引言
我们已经了解到,我们可以为每个顶点添加颜色来增加图形的细节,从而创建出有趣的图像。但是,如果想让图形看起来更真实,我们就必须有足够多的顶点,从而指定足够多的颜色。这将会产生很多额外开销,因为每个模型都会需求更多的顶点,每个顶点又需求一个颜色属性。
艺术家和程序员更喜欢使用纹理(Texture)。纹理是一个2D图片(甚至也有1D和3D的纹理),它可以用来添加物体的细节;你可以想象纹理是一张绘有砖块的纸,无缝折叠贴合到你的3D的房子上,这样你的房子看起来就像有砖墙外表了。因为我们可以在一张图片上插入非常多的细节,这样就可以让物体非常精细而不用指定额外的顶点。
除了图像以外,纹理也可以被用来储存大量的数据,这些数据可以发送到着色器上。
纹理映射
自注:为顶点指定纹理坐标,这样顶点就可以根据纹理坐标对纹理的像素进行采样,于是顶点就拥有了纹理对应位置的颜色。二图形其他的片段会依据纹理进行相应插值。
为了能够把纹理映射(Map)到三角形上,我们需要指定三角形的每个顶点各自对应纹理的哪个部分。这样每个顶点就会关联着一个纹理坐标(Texture Coordinate),用来标明该从纹理图像的哪个部分采样(译注:采集片段颜色)。之后在图形的其它片段上进行片段插值(Fragment Interpolation)。
纹理环绕方式
自注:纹理坐标在x和y轴上,且范围为0到1之间(对于2D纹理图形)。纹理坐标起始于(0,0)为纹理图片左下角,终止于(1,1)为纹理图片的右上角。纹理环绕就是指当纹理坐标超出范围时,采取纹理重复方式去平铺物体的表面。
使用函数:
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S,GL_MIRRORED_REPEAT);
float borderColor[] = {1.0f, 1.0f , 0.0f, 1.0f };
glTexParametefv(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_BORDER_COLOR, borderColor);
纹理过滤
自注:当你拥有一张纹理图片时,其实它其中包含很多纹理像素,就是它拥有很多像素点。而我们的纹理坐标是浮点数,我们需要根据纹理坐标去纹理上进行采样获取颜色。
使用函数:
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER , GL_NEAREST);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAX_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
多级渐远纹理
涉及函数:
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN)FILTER, GL_LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR);
加载纹理
加载纹理的代码:
int width, height;
unsigned char* image = SOIL_load_image("container,jpg", &width, &height, 0 ,SOIL_LOAD_RGB);
创建纹理
生成纹理的过程:
GLuint texture;
glGenTextures(1, &texture);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture);
// 为当前绑定的纹理对象色湖之环绕、过滤方式
// 加载并生成纹理
int width, height;
unsigned char* image = SOIL_load_image("container.jpg", &width, &height, 0 ,SOIL_LOAD_RGB);
应用纹理
后面的这部分我们会使用glDrawElements绘制「你好,三角形」教程最后一部分的矩形。我们需要告知OpenGL如何采样纹理,所以我们必须使用纹理坐标更新顶点数据:
GLfloat vertices[] = {
// ---- 位置 ---- ---- 颜色 ---- - 纹理坐标 -
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // 右上
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // 右下
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // 左下
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f // 左上
};
新顶点数据的配置:
glVertexAttribPointer(2, 2, GL_FLOAT,GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(GLfloat), (GLvoid*)(6 * sizeof(GLfloat)));
glEnableVertexAttribArray(2);
顶点着色器:
#version 330 core
// 输入为顶点数据中的位置、颜色、纹理坐标
layout (location = 0) in vec3 position;
layout (location = 1) in vec3 color;
layout (location = 2) in vec2 texCoord;
// 输出为顶点颜色、纹理坐标
out vec3 ourColor;
out vec2 TexCoord;
void main()
{
gl_Position = vec4(position, 1.0f);
ourColor = color;
TexCoord = texCoord;
}
片段着色器:
#version 330 core
// 输入为顶点颜色、纹理坐标
in vec3 ourColor;
in vec2 TexCoord;
// 输出为颜色
out vec4 color;
// 采样器
uniform sampler2D ourTexture;
void main()
{
// 使用texture函数来采样纹理颜色(采样器,纹理坐标)
color = texture(ourTexture, TexCoord);
}
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture);
glBindVertexArray(VAO);
glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 6, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0);
glBindVertexArray(0);
完整代码
#version 330 core
// 输入为顶点数据中的位置、颜色、纹理坐标
layout (location = 0) in vec3 position;
layout (location = 1) in vec3 color;
layout (location = 2) in vec2 texCoord;
