(一)备份namenode的元数据
namenode中的元数据非常重要,如丢失或者损坏,则整个系统无法使用。因此应该经常对元数据进行备份,最好是异地备份。
1、将元数据复制到远程站点
(1)以下代码将secondary namenode中的元数据复制到一个时间命名的目录下,然后通过scp命令远程发送到其它机器
#!/bin/bash
export dirname=/mnt/tmphadoop/dfs/namesecondary/current/`date +%y%m%d%H`
if [ ! -d ${dirname} ]
then
mkdir ${dirname}
cp /mnt/tmphadoop/dfs/namesecondary/current/* ${dirname}
fi
scp -r ${dirname} slave1:/mnt/namenode_backup/
rm -r ${dirname}
(2)配置crontab,定时执行此项工作
0 0,8,14,20 * * * bash /mnt/scripts/namenode_backup_script.sh
2、在远程站点中启动一个本地namenode守护进程,尝试加载这些备份文件,以确定是否已经进行了正确备份。
(二)数据备份
对于重要的数据,不能完全依赖HDFS,而是需要进行备份,注意以下几点
(1)尽量异地备份
(2)如果使用distcp备份至另一个hdfs集群,则不要使用同一版本的hadoop,避免hadoop自身导致数据出错。
(三)文件系统检查
定期在整个文件系统上运行HDFS的fsck工具,主动查找丢失或者损坏的块。
建议每天执行一次。
[make@master ~]$ hadoop fsck /
……省略输出(若有错误,则在此外出现,否则只会出现点,一个点表示一个文件)……
.........Status: HEALTHY
Total size: 14466494870 B
Total dirs: 502
Total files: 1592 (Files currently being written: 2)
Total blocks (validated): 1725 (avg. block size 8386373 B)
Minimally replicated blocks: 1725 (100.0 %)
Over-replicated blocks: 0 (0.0 %)
Under-replicated blocks: 648 (37.565216 %)
Mis-replicated blocks: 0 (0.0 %)
Default replication factor: 2
Average block replication: 2.0
Corrupt blocks: 0
Missing replicas: 760 (22.028986 %)
Number of data-nodes: 2
Number of racks: 1
FSCK ended at Sun Mar 01 20:17:57 CST 2015 in 608 milliseconds
The filesystem under path '/' is HEALTHY
(1)若hdfs-site.xml中的dfs.replication设置为3,而实现上只有2个datanode,则在执行fsck时会出现以下错误;
/hbase/Mar0109_webpage/59ad1be6884739c29d0624d1d31a56d9/il/43e6cd4dc61b49e2a57adf0c63921c09: Under replicated blk_-4711857142889323098_6221. Target Replicas is 3 but found 2 replica(s).
注意,由于原来的dfs.replication为3,后来下线了一台datanode,并将dfs.replication改为2,但原来已创建的文件也会记录dfs.replication为3,从而出现以上错误,并导致 Under-replicated blocks: 648 (37.565216 %)。
(2)fsck工具还可以用来检查一个文件包括哪些块,以及这些块分别在哪等
[make@master conf]$ hadoop fsck /hbase/Feb2621_webpage/c23aa183c7cb86af27f15d4c2aee2795/s/30bee5fb620b4cd184412c69f70d24a7 -files -blocks -racks
FSCK started by jediael from /10.171.29.191 for path /hbase/Feb2621_webpage/c23aa183c7cb86af27f15d4c2aee2795/s/30bee5fb620b4cd184412c69f70d24a7 at Sun Mar 01 20:39:35 CST 2015
/hbase/Feb2621_webpage/c23aa183c7cb86af27f15d4c2aee2795/s/30bee5fb620b4cd184412c69f70d24a7 21507169 bytes, 1 block(s): Under replicated blk_7117944555454804881_3655. Target Replicas is 3 but found 2 replica(s).
