samba 原理介绍 samba有什么作用

　一、samba简介

Samba是一个能让Linux系统应用Microsoft网络通讯协议的软件，而SMB是Server Message Block的缩写，即为服务器消息块 ，SMB主要是作为Microsoft的网络通讯协议，后来Samba将SMB通信协议应用到了Linux系统上，就形成了现在的Samba软件。

　Samba最大的功能就是可以用于Linux与windows系统直接的文件共享和打印共享，Samba既可以用于windows与Linux 之间的文件共享，也可以用于Linux与Linux之间的资源共享，由于NFS(网络文件系统）可以很好的完成Linux与Linux之间的数据共享，因 而 Samba较多的用在了Linux与windows之间的数据共享上面。

二、系统环境

系统平台：CentOS release 6.3 (Final)

Samba版本：samba-3.5.10-125.el6.x86_64

Samba Server IP：192.168.0.164

防火墙已关闭/iptables: Firewall is not running.

SELINUX=disabled

三、samba安装

前提 ： 虚拟机必须调成桥接模式（必须能够访问外网）

1、卸载samba
# rpm -qa | grep samba   //查看samba服务包
# rpm -e samba           //卸载指定samba服务包
# rpm -e --nodeps samba-common-2.2.7 //强制卸载指定samba服务包
清除samba服务列表，为了能够那更好的安装samba。
2、安装samba
# yum install samba samba-client samba-swat
安装samba所需服务。
注：如若使用yum不能安装，执行命令 # clean yum all,然后再次安装samba。
      如果死活还是安装不上，报错如下：
GPG key retrieval failed: [Errno 14] Could not open/read 
  file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-oracle
      下面有猛药：
  删除/etc/yum.repos.d/下面的public-yum-ol6.repo
   
3、系统配置
1）、Samba设置成开机自启动
#  chkconfig --level 35 smb on 
查看samba设置开机状态
# chkconfig --list smb
2）Samba 的端口设置为开启
# vi /etc/sysconfig/iptables
 ←找到此行，在下面添加如下行：
-A INPUT -m state --state NEW -m udp -p udp --dport 137 -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -m state --state NEW -m udp -p udp --dport 138 -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 139 -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 445 -j ACCEPT
←重新启动iptables ，使新的规则生效
3）、centos内置selinux让samba可以访问目录
    #  setenforce 0
四、配置Samba服务
Samba的主配置文件为/etc/samba/smb.conf
主配置文件由两部分构成
· Global Settings (55-245行)
　　该设置都是与Samba服务整体运行环境有关的选项，它的设置项目是针对所有共享资源的。
· Share Definitions （246-尾行）
该设置针对的是共享目录个别的设置，只对当前的共享资源起作用。
 注：下文中#与;代表注释的意识 ，绿色部分（必须项）为添加修改项，其他参数自行研究
 
#======================= Global Settings =====================================
 
[global]
 
# ----------------------- Network Related Options -------------------------
#
# workgroup = NT-Domain-Name or Workgroup-Name, eg: MIDEARTH
#
# server string is the equivalent of the NT Description field
#
# netbios name can be used to specify a server name not tied to the hostname
#
# Interfaces lets you configure Samba to use multiple interfaces
# If you have multiple network interfaces then you can list the ones
# you want to listen on (never omit localhost)
#
# Hosts Allow/Hosts Deny lets you restrict who can connect, and you can
# specifiy it as a per share option as well
#
workgroup = WORKGROUP   <-----与windows系统工作组一致（默认）
server string = Samba Server Version %v
 
; netbios name = MYSERVER
 
; interfaces = lo eth0 192.168.12.2/24 192.168.13.2/24 
hosts allow = 127. 192.168.0. <-----允许访问的Windows系统网段
 
# --------------------------- Logging Options -----------------------------
#
# Log File let you specify where to put logs and how to split them up.
#
# Max Log Size let you specify the max size log files should reach
 
# logs split per machine
log file = /var/log/samba/log.%m
# max 50KB per log file, then rotate
max log size = 50
 
# ----------------------- Standalone Server Options ------------------------
#
# Scurity can be set to user, share(deprecated) or server(deprecated)
#
# Backend to store user information in. New installations should 
# use either tdbsam or ldapsam. smbpasswd is available for backwards 
# compatibility. tdbsam requires no further configuration.

