一、Filter简介
  Filter也称之为过滤器,它是Servlet技术中最激动人心的技术之一,WEB开发人员通过Filter技术,对web服务器管理的所有web资源:例如Jsp, Servlet, 静态图片文件或静态html文件等进行拦截,从而实现一些特殊的功能。例如实现URL级别的权限访问控制、过滤敏感词汇、压缩响应信息等 一些高级功能。
  Servlet API中提供了一个Filter接口,开发web应用时,如果编写的Java类实现了这个接口,则把这个java类称之为过滤器Filter。通过Filter 技术,开发人员可以实现用户在访问某个目标资源之前,对访问的请求和响应进行拦截,Filter接口源代码:

public abstract interface Filter{  
    public abstract void init(FilterConfig paramFilterConfig) throws ServletException;  
    public abstract void doFilter(ServletRequest paramServletRequest, ServletResponse paramServletResponse, FilterChain   
        paramFilterChain) throws IOException, ServletException;  
    public abstract void destroy();  
}

二、Filter是如何实现拦截的?(Filter的工作原理)
  Filter接口中有一个doFilter方法,当我们编写好Filter,并配置对哪个web资源进行拦截后,WEB服务器每次在调用web资源的service方法之前, 都会先调用一下filter的doFilter方法,因此,在该方法内编写代码可达到如下目的:
调用目标资源之前,让一段代码执行。
是否调用目标资源(即是否让用户访问web资源)。
调用目标资源之后,让一段代码执行。
  web服务器在调用doFilter方法时,会传递一个filterChain对象进来,filterChain对象是filter接口中最重要的一个对象,它也提供了一个 doFilter方法,开发人员可以根据需求决定是否调用此方法,调用该方法,则web服务器就会调用web资源的service方法,即web资源就会被访问, 否则web资源不会被访问。
三、Filter开发流程

3.1、Filter开发步骤
Filter开发分为2步:

  • 编写java类实现Filter接口,并实现其doFilter方法。
  • 在web.xml 文件中使用和元素对编写的filter类进行注册,并设置它所能拦截的资源。
    过滤器范例:
import java.io.IOException;  
 import javax.servlet.Filter;  
 import javax.servlet.FilterChain;  
 import javax.servlet.FilterConfig;  
 import javax.servlet.ServletException;  
 import javax.servlet.ServletRequest;  
 import javax.servlet.ServletResponse;  
 /** 
  * @author yangcq 
  * @description 过滤器Filter的工作原理 
  */  
 public class FilterTest implements Filter{  
   
     public void destroy() {  
         System.out.println("----Filter销毁----");  
     }  
   
     public void doFilter(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response,FilterChain 	filterChain) throws IOException, ServletException {  
         // 对request、response进行一些预处理  
         request.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8");  
         response.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8");  
         response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");  
         System.out.println("----调用service之前执行一段代码----");  
         filterChain.doFilter(request, response); // 执行目标资源,放行  
         System.out.println("----调用service之后执行一段代码----");  
     }  
   
     public void init(FilterConfig arg0) throws ServletException {  
         System.out.println("----Filter初始化----");  
     }  
 }

在web. xml中配置过滤器:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>  
<web-app version="3.0"   
    xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee"   
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"   
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee   
    http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_3_0.xsd">  
  <display-name></display-name>      
  <welcome-file-list>  
    <welcome-file>index.jsp</welcome-file>  
  </welcome-file-list>  
  <!--配置过滤器-->  
  <filter>  
      <filter-name>FilterTest</filter-name>  
      <filter-class>com.yangcq.filter.FilterTest</filter-class>  
  </filter>  
  <!--映射过滤器-->  
  <filter-mapping>  
      <filter-name>FilterTest</filter-name>  
      <!--“/*”表示拦截所有的请求 -->  
      <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>  
  </filter-mapping>  
</web-app>

3.2、Filter链
  在一个web应用中,可以开发编写多个Filter,这些Filter组合起来称之为一个Filter链。web服务器根据Filter在web.xml文件中的注册顺序, 决定先调用哪个Filter,当第一个Filter的doFilter方法被调用时,web服务器会创建一个代表Filter链的FilterChain对象传递给该方法。在doFilter 方法中,开发人员如果调用了FilterChain对象的doFilter方法,则web服务器会检查FilterChain对象中是否还有filter,如果有,则调用第2个filter, 如果没有,则调用目标资源。

四,Spring框架下,过滤器的配置
如果项目中使用了Spring框架,那么,很多过滤器都不用自己来写了,Spring为我们写好了一些常用的过滤器。下面我们就以字符编码的
过滤器CharacterEncodingFilter为例,来看一下Spring框架下,如果配置过滤器。

