前言
[代码]java代码:
5// frameworks/base/core/java/android/provider/MediaStoreSaver.java
// Images.Thumbnails
public static final int MINI_KIND = 1; // 512 x 384
public static final int FULL_SCREEN_KIND = 2; //未定义
public static final int MICRO_KIND = 3; // 160 * 120
特别喜欢系统中一些小而精的工具类,有的时候分析一下别有一番味道。
ThumbnailUtils是系统内置的一个生成缩略图的工具类,只有512行代码,网上有很多使用ThumbnailUtils的例子,刚好我个人正在整理Bitmap的相关资料,希望从中也能有所收获。
几个概念
像素规范
系统中对缩略图的像素定义了三种规范:
对于开发者,只支持MINI_KIND和MICRO_KIND两种类型。为什么是这个像素呢?因为ThumbnailUtils中定义如下:
[代码]java代码:
6public class ThumbnailUtils {
/* Maximum pixels size for created bitmap. */
private static final int MAX_NUM_PIXELS_THUMBNAIL = 512 * 384;
private static final int MAX_NUM_PIXELS_MICRO_THUMBNAIL = 160 * 120;
private static final int UNCONSTRAINED = -1;
}
其中MAX_NUM_PIXELS_MICRO_THUMBNAIL的值之前是128 128,在4.2+版本上被调整为160120,原因很简单,现在手机拍摄照片比例普遍是4:3,如果不是这个比例生成缩略图的时候需要更多的计算。
尺寸规范
系统中对MINI_KIND和MICRO_KIND两种类型的图片尺寸做了限制,强调一下,是“系统”。
[代码]java代码:1
2public static final int TARGET_SIZE_MINI_THUMBNAIL = 320;
public static final int TARGET_SIZE_MICRO_THUMBNAIL = 96;
当然这两个字段是@hide的,是专门系统用的。
如果图片缩略图,MINI_KIND则等比例缩到360,MICRO_KIND则缩放为96 x 96的正方形(实现方法参考下面的#最合适的缩略图)
如果视频缩略图,MINI_KIND则等比例缩到512(这个512是写死在代码里的magic number),MICRO_KIND则缩放为96 x 96的正方形(实现方法参考下面的#最合适的缩略图)
Exif格式
Exif是一种图像文件格式,它的数据存储与JPEG格式是完全相同的。实际上Exif格式就是在JPEG格式头部插入了数码照片的信息,包括拍摄时的光圈、快门、白平衡、ISO、焦距、日期时间等各种和拍摄条件以及相机品牌、型号、色彩编码、拍摄时录制的声音以及GPS全球定位系统数据、缩略图等。
具体元信息,可参考f/b/media/java/android/media/ExifInterface.java
这里我特别指出ExifInterface的两点,在大家工作中很有可能会碰到:
[代码]java代码:01
* This is a class for reading and writing Exif tags in a JPEG file.
*/
public class ExifInterface {
// 1.方向,也就是旋转角度
public static final String TAG_ORIENTATION = "Orientation";
// 2.从Exif中获取缩略图, 如果没有则返回null
public byte[] getThumbnail() {
synchronized (sLock) {
return getThumbnailNative(mFilename);
}
}
}
最合适的缩略图
等比例缩放只需要按Bitmap.createBitmap即可,但是Thumbnail的缩略图生成算法中为了从中间截图最合适的部分,包含了裁剪的逻辑。主要分两步:
1. 先缩放:按照填满的思想缩放到目标大小
2. 再裁剪:从中间裁剪目标大小的区域
[代码]java代码:
*把原始图片转化为目标大小的图片,从中间截图
*注意:这里我把放大的一个逻辑处理删除了,那段逻辑永远不会执行
*/
private static Bitmap transform(Matrix scaler,
Bitmap source,
int targetWidth,
int targetHeight,
int options) {
//是否回收原始Bitmap
boolean recycle = (options & OPTIONS_RECYCLE_INPUT) != 0;
//计算是按宽度还是高度计算缩放比例
//这里通过高宽比计算缩放的方法,可以用填满的思维去想象一下
float bitmapWidthF = source.getWidth();
float bitmapHeightF = source.getHeight();
float bitmapAspect = bitmapWidthF / bitmapHeightF;
float viewAspect = (float) targetWidth / targetHeight;
if (bitmapAspect > viewAspect) {
float scale = targetHeight / bitmapHeightF;
if (scale < .9F || scale > 1F) {
scaler.setScale(scale, scale);
} else {
scaler = null;
}
} else {
float scale = targetWidth / bitmapWidthF;
if (scale < .9F || scale > 1F) {
scaler.setScale(scale, scale);
} else {
scaler = null;
}
}
//调用Bitmap.createBitmap方法按上面算出的缩放比例等比例缩小
Bitmap b1;
if (scaler != null) {
// this is used for minithumb and crop, so we want to filter here.