security =user  <------常用user和share两种方式，user 需要用户和密码访问。Share无需用户密码。
passdb backend = tdbsam


# ----------------------- Domain Members Options ------------------------
#
# Security must be set to domain or ads
#
# Use the realm option only with security = ads
# Specifies the Active Directory realm the host is part of
#
# Backend to store user information in. New installations should 
# use either tdbsam or ldapsam. smbpasswd is available for backwards 
# compatibility. tdbsam requires no further configuration.
#
# Use password server option only with security = server or if you can't
# use the DNS to locate Domain Controllers
# The argument list may include:
#   password server = My_PDC_Name [My_BDC_Name] [My_Next_BDC_Name]
# or to auto-locate the domain controller/s
#   password server = *
 
 
; security = domain
; passdb backend = tdbsam
; realm = MY_REALM

; password server = <NT-Server-Name>

# ----------------------- Domain Controller Options ------------------------
#
# Security must be set to user for domain controllers
#
# Backend to store user information in. New installations should 
# use either tdbsam or ldapsam. smbpasswd is available for backwards 
# compatibility. tdbsam requires no further configuration.
#
# Domain Master specifies Samba to be the Domain Master Browser. This
# allows Samba to collate browse lists between subnets. Don't use this
# if you already have a Windows NT domain controller doing this job
#
# Domain Logons let Samba be a domain logon server for Windows workstations. 
#
# Logon Scrpit let yuou specify a script to be run at login time on the client
# You need to provide it in a share called NETLOGON
#
# Logon Path let you specify where user profiles are stored (UNC path)
#
# Various scripts can be used on a domain controller or stand-alone
# machine to add or delete corresponding unix accounts
#
; security = user
; passdb backend = tdbsam
 
; domain master = yes 
; domain logons = yes
 
# the login script name depends on the machine name
; logon script = %m.bat
# the login script name depends on the unix user used
; logon script = %u.bat
; logon path = \\%L\Profiles\%u
# disables profiles support by specifing an empty path
; logon path =          
 
; add user script = /usr/sbin/useradd "%u" -n -g users
; add group script = /usr/sbin/groupadd "%g"
; add machine script = /usr/sbin/useradd -n -c "Workstation (%u)" -M -d /nohome -s /bin/false "%u"
; delete user script = /usr/sbin/userdel "%u"
; delete user from group script = /usr/sbin/userdel "%u" "%g"
; delete group script = /usr/sbin/groupdel "%g"
 
 
# ----------------------- Browser Control Options ----------------------------
#
# set local master to no if you don't want Samba to become a master
# browser on your network. Otherwise the normal election rules apply
#
# OS Level determines the precedence of this server in master browser
# elections. The default value should be reasonable
#
# Preferred Master causes Samba to force a local browser election on startup
# and gives it a slightly higher chance of winning the election
; local master = no
; os level = 33
; preferred master = yes
 
#----------------------------- Name Resolution -------------------------------
# Windows Internet Name Serving Support Section:
# Note: Samba can be either a WINS Server, or a WINS Client, but NOT both
#
# - WINS Support: Tells the NMBD component of Samba to enable it's WINS Server
#
# - WINS Server: Tells the NMBD components of Samba to be a WINS Client
#
# - WINS Proxy: Tells Samba to answer name resolution queries on
#   behalf of a non WINS capable client, for this to work there must be
#   at least one WINS Server on the network. The default is NO.
#
# DNS Proxy - tells Samba whether or not to try to resolve NetBIOS names
# via DNS nslookups.
 