<filter>  
    <filter-name>encodingFilter</filter-name>  
    <filter-class>org.springframework.web.filter.CharacterEncodingFilter</filter-class>  
    <init-param>  
        <param-name>encoding</param-name>  
        <param-value>UTF-8</param-value>  
    </init-param>  
    <init-param>  
        <param-name>forceEncoding</param-name>  
        <param-value>true</param-value>  
    </init-param>  
</filter>  
  
<filter-mapping>  
    <filter-name>encodingFilter</filter-name>  
    <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>  
</filter-mapping>

很简单吧,这样几行配置代码,就完成了从全局控制字符编码的功能。接下来,我们看一下CharacterEncodingFilter这个过滤器的关键代码,感受 一下,大师的风采,如果我们写过滤器的话,可以以此为范例。

package org.springframework.web.filter;  
import java.io.IOException;  
import javax.servlet.FilterChain;  
import javax.servlet.ServletException;  
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;  
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;  
import org.springframework.util.ClassUtils;  
public class CharacterEncodingFilter extends OncePerRequestFilter{  
    private static final boolean responseSetCharacterEncodingAvailable = ClassUtils.hasMethod(  
        class$javax$servlet$http$HttpServletResponse, "setCharacterEncoding", new Class[] { String.class });  
    // 需要设置的编码方式,为了支持可配置,Spring把编码方式设置成了一个变量  
    private String encoding;  
    // 是否强制使用统一编码,也是为了支持可配置  
    private boolean forceEncoding;  
    // 构造器,在这里,Spring把forceEncoding的值默认设置成了false  
    public CharacterEncodingFilter(){  
        this.forceEncoding = false;  
    }  
    // encoding/forceEncoding的setter方法  
    public void setEncoding(String encoding){  
        this.encoding = encoding;  
    }  
    public void setForceEncoding(boolean forceEncoding){  
        this.forceEncoding = forceEncoding;  
    }  
    // Spring通过GenericFilterBean抽象类,对Filter接口进行了整合,  
    protected void doFilterInternal(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, FilterChain filterChain)  
        throws ServletException, IOException{  
        if ((this.encoding != null) && (((this.forceEncoding) || (request.getCharacterEncoding() == null)))) {  
            request.setCharacterEncoding(this.encoding);  
            if ((this.forceEncoding) && (responseSetCharacterEncodingAvailable)) {  
                response.setCharacterEncoding(this.encoding);  
            }  
        }  
        filterChain.doFilter(request, response);  
    }  
}

GenericFilterBean类:
public abstract class GenericFilterBean implements Filter, BeanNameAware, ServletContextAware, InitializingBean, DisposableBean
还没有过瘾,那就再看一个项目中使用过的一个过滤器:InvilidCharacterFilter(防止脚本攻击的过滤器)

import java.io.IOException;  
import java.util.Enumeration;  
import javax.servlet.FilterChain;  
import javax.servlet.RequestDispatcher;  
import javax.servlet.ServletException;  
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;  
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;  
import org.apache.commons.lang.StringUtils;  
import org.springframework.web.filter.CharacterEncodingFilter;  
/* 
 * InvalidCharacterFilter:过滤request请求中的非法字符,防止脚本攻击 
 * InvalidCharacterFilter继承了Spring框架的CharacterEncodingFilter过滤器,当然,我们也可以自己实现这样一个过滤器 
 */  
public class InvalidCharacterFilter extends CharacterEncodingFilter{  
    // 需要过滤的非法字符  
    private static String[] invalidCharacter = new String[]{  
        "script","select","insert","document","window","function",  
        "delete","update","prompt","alert","create","alter",  
        "drop","iframe","link","where","replace","function","onabort",  
        "onactivate","onafterprint","onafterupdate","onbeforeactivate",  
        "onbeforecopy","onbeforecut","onbeforedeactivateonfocus",  
        "onkeydown","onkeypress","onkeyup","onload",  
        "expression","applet","layer","ilayeditfocus","onbeforepaste",  
        "onbeforeprint","onbeforeunload","onbeforeupdate",  
        "onblur","onbounce","oncellchange","oncontextmenu",  
        "oncontrolselect","oncopy","oncut","ondataavailable",  
        "ondatasetchanged","ondatasetcomplete","ondeactivate",  
        "ondrag","ondrop","onerror","onfilterchange","onfinish","onhelp",  
        "onlayoutcomplete","onlosecapture","onmouse","ote",  
        "onpropertychange","onreadystatechange","onreset","onresize",  
        "onresizeend","onresizestart","onrow","onscroll",  
        "onselect","onstaronsubmit","onunload","IMgsrc","infarction"  
    };  
  
    protected void doFilterInternal(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, FilterChain filterChain)  
            throws ServletException, IOException{     
        String parameterName = null;  
        String parameterValue = null;  
        // 获取请求的参数  
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")  
        Enumeration<String> allParameter = request.getParameterNames();  
        while(allParameter.hasMoreElements()){  
            parameterName = allParameter.nextElement();  
            parameterValue = request.getParameter(parameterName);  
            if(null != parameterValue){  
                for(String str : invalidCharacter){  
                    if (StringUtils.containsIgnoreCase(parameterValue, str)){  
                        request.setAttribute("errorMessage", "非法字符:" + str);  
                        RequestDispatcher requestDispatcher = request.getRequestDispatcher("/error.jsp");  
                        requestDispatcher.forward(request, response);  
                        return;  
                    }  
                }  
            }  
        }  
        super.doFilterInternal(request, response, filterChain);  
    }  
}

