearchFunc;
mySearch = function(source: string, subString: string) {
    let result = source.search(subString);
    if ( result == -1 ) {
        return false;
    } else {
        return true;
    }
}
// 对于函数类型的类型检查,函数的参数名不需要与接口定义的名字相匹配,但是要求对应位置上的参数类型是兼容的。

接口(可索引的类型)

// 当用 number 去索引 StringArray 时会得到 string 类型的返回值
interface StringArray {
    [index: number]: string;
}
let myArray: StringArray;
myArray = ['Bob', 'Fred'];
let myStr: string = myArray[0];

// 防止给索引赋值
interface ReadonlyStringArray {
    readonly [index: number]: string;
}
let myArray: ReadonlyStringArray = ['Alice', 'Bob'];
myArray[2] = 'Mallory'; // error

// 确保所有属性与其返回值类型相匹配
interface NumberDictionary {
    [index: string]: number;
    length: number;
    name: string;   // 错误,name的类型不是索引类型的子类型
}

类类型

// 强制一个类去符合某种契约
interface ClockInterface {
    currentTime: Date;
}
class Clock implements ClockInterface {
    currentTime: Date;
    constructor(h: number, m: number) { }
}

// 在接口中描述一个方法,在类中实现它
interface ClockInterface {
    currentTime: Date;
    setTime(d: Date);
}
class Clock implements ClockInterface {
    currentTime: Date;
    setTime(d: Date) {
        this.currentTime = d;
    }
    constructor(h: number, m: number) { }
}

// 类静态部分与实例部分的区别
interface ClockConstructor {
    new (hour: number, minute: number): ClockInterface;
}
interface ClockInterface {
    tick();
}

function createClock(ctor: ClockConstructor, hour: number, minute: number): ClockInterface {
    return new cotr(hour, minute);
}

class DigitalClock implements ClockInterface {
    constructor(h: number, m: number) {}
    tick() {
        console.log('beep beep');
    }
}
class AnalogClock implements ClockInterface {
    constructor(h: number, m: number) {}
    tick() {
        console.log('tick tock');
    }
}

let digital = createClock(DigitalClock, 12, 17);
let analog = createClock(AnalogClock, 7, 32);

扩展接口

和类一样,接口也可以相互扩展。能够从一个接口里复制成员到另一个接口里,更灵活地将接口分割到可重用的模块里。

interface Shape {
    color: string;
}

interface Square extends Shape {
    sideLength: number;
}

let square = <Square>{};
square.color = 'blue';
square.sideLength = 10;

// 继承多个接口
interface Shape {
    color: string;
}

interface PenStroke {
    penWidth: number;
}

interface Square extends Shape, PenStroke {
    sideLength: number;
}

let square = <Square>{};
square.color = 'blue';
square.sideLength = 10;
square.penWidth = 5.0;

混合类型

// 一个对象可以同时做为函数和对象使用,并带有额外的属性
interface Counter {
    (start: number): string;
    interval: number;
    reset(): void;
}

function getCounter(): Counter {
    let counter = <Counter>function (start: number) { };
    counter.interval = 123;
    counter.reset = function() { };
    return counter;
}

let c = getCounter();
c(10);
c.reset();
c.interval = 5.0;

接口继承类

当接口继承类类型时,它会继承类的成员但不包括其实现。接口同样会继承到类的private和protected成员。意味着这个接口只能被这个类或其子类所实现。

class Control {
    private state: any;
}

interface SelectableControl extends Control {
    select(): void;
}

class Button extends Control {
    select() { }
}

class TextBox extends Control {
    select() { }
}

class Image {
    select() { }
}

class Location {
    select() { }
}