b1 = Bitmap.createBitmap(source, 0, 0,
source.getWidth(), source.getHeight(), scaler, true);
} else {
b1 = source;
}
if (recycle && b1 != source) {
source.recycle();
}
//从中间裁剪最合适部分
int dx1 = Math.max(0, b1.getWidth() - targetWidth);
int dy1 = Math.max(0, b1.getHeight() - targetHeight);
Bitmap b2 = Bitmap.createBitmap(
b1,
dx1 / 2,
dy1 / 2,
targetWidth,
targetHeight);
if (b2 != b1) {
if (recycle || b1 != source) {
b1.recycle();
}
}
return b2;
}
基于上面的算法,ThumbnailUtils对外提供了如下接口生成缩略图:
[代码]java代码:
3// options主要用于是否回收原始Bitmap
public static Bitmap extractThumbnail(Bitmap source, int width, int height, int options)
public static Bitmap extractThumbnail(Bitmap source, int width, int height)
视频缩略图
使用MediaMetadataRetriever读取视频第一帧Bitmap,然后据此再生成缩略图。
如果kind为Thumbnails.MINI_KIND,就等比例生成最大宽或者高为512的小图。
如果king为Thumbnails.MICRO_KIND,就使用上面讲的最合适的缩略图算法,生成96 x 96的正方形小图
[代码]java代码:01
37public static Bitmap createVideoThumbnail(String filePath, int kind) {
Bitmap bitmap = null;
MediaMetadataRetriever retriever = new MediaMetadataRetriever();
try {
retriever.setDataSource(filePath);
bitmap = retriever.getFrameAtTime(-1);
} catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
// Assume this is a corrupt video file
} catch (RuntimeException ex) {
// Assume this is a corrupt video file.
} finally {
try {
retriever.release();
} catch (RuntimeException ex) {
// Ignore failures while cleaning up.
}
}
if (bitmap == null) return null;
if (kind == Images.Thumbnails.MINI_KIND) {
// Scale down the bitmap if it's too large.
int width = bitmap.getWidth();
int height = bitmap.getHeight();
int max = Math.max(width, height);
if (max > 512) {
float scale = 512f / max;
int w = Math.round(scale * width);
int h = Math.round(scale * height);
bitmap = Bitmap.createScaledBitmap(bitmap, w, h, true);
}
} else if (kind == Images.Thumbnails.MICRO_KIND) {
bitmap = extractThumbnail(bitmap,
TARGET_SIZE_MICRO_THUMBNAIL,
TARGET_SIZE_MICRO_THUMBNAIL,
OPTIONS_RECYCLE_INPUT);
}
return bitmap;
}
内部方法
ThumbnailUtils其实对外的方法就上面三个演示的三个方法,除此之外,内部还有两部分,一部分是生成图片文件的缩略图,另外一部分就是未使用的无用代码。
计算SampleSize
系统中新加入一张图,就要生成缩略图了,最重要的就是计算SampleSize了,ThumbnailUtils提供了两种算法:
按目标最小边(minSideLength)
定义最小边的缩放比例
(int) Math.min(Math.floor(w / minSideLength), Math.floor(h / minSideLength))
按目标像素(maxNumOfPixels)
定义像素的缩放比例
(int) Math.ceil(Math.sqrt(w * h / maxNumOfPixels))
具体实现
同时支持不指定限制,也做了一个默认值处理,实现如下:
[代码]java代码:01
23//计算缩放比例
private static int computeInitialSampleSize(BitmapFactory.Options options,
int minSideLength, int maxNumOfPixels) {
double w = options.outWidth;
double h = options.outHeight;
int lowerBound = (maxNumOfPixels == UNCONSTRAINED) ? 1 :
(int) Math.ceil(Math.sqrt(w * h / maxNumOfPixels));
int upperBound = (minSideLength == UNCONSTRAINED) ? 128 :
(int) Math.min(Math.floor(w / minSideLength),
Math.floor(h / minSideLength));
if (upperBound < lowerBound) {
// return the larger one when there is no overlapping zone.