// 输出为顶点颜色、纹理坐标
out vec3 ourColor;
out vec2 TexCoord;
void main()
{
gl_Position = vec4(position, 1.0f);
ourColor = color;
TexCoord = texCoord;
}
#version 330 core
// 输入为顶点颜色、纹理坐标
in vec3 ourColor;
in vec2 TexCoord;
// 输出为颜色
out vec4 color;
// 采样器
uniform sampler2D ourTexture;
void main()
{
// 使用texture函数来采样纹理颜色(采样器,纹理坐标)
color = texture(ourTexture, TexCoord);
}
#include <iostream>
// GLEW
#define GLEW_STATIC
#include <GL/glew.h>
// GLFW
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
// Other Libs
#include "SOIL.h"
// Other includes
#include "Shader.h"
// Function prototypes
void key_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int key, int scancode, int action, int mode);
// Window dimensions
const GLuint WIDTH = 800, HEIGHT = 600;
// The MAIN function, from here we start the application and run the game loop
int main()
{
// Init GLFW
glfwInit();
// Set all the required options for GLFW
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_RESIZABLE, GL_FALSE);
// Create a GLFWwindow object that we can use for GLFW's functions
GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(WIDTH, HEIGHT, "LearnOpenGL", nullptr, nullptr);
glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
// Set the required callback functions
glfwSetKeyCallback(window, key_callback);
// Set this to true so GLEW knows to use a modern approach to retrieving function pointers and extensions
glewExperimental = GL_TRUE;
// Initialize GLEW to setup the OpenGL Function pointers
glewInit();
// Define the viewport dimensions
glViewport(0, 0, WIDTH, HEIGHT);
// Build and compile our shader program
Shader ourShader("C:\\Users\\32156\\source\\repos\\LearnOpenGL\\Shader\\vertexShader.txt", "C:\\Users\\32156\\source\\repos\\LearnOpenGL\\Shader\\fragmentShader.txt");
// 设置顶点数据
GLfloat vertices[] = {
// 顶点位置 // 顶点颜色 // 纹理坐标
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // Top Right
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // Bottom Right
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // Bottom Left
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f // Top Left
};
// 设置索引
GLuint indices[] = {
0, 1, 3, // 第一个三角形
1, 2, 3 // 第二个三角形
};
// 创建VAO、VBO、EBO,绑定并设置VBO、EBO、VAO
GLuint VBO, VAO, EBO;
glGenVertexArrays(1, &VAO);
glGenBuffers(1, &VBO);
glGenBuffers(1, &EBO);
glBindVertexArray(VAO);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, EBO);
glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(indices), indices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
// 位置数据解析
glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(GLfloat), (GLvoid*)0);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
// 颜色数据解析
glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(GLfloat), (GLvoid*)(3 * sizeof(GLfloat)));
glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
// 纹理坐标数据解析
glVertexAttribPointer(2, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(GLfloat), (GLvoid*)(6 * sizeof(GLfloat)));
glEnableVertexAttribArray(2);
glBindVertexArray(0); // 解绑VAO(这时VAO中包含VBO和EBO)
// 加载纹理
GLuint texture;
glGenTextures(1, &texture);
// 将纹理对象texture绑定到GL_TEXTURE_2D上,往后对GL_TEXTURE_2D的操作都将对texture执行