接下来需要在web.xml中进行配置:

<filter>  
    <filter-name>InvalidCharacterFilter</filter-name>  
    <filter-class>com.yangcq.filter.InvalidCharacterFilter</filter-class>  
</filter>  
<filter-mapping>  
    <filter-name>InvalidCharacterFilter</filter-name>  
    <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>  
</filter-mapping>

如果我们不使用Spring的CharacterEncodingFilter类,可以自己来写。

import java.io.IOException;  
import java.util.Enumeration;  
import javax.servlet.Filter;  
import javax.servlet.FilterChain;  
import javax.servlet.FilterConfig;  
import javax.servlet.RequestDispatcher;  
import javax.servlet.ServletException;  
import javax.servlet.ServletRequest;  
import javax.servlet.ServletResponse;  
import org.apache.commons.lang.StringUtils;  
/** 
 * SelfDefineInvalidCharacterFilter:过滤request请求中的非法字符,防止脚本攻击 
 */  
public class SelfDefineInvalidCharacterFilter implements Filter{  
  
    public void destroy() {  
          
    }  
  
    public void doFilter(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response, FilterChain filterChain) throws IOException, ServletException {  
        String parameterName = null;  
        String parameterValue = null;  
        // 获取请求的参数  
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")  
        Enumeration<String> allParameter = request.getParameterNames();  
        while(allParameter.hasMoreElements()){  
            parameterName = allParameter.nextElement();  
            parameterValue = request.getParameter(parameterName);  
            if(null != parameterValue){  
                for(String str : invalidCharacter){  
                    if (StringUtils.containsIgnoreCase(parameterValue, str)){  
                        request.setAttribute("errorMessage", "非法字符:" + str);  
                        RequestDispatcher requestDispatcher = request.getRequestDispatcher("/error.jsp");  
                        requestDispatcher.forward(request, response);  
                        return;  
                    }  
                }  
            }  
        }  
        filterChain.doFilter(request, response); // 执行目标资源,放行  
    }  
  
    public void init(FilterConfig filterConfig) throws ServletException {  
          
    }  
    // 需要过滤的非法字符  
    private static String[] invalidCharacter = new String[]{  
        "script","select","insert","document","window","function",  
        "delete","update","prompt","alert","create","alter",  
        "drop","iframe","link","where","replace","function","onabort",  
        "onactivate","onafterprint","onafterupdate","onbeforeactivate",  
        "onbeforecopy","onbeforecut","onbeforedeactivateonfocus",  
        "onkeydown","onkeypress","onkeyup","onload",  
        "expression","applet","layer","ilayeditfocus","onbeforepaste",  
        "onbeforeprint","onbeforeunload","onbeforeupdate",  
        "onblur","onbounce","oncellchange","oncontextmenu",  
        "oncontrolselect","oncopy","oncut","ondataavailable",  
        "ondatasetchanged","ondatasetcomplete","ondeactivate",  
        "ondrag","ondrop","onerror","onfilterchange","onfinish","onhelp",  
        "onlayoutcomplete","onlosecapture","onmouse","ote",  
        "onpropertychange","onreadystatechange","onreset","onresize",  
        "onresizeend","onresizestart","onrow","onscroll",  
        "onselect","onstaronsubmit","onunload","IMgsrc","infarction"  
    };  
}

接下来需要在web.xml中进行配置:

<filter>  
    <filter-name>SelfDefineInvalidCharacterFilter</filter-name>  
    <filter-class>com.yangcq.filter.SelfDefineInvalidCharacterFilter</filter-class>  
</filter>  
<filter-mapping>  
    <filter-name>SelfDefineInvalidCharacterFilter</filter-name>  
    <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>  
</filter-mapping>