return lowerBound;
}
if ((maxNumOfPixels == UNCONSTRAINED) &&
(minSideLength == UNCONSTRAINED)) {
return 1;
} else if (minSideLength == UNCONSTRAINED) {
return lowerBound;
} else {
return upperBound;
}
}
但是上面的缩放比例不是标准的2的次放,不符合BitmapFactory的规范,再封装一下:
[代码]java代码:01
19//规范化上面的sampleSize为2的次方或者8的倍数
//据说这是BitmapFactory的要求,可以避免OOM?注释里说的。
private static int computeSampleSize(BitmapFactory.Options options,
int minSideLength, int maxNumOfPixels) {
int initialSize = computeInitialSampleSize(options, minSideLength,
maxNumOfPixels);
int roundedSize;
if (initialSize <= 8) {
//如果小于8,转化为2的次方(通过位移来转化,可以借鉴一下)
roundedSize = 1;
while (roundedSize < initialSize) {
roundedSize <<= 1;
}
} else {
//如果大于8,转化为8的倍数
roundedSize = (initialSize + 7) / 8 * 8;
}
return roundedSize;
}
从EXIF中选取缩略图
只支持JPG中读取EXIF信息。
这里不是说EXIF有缩略图就用这个缩略图,而是会先用高宽算出文件本身的TargetSize对应的缩略图,和EXIF中缩放到TargetSize对应的缩略图比较,哪个大取哪个。
[代码]java代码:01
* Creates a bitmap by either downsampling from the thumbnail in EXIF or the full image.
* The functions returns a SizedThumbnailBitmap,
* which contains a downsampled bitmap and the thumbnail data in EXIF if exists.
*/
private static void createThumbnailFromEXIF(String filePath, int targetSize,
int maxPixels, SizedThumbnailBitmap sizedThumbBitmap) {
if (filePath == null) return;
ExifInterface exif = null;
byte [] thumbData = null;
try {
exif = new ExifInterface(filePath);
thumbData = exif.getThumbnail();
} catch (IOException ex) {
Log.w(TAG, ex);
}
BitmapFactory.Options fullOptions = new BitmapFactory.Options();
BitmapFactory.Options exifOptions = new BitmapFactory.Options();
int exifThumbWidth = 0;
int fullThumbWidth = 0;
// Compute exifThumbWidth.
if (thumbData != null) {
exifOptions.inJustDecodeBounds = true;
BitmapFactory.decodeByteArray(thumbData, 0, thumbData.length, exifOptions);
exifOptions.inSampleSize = computeSampleSize(exifOptions, targetSize, maxPixels);
exifThumbWidth = exifOptions.outWidth / exifOptions.inSampleSize;
}
// Compute fullThumbWidth.
fullOptions.inJustDecodeBounds = true;
BitmapFactory.decodeFile(filePath, fullOptions);
fullOptions.inSampleSize = computeSampleSize(fullOptions, targetSize, maxPixels);
fullThumbWidth = fullOptions.outWidth / fullOptions.inSampleSize;
// Choose the larger thumbnail as the returning sizedThumbBitmap.
if (thumbData != null && exifThumbWidth >= fullThumbWidth) {
int width = exifOptions.outWidth;
int height = exifOptions.outHeight;
exifOptions.inJustDecodeBounds = false;
sizedThumbBitmap.mBitmap = BitmapFactory.decodeByteArray(thumbData, 0,
thumbData.length, exifOptions);
if (sizedThumbBitmap.mBitmap != null) {
sizedThumbBitmap.mThumbnailData = thumbData;
sizedThumbBitmap.mThumbnailWidth = width;
sizedThumbBitmap.mThumbnailHeight = height;
}
} else {
fullOptions.inJustDecodeBounds = false;
sizedThumbBitmap.mBitmap = BitmapFactory.decodeFile(filePath, fullOptions);
}
}
图片文件缩略图
如果是MINI_KIND,尺寸最小边缩放到320左右,像素缩放到512 x 387。否则就是MICRO_KIND,尺寸最大边缩放到96,像素所放到160 x 120。
如果图片是JPG,参考上面的方法从EXIF中选取缩略图。否则,用decodeFileDescriptor()老老实实等比例生成缩略图。
最终成功后,如果是MICRO_KIND,还要裁剪为96 x 96的正方形。
[代码]java代码:01
56public static Bitmap createImageThumbnail(String filePath, int kind) {
boolean wantMini = (kind == Images.Thumbnails.MINI_KIND);
int targetSize = wantMini
? TARGET_SIZE_MINI_THUMBNAIL
: TARGET_SIZE_MICRO_THUMBNAIL;
int maxPixels = wantMini
? MAX_NUM_PIXELS_THUMBNAIL
: MAX_NUM_PIXELS_MICRO_THUMBNAIL;
SizedThumbnailBitmap sizedThumbnailBitmap = new SizedThumbnailBitmap();
Bitmap bitmap = null;