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture);
// 设置纹理在不同轴的环绕方式
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
// 设置纹理的纹理过滤方式
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
// 加载纹理图片
int width, height;
unsigned char* image = SOIL_load_image("C:\\Users\\32156\\source\\repos\\LearnOpenGL\\Resource\\container.jpg", &width, &height, 0, SOIL_LOAD_RGB);
// 将纹理图片保存到绑定GL_TEXTURE_2D的对象上,以字符数组形式
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, width, height, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, image);
// 生成GL_TEXTURE_2D绑定对象的多级渐远纹理
glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
// 释放纹理图片内存,解绑纹理texture
SOIL_free_image_data(image);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);
// 游戏循环
while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
{
// 事件检测
glfwPollEvents();
// 清除屏幕颜色缓存
glClearColor(0.2f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f);
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
// 绑定纹理
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture);
// 使用着色器
ourShader.Use();
// 绑定VAO 并使用glDrawElements绘图
glBindVertexArray(VAO);
//glDrawElements的第一个参数为绘制的图元类型
//第二个参数为模型的总顶点数,第三个参数为索引值的类型,最后一个值是指向索引存贮位置的指针
glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 6, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0);
// 解绑VAO
glBindVertexArray(0);
// 交换前后缓冲区
glfwSwapBuffers(window);
}
// 释放VAO、VBO、EBO占用的的显存
glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &VAO);
glDeleteBuffers(1, &VBO);
glDeleteBuffers(1, &EBO);
// 释放GLFW申请的内存
glfwTerminate();
return 0;
}
// Is called whenever a key is pressed/released via GLFW
void key_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int key, int scancode, int action, int mode)
{
if (key == GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE && action == GLFW_PRESS)
glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, GL_TRUE);
}
顶点颜色的使用:
color = texture(ourTexture, TexCoord) * vec4(ourColor, 1.0f);
纹理单元
一个纹理的位置值通常称为一个纹理单元(Texture Unit)。一个纹理的默认纹理单元是0,它是默认的激活纹理单元,所以教程前面部分我们没有分配一个位置值。
纹理单元的主要目的是让我们在着色器中可以使用多于一个的纹理。通过把纹理单元赋值给采样器,我们可以一次绑定多个纹理,只要我们首先激活对应的纹理单元。就像glBindTexture一样,我们可以使用glActiveTexture激活纹理单元,传入我们需要使用的纹理单元:
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0); //在绑定纹理之前先激活纹理单元
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture);
激活纹理单元之后,接下来的glBindTexture函数调用会绑定这个纹理到当前激活的纹理单元,纹理单元GL_TEXTURE0默认总是被激活,所以我们在前面的例子里当我们使用glBindTexture的时候,无需激活任何纹理单元。
片段着色器代码:
#version 330 core
uniform sampler2D ourTexture1;
uniform sampler2D ourTexture2;
void main()
{
color = mix(texture(ourTexture1, TexCoord), texture(ourTexture2, TexCoord), 0.2);
}
最终输出颜色现在是两个纹理的结合。GLSL内建的mix函数需要接受两个值作为参数,并对它们根据第三个参数进行线性插值。。如果第三个值是0.0,它会返回第一个输入;如果是1.0,会返回第二个输入值。0.2会返回80%的第一个输入颜色和20%的第二个输入颜色,即返回两个纹理的混合色。我们现在需要载入并创建另一个纹理;你应该对这些步骤很熟悉了。记得创建另一个纹理对象,载入图片,使用glTexImage2D生成最终纹理。对于第二个纹理我们使用一张你学习OpenGL时的面部表情图片。为了使用第二个纹理(以及第一个),我们必须改变一点渲染流程,先绑定两个纹理到对应的纹理单元,然后定义哪个uniform采样器对应哪个纹理单元:
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture1);
glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(ourShader.Program, "ourTexture1"), 0);
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture2);
glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(ourShader.Program, "ourTexture2"), 1);