; wins support = yes
; wins server = w.x.y.z
; wins proxy = yes
 
; dns proxy = yes
 
# --------------------------- Printing Options -----------------------------
#
# Load Printers let you load automatically the list of printers rather
# than setting them up individually
#
# Cups Options let you pass the cups libs custom options, setting it to raw
# for example will let you use drivers on your Windows clients
#
# Printcap Name let you specify an alternative printcap file
#
# You can choose a non default printing system using the Printing option
 
load printers = yes
cups options = raw

; printcap name = /etc/printcap
#obtain list of printers automatically on SystemV
; printcap name = lpstat
; printing = cups

# --------------------------- Filesystem Options ---------------------------
#
# The following options can be uncommented if the filesystem supports
# Extended Attributes and they are enabled (usually by the mount option
# user_xattr). Thess options will let the admin store the DOS attributes
# in an EA and make samba not mess with the permission bits.
#
# Note: these options can also be set just per share, setting them in global
# makes them the default for all shares

; map archive = no
; map hidden = no
; map read only = no
; map system = no
; store dos attributes = yes


#============================ Share Definitions ==============================
 
[homes]
comment = Home Directories
browseable = no
writable = yes
; valid users = %S
; valid users = MYDOMAIN\%S
 
[public]         //共性目录别名  
        comment = Public Stuff   //注释
        path = /home/share/     // 共享目录
        public = yes     //共性目录是否公开
    writable=yes     //可写
    valid user =test,xyz    //只允许test和xyz两个samba用户访问 
[Share]
     comment = This is a share directory.
     path = /home/Company/Share/
     public = no
 admin users = admin   //目录所有者
     valid users = admin,@hradmin,@fmadmin  //只允许admin用户和hradmin、fmadmin组用户访问  ，组用户前加@符多个使用“，”隔开。
     writable = yes
     create mask = 0755   //默认创建的文件权限755。
     directory mask = 0755 //默认创建的目录全向755。

[printers]
comment = All Printers
path = /var/spool/samba
browseable = no
guest ok = no
writable = no
printable = yes
 
# Un-comment the following and create the netlogon directory for Domain Logons
; [netlogon]
; comment = Network Logon Service
; path = /var/lib/samba/netlogon
; guest ok = yes
; writable = no
; share modes = no
 
 
# Un-comment the following to provide a specific roving profile share
# the default is to use the user's home directory
; [Profiles]
; path = /var/lib/samba/profiles
; browseable = no
; guest ok = yes
 
 
# A publicly accessible directory, but read only, except for people in
# the "staff" group
; [public]
; comment = Public Stuff
; path = /home/samba
; public = yes
; writable = yes
; printable = no
; write list = +staff
 
五、牛刀小试
1、要求：创建一个共享目录（share），任何人都可访问。
1）、修改smb.conf
# vi /etc/samba/smb.conf
修改和添加内容
workgroup = WORKGROUP  
security = share
hosts allow = 127. 192.168.0.  //按需修改

在末尾处添加
        [public]       
        comment = Public Stuff   
        path = /home/share/     
        public = yes     
    writable=yes 

：wq 保存smb.conf
2）、创建共享目录
# mkdir -p /home/share
3）、启动服务
# service smb start
# service nmb start
# service iptables stop
4）、查看共享文件
Win+R  \\192.168.0.164\

 2、要求：创建一个共享目录（myWork），只允许指定的人和组可看。
1）、修改smb.conf
# vi /etc/samba/smb.conf
修改和添加内容
workgroup = WORKGROUP  
security = user
hosts allow = 127. 192.168.0.  //按需修改

在末尾处添加
        [work]       
        comment = Public Stuff   
        path = /home/myWork/     
        public = no     
       writable=yes 
       valid users=test,@xyz
 
：wq 保存smb.conf
 
2）、创建共享目录
# mkdir -p /home/myWork/
3）、启动服务
# service smb reload
4）、查看共享文件
Win+R  \\192.168.0.164\

六、分享时刻
Win+R  \\192.168.0.164\
1、如果弹不出共享目录框，死活就是出不来。
解：关闭防火墙  # service iptables stop 
Samba 重启服务 # service  smb  restart 
2、如下图
 
解：打开dos窗口
Win+R  cmd
输入： net use   //查询当前连接的samba
                   net use  *  /del  删除当前的远程连接
稍等片刻再去连接。
3、如下图
  
解：出现上面的问题快速的解决办法，更改一下samba ServerIP 
# vi  /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
修改 IPADDR 换个IP就可以啦
4、已经修改成桥接模式，IP已设置成功，就是连接不成功外网。
解：这是一副很强的猛药，一剂见效。
在虚拟机的界面：编辑---->虚拟网络编辑器---->更改设置----->还原默认设置----->ok
只要ping不通外网，samba共享就不能连接。