MediaFileType fileType = MediaFile.getFileType(filePath);
if (fileType != null && fileType.fileType == MediaFile.FILE_TYPE_JPEG) {
createThumbnailFromEXIF(filePath, targetSize, maxPixels, sizedThumbnailBitmap);
bitmap = sizedThumbnailBitmap.mBitmap;
}
if (bitmap == null) {
FileInputStream stream = null;
try {
stream = new FileInputStream(filePath);
FileDescriptor fd = stream.getFD();
BitmapFactory.Options options = new BitmapFactory.Options();
options.inSampleSize = 1;
options.inJustDecodeBounds = true;
BitmapFactory.decodeFileDescriptor(fd, null, options);
if (options.mCancel || options.outWidth == -1
|| options.outHeight == -1) {
return null;
}
options.inSampleSize = computeSampleSize(
options, targetSize, maxPixels);
options.inJustDecodeBounds = false;
options.inDither = false;
options.inPreferredConfig = Bitmap.Config.ARGB_8888;
bitmap = BitmapFactory.decodeFileDescriptor(fd, null, options);
} catch (IOException ex) {
Log.e(TAG, "", ex);
} catch (OutOfMemoryError oom) {
Log.e(TAG, "Unable to decode file " + filePath + ". OutOfMemoryError.", oom);
} finally {
try {
if (stream != null) {
stream.close();
}
} catch (IOException ex) {
Log.e(TAG, "", ex);
}
}
}
if (kind == Images.Thumbnails.MICRO_KIND) {
// now we make it a "square thumbnail" for MICRO_KIND thumbnail
bitmap = extractThumbnail(bitmap,
TARGET_SIZE_MICRO_THUMBNAIL,
TARGET_SIZE_MICRO_THUMBNAIL, OPTIONS_RECYCLE_INPUT);
}
return bitmap;
}
这里你可能注意到了,如果从EXIF的代码中获取本身文件缩略图用的是decodeFile(),而后面非JPG图片获取缩略图用decodeFileDescriptor(),为什么呢?
不知道,也许是开发者“Ray Chen”忘记了,只改了一部分,另外一部分为了稳定性也没改。
据网上资料看,decodeFileDescriptor()比decodeFile()更省内存,没有论证,仅供参考。
未使用的无用代码
在ThumbnailUtils有一些私有方法,但是自己又没有去调用,暂且把这些方法定位无用代码吧:
[代码]java代码:01
* Make a bitmap from a given Uri, minimal side length, and maximum number of pixels.
* The image data will be read from specified pfd if it's not null, otherwise
* a new input stream will be created using specified ContentResolver.
*
* Clients are allowed to pass their own BitmapFactory.Options used for bitmap decoding. A
* new BitmapFactory.Options will be created if options is null.
*/
private static Bitmap makeBitmap(int minSideLength, int maxNumOfPixels,
Uri uri, ContentResolver cr, ParcelFileDescriptor pfd,
BitmapFactory.Options options) {
Bitmap b = null;
try {
if (pfd == null) pfd = makeInputStream(uri, cr);
if (pfd == null) return null;
if (options == null) options = new BitmapFactory.Options();
FileDescriptor fd = pfd.getFileDescriptor();
options.inSampleSize = 1;
options.inJustDecodeBounds = true;
BitmapFactory.decodeFileDescriptor(fd, null, options);
if (options.mCancel || options.outWidth == -1
|| options.outHeight == -1) {
return null;
}
options.inSampleSize = computeSampleSize(
options, minSideLength, maxNumOfPixels);
options.inJustDecodeBounds = false;
options.inDither = false;
options.inPreferredConfig = Bitmap.Config.ARGB_8888;
b = BitmapFactory.decodeFileDescriptor(fd, null, options);
} catch (OutOfMemoryError ex) {
Log.e(TAG, "Got oom exception ", ex);
return null;
} finally {
closeSilently(pfd);
}
return b;
}
private static void closeSilently(ParcelFileDescriptor c) {
if (c == null) return;
try {
c.close();
} catch (Throwable t) {
// do nothing
}
}
private static ParcelFileDescriptor makeInputStream(
Uri uri, ContentResolver cr) {
try {
return cr.openFileDescriptor(uri, "r");
} catch (IOException ex) {
return null;
}
}
小结
通过学习ThumbnailUtils生成缩略图的方方面面,结合自己的经验实践,从此生成缩略图无忧。
零零散散写的有点乱,但基本上能运行到的每行代码都覆盖到了,对于理解ThumbnailUtils这个类来说,应该够了。