glBindVertexArray(VAO);
glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 6, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0);
glBindVertexArray(0);
注意,我们使用glUniform1i设置uniform采样器的位置值,或者说纹理单元。通过glUniform1i的设置,我们保证每个uniform采样器对应着正确的纹理单元。
OpenGL要求y轴0.0坐标是在图片的底部的,但是图片的y轴0.0坐标通常在顶部。一些图片加载器比如DevIL在加载的时候有选项重置y原点,但是SOIL没有。SOIL却有一个叫做SOIL_load_OGL_texture函数可以使用一个叫做SOIL_FLAG_INVERT_Y的标记加载并生成纹理,这可以解决我们的问题。不过这个函数用了一些在现代OpenGL中失效的特性,所以现在我们仍需坚持使用SOIL_load_image,自己做纹理的生成。
最后的源代码
#version 330 core
layout (location = 0) in vec3 position;
layout (location = 1) in vec3 color;
layout (location = 2) in vec2 texCoord;
out vec3 ourColor;
out vec2 TexCoord;
void main()
{
gl_Position = vec4(position, 1.0f);
ourColor = color;
// We swap the y-axis by substracing our coordinates from 1. This is done because most images have the top y-axis inversed with OpenGL's top y-axis.
// TexCoord = texCoord;
TexCoord = vec2(texCoord.x, 1.0 - texCoord.y);
}
#version 330 core
in vec3 ourColor;
in vec2 TexCoord;
out vec4 color;
// Texture samplers
uniform sampler2D ourTexture1;
uniform sampler2D ourTexture2;
void main()
{
// Linearly interpolate between both textures (second texture is only slightly combined)
color = mix(texture(ourTexture1, TexCoord), texture(ourTexture2, TexCoord), 0.2);
}
#include <iostream>
// GLEW
#define GLEW_STATIC
#include <GL/glew.h>
// GLFW
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
// Other Libs
#include "SOIL.h"
// Other includes
#include "Shader.h"
// Function prototypes
void key_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int key, int scancode, int action, int mode);
// Window dimensions
const GLuint WIDTH = 800, HEIGHT = 600;
// The MAIN function, from here we start the application and run the game loop
int main()
{
// Init GLFW
glfwInit();
// Set all the required options for GLFW
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_RESIZABLE, GL_FALSE);
// Create a GLFWwindow object that we can use for GLFW's functions
GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(WIDTH, HEIGHT, "LearnOpenGL", nullptr, nullptr);
glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
// Set the required callback functions
glfwSetKeyCallback(window, key_callback);
// Set this to true so GLEW knows to use a modern approach to retrieving function pointers and extensions
glewExperimental = GL_TRUE;
// Initialize GLEW to setup the OpenGL Function pointers
glewInit();
// Define the viewport dimensions
glViewport(0, 0, WIDTH, HEIGHT);
// Build and compile our shader program
Shader ourShader("C:\\Users\\32156\\source\\repos\\LearnOpenGL\\Shader\\vertexShader.txt", "C:\\Users\\32156\\source\\repos\\LearnOpenGL\\Shader\\fragmentShader.txt");
// Set up vertex data (and buffer(s)) and attribute pointers
GLfloat vertices[] = {
// Positions // Colors // Texture Coords
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // Top Right
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // Bottom Right
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // Bottom Left
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f // Top Left
};
GLuint indices[] = { // Note that we start from 0!