五、Filter的生命周期
5.1、Filter的创建
  Filter的创建和销毁由web服务器负责。 web应用程序启动时,web服务器将创建Filter的实例对象,并调用其init方法,完成对象的初始化 功能,从而为后续的用户请求作好拦截的准备工作,filter对象只会创建一次,init方法也只会执行一次。通过init方法的参数,可获得代表当前 filter配置信息的FilterConfig对象。
5.2、Filter的销毁
  web容器调用destroy方法销毁Filter。destroy方法在Filter的生命周期中仅执行一次。在destroy方法中,可以释放过滤器使用的资源。
5.3、FilterConfig接口
  用户在配置filter时,可以使用为filter配置一些初始化参数,当web容器实例化Filter对象,调用其init方法时,会把封装了 filter初始化参数的filterConfig对象传递进来。因此开发人员在编写filter时,通过filterConfig对象的方法,就可获得:
  String getFilterName():得到filter的名称。
  String getInitParameter(String name): 返回在部署描述中指定名称的初始化参数的值。如果不存在返回null.
  Enumeration getInitParameterNames():返回过滤器的所有初始化参数的名字的枚举集合。
  public ServletContext getServletContext():返回Servlet上下文对象的引用。
示例:利用FilterConfig得到filter配置信息

package com.yangcq.filter;  
import java.io.IOException;  
import java.util.Enumeration;  
import javax.servlet.Filter;  
import javax.servlet.FilterChain;  
import javax.servlet.FilterConfig;  
import javax.servlet.ServletException;  
import javax.servlet.ServletRequest;  
import javax.servlet.ServletResponse;  
public class FilterTest implements Filter {  
  
    /* 过滤器初始化 
     * @see javax.servlet.Filter#init(javax.servlet.FilterConfig) 
     */  
    @Override  
    public void init(FilterConfig filterConfig) throws ServletException {  
        System.out.println("----过滤器初始化----");  
        /** 
         *  <filter> 
                  <filter-name>FilterTest</filter-name> 
                  <filter-class>com.yangcq.filter.FilterTest</filter-class> 
                  <!--配置FilterTest过滤器的初始化参数--> 
                  <init-param> 
                      <description>FilterTest</description> 
                      <param-name>name</param-name> 
                      <param-value>gacl</param-value> 
                  </init-param> 
                  <init-param> 
                      <description>配置FilterTest过滤器的初始化参数</description> 
                      <param-name>like</param-name> 
                      <param-value>java</param-value> 
                  </init-param> 
            </filter> 
             
             <filter-mapping> 
                  <filter-name>FilterDemo02</filter-name> 
                  <!--“/*”表示拦截所有的请求 --> 
                  <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern> 
             </filter-mapping> 
         */  
        //得到过滤器的名字  
        String filterName = filterConfig.getFilterName();  
        //得到在web.xml文件中配置的初始化参数  
        String initParam1 = filterConfig.getInitParameter("name");  
        String initParam2 = filterConfig.getInitParameter("like");  
        //返回过滤器的所有初始化参数的名字的枚举集合。  
        Enumeration<String> initParameterNames = filterConfig.getInitParameterNames();  
          
        System.out.println(filterName);  
        System.out.println(initParam1);  
        System.out.println(initParam2);  
        while (initParameterNames.hasMoreElements()) {  
            String paramName = (String) initParameterNames.nextElement();  
            System.out.println(paramName);  
        }  
    }  
  
    @Override  
    public void doFilter(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response,  
            FilterChain chain) throws IOException, ServletException {  
        System.out.println("FilterDemo02执行前!!!");  
        chain.doFilter(request, response);  //让目标资源执行,放行  
        System.out.println("FilterDemo02执行后!!!");  
    }  
  
    @Override  
    public void destroy() {  
        System.out.println("----过滤器销毁----");  
    }  
}

六、Filter的部署时的一些参数的含义
Filter的部署分为两个步骤:
  1、注册Filter
  2、映射Filter
6.1、注册Filter
  开发好Filter之后,需要在web.xml文件中进行注册,这样才能够被web服务器调用。在web.xml文件中注册Filter范例:

<filter>  
    <description>过滤器名称</description>  
    <filter-name>自定义的名字</filter-name>  
    <filter-class>com.yangcq.filter.FilterTest</filter-class>  
    <!--配置FilterTest过滤器的初始化参数-->  
    <init-param>  
        <description>配置过滤器的初始化参数</description>  
        <param-name>name</param-name>  
        <param-value>gacl</param-value>  
    </init-param>  
    <init-param>  
        <description>配置FilterTest过滤器的初始化参数</description>  
        <param-name>like</param-name>  
        <param-value>java</param-value>  
    </init-param>  
</filter>

用于添加描述信息,该元素的内容可为空,可以不配置。
  用于为过滤器指定一个名字,该元素的内容不能为空。
  元素用于指定过滤器的完整的限定类名。
  元素用于为过滤器指定初始化参数,它的子元素指定参数的名字,指定参数的值。在过滤器中, 可以使用FilterConfig接口对象来访问初始化参数。如果过滤器不需要指定初始化参数,那么元素可以不配置。
6.2、映射Filter
  在web.xml文件中注册了Filter之后,还要在web.xml文件中映射Filter