0, 1, 3, // First Triangle
1, 2, 3 // Second Triangle
};
GLuint VBO, VAO, EBO;
glGenVertexArrays(1, &VAO);
glGenBuffers(1, &VBO);
glGenBuffers(1, &EBO);
glBindVertexArray(VAO);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, EBO);
glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(indices), indices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
// Position attribute
glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(GLfloat), (GLvoid*)0);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
// Color attribute
glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(GLfloat), (GLvoid*)(3 * sizeof(GLfloat)));
glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
// TexCoord attribute
glVertexAttribPointer(2, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(GLfloat), (GLvoid*)(6 * sizeof(GLfloat)));
glEnableVertexAttribArray(2);
glBindVertexArray(0); // Unbind VAO
// Load and create a texture
GLuint texture1;
GLuint texture2;
// ====================
// Texture 1
// ====================
glGenTextures(1, &texture1);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture1); // All upcoming GL_TEXTURE_2D operations now have effect on our texture object
// Set our texture parameters
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT); // Set texture wrapping to GL_REPEAT
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
// Set texture filtering
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
// Load, create texture and generate mipmaps
int width, height;
unsigned char* image = SOIL_load_image("C:\\Users\\32156\\source\\repos\\LearnOpenGL\\Resource\\container.jpg", &width, &height, 0, SOIL_LOAD_RGB);
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, width, height, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, image);
glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
SOIL_free_image_data(image);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0); // Unbind texture when done, so we won't accidentily mess up our texture.
// ===================
// Texture 2
// ===================
glGenTextures(1, &texture2);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture2);
// Set our texture parameters
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
// Set texture filtering
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
// Load, create texture and generate mipmaps
image = SOIL_load_image("C:\\Users\\32156\\source\\repos\\LearnOpenGL\\Resource\\awesomeface.png", &width, &height, 0, SOIL_LOAD_RGB);
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, width, height, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, image);
glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
SOIL_free_image_data(image);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);
// Game loop
while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
{
// Check if any events have been activiated (key pressed, mouse moved etc.) and call corresponding response functions
glfwPollEvents();
// Render
// Clear the colorbuffer
glClearColor(0.2f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f);
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
// Activate shader
ourShader.Use();
// Bind Textures using texture units
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture1);
glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(ourShader.Program, "ourTexture1"), 0);
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture2);
glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(ourShader.Program, "ourTexture2"), 1);
// Draw container
glBindVertexArray(VAO);
glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 6, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0);
glBindVertexArray(0);
// Swap the screen buffers
glfwSwapBuffers(window);
}
// Properly de-allocate all resources once they've outlived their purpose
glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &VAO);
glDeleteBuffers(1, &VBO);
glDeleteBuffers(1, &EBO);
// Terminate GLFW, clearing any resources allocated by GLFW.
glfwTerminate();
return 0;
}
// Is called whenever a key is pressed/released via GLFW
void key_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int key, int scancode, int action, int mode)
{
if (key == GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE && action == GLFW_PRESS)
glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, GL_TRUE);
}
核心代码
纹理的配置
// 创建纹理并绑定GL_TEXTURE_2D
glGenTextures(1, &texture1);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture1);
// 配置不同轴的纹理环绕
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
// 配置放大和缩小的纹理过滤
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
// 加载纹理图片
int width, height;
unsigned char* image = SOIL_load_image("C:\\Users\\32156\\source\\repos\\LearnOpenGL\\Resource\\container.jpg", &width, &height, 0, SOIL_LOAD_RGB);
// 绑定纹理图片到绑定GL_TEXTURE_2D的对象texture1
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, width, height, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, image);
// 生成多级渐远纹理
glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
// 释放图片并解绑texture
SOIL_free_image_data(image);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);
纹理单元的激活
while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
{
glfwPollEvents();
glClearColor(0.2f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f);
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
// 使用着色器
ourShader.Use();
// 激活纹理单元
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
// 绑定纹理对象到激活的纹理单元
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture1);
// 设置着色器程序中的纹理采样器对应的纹理单元
glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(ourShader.Program, "ourTexture1"), 0);
// 同上
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture2);
glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(ourShader.Program, "ourTexture2"), 1);
glBindVertexArray(VAO);
glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 6, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0);
glBindVertexArray(0);
glfwSwapBuffers(window);
}