0. blk_7117944555454804881_3655 len=21507169 repl=2 [/default-rack/10.171.94.155:50010, /default-rack/10.251.0.197:50010]
Status: HEALTHY
Total size: 21507169 B
Total dirs: 0
Total files: 1
Total blocks (validated): 1 (avg. block size 21507169 B)
Minimally replicated blocks: 1 (100.0 %)
Over-replicated blocks: 0 (0.0 %)
Under-replicated blocks: 1 (100.0 %)
Mis-replicated blocks: 0 (0.0 %)
Default replication factor: 2
Average block replication: 2.0
Corrupt blocks: 0
Missing replicas: 1 (50.0 %)
Number of data-nodes: 2
Number of racks: 1
FSCK ended at Sun Mar 01 20:39:35 CST 2015 in 0 milliseconds
The filesystem under path '/hbase/Feb2621_webpage/c23aa183c7cb86af27f15d4c2aee2795/s/30bee5fb620b4cd184412c69f70d24a7' is HEALTHY
[make@master ~]$ hadoop fsck -files
Usage: DFSck <path> [-move | -delete | -openforwrite] [-files [-blocks [-locations | -racks]]]
<path> start checking from this path
-move move corrupted files to /lost+found
-delete delete corrupted files
-files print out files being checked
-openforwrite print out files opened for write
-blocks print out block report
-locations print out locations for every block
-racks print out network topology for data-node locations
By default fsck ignores files opened for write, use -openforwrite to report such files. They are usually tagged CORRUPT or HEALTHY depending on their block allocation status
Generic options supported are
-conf <configuration file> specify an application configuration file
-D <property=value> use value for given property
-fs <local|namenode:port> specify a namenode
-jt <local|jobtracker:port> specify a job tracker
-files <comma separated list of files> specify comma separated files to be copied to the map reduce cluster
-libjars <comma separated list of jars> specify comma separated jar files to include in the classpath.
-archives <comma separated list of archives> specify comma separated archives to be unarchived on the compute machines.
The general command line syntax is
bin/hadoop command [genericOptions] [commandOptions]
详细解释请见《hadoop权威指南》P376
均衡器是一个hadoop守护进程,它将块从忙碌的DN移动相对空闲的DN,同时坚持块复本放置策略,将复本分散到不同的机器、机架。
建议定期执行均衡器,如每天或者每周。
(1)通过以下命令运行均衡器
[jediael@master log]$ start-balancer.sh
starting balancer, logging to /var/log/hadoop/hadoop-jediael-balancer-master.out
查看日志如下:
[make@master hadoop]$ pwd
/var/log/hadoop
[jediael@master hadoop]$ ls
hadoop-jediael-balancer-master.log hadoop-jediael-balancer-master.out
[jediael@master hadoop]$ cat hadoop-jediael-balancer-master.log
2015-03-01 21:08:08,027 INFO org.apache.hadoop.net.NetworkTopology: Adding a new node: /default-rack/10.251.0.197:50010
2015-03-01 21:08:08,028 INFO org.apache.hadoop.net.NetworkTopology: Adding a new node: /default-rack/10.171.94.155:50010
2015-03-01 21:08:08,028 INFO org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.server.balancer.Balancer: 0 over utilized nodes:
2015-03-01 21:08:08,028 INFO org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.server.balancer.Balancer: 0 under utilized nodes:
(2)均衡器将每个DN的使用率与整个集群的使用率接近,这个“接近”是通过-threashold参数指定的,默认是10%。
(3)不同节点之间复制数据的带宽是受限的,默认是1MB/s,可以通过hdfs-site.xml文件中的dfs.balance.bandwithPerSec属性指定(单位是字节)。
(五)datanode块扫描器
每个datanode均会运行一个块扫描器,定期检测本节点上的所有块,若发现存在错误(如检验和错误),则通知namenode,然后由namenode发起数据重新创建复本或者修复。
扫描周期由dfs.datanode.scan.period.hours指定,默认为三周(504小时)。
通过地址以下地址查看扫描信息:
(1)http://datanote:50075/blockScannerReport
列出总体的检测情况
Total Blocks : 1919
Verified in last hour : 4
Verified in last day : 170
Verified in last week : 535
Verified in last four weeks : 535
Verified in SCAN_PERIOD : 535
Not yet verified : 1384
Verified since restart : 559
Scans since restart : 91
Scan errors since restart : 0
Transient scan errors : 0
Current scan rate limit KBps : 1024
Progress this period : 113%
Time left in cur period : 97.14%
(2)http://123.56.92.95:50075/blockScannerReport?listblocks
blk_8482244195562050998_3796 : status : ok type : none scan time : 0 not yet verified
blk_3985450615149803606_7952 : status : ok type : none scan time : 0 not yet verified
列出所有的块及最新验证状态
(五)、日志查看
5.1、master服务器上的日志
1、保存在master服务器上的日志有以下四类。注意,tasktracker与datanode上的部分日志会保存在master中,方便出现问题时定位至具体服务器。
2、master中主要有2种日志,分别以log与out作后缀,其中每一个守护进程都会产生这2个日志,如jobtracker/ namenode/ tasktracker/ datanode均会分别产生这2个日志文件。这2个文件均是每天生成一个。
3、log日志文件通过log4j记录的,大部分应用程序的日志消息都写到该日志文件中,故障诊断的首要步骤即为检查该文件。【此日志文件最重要】
out日志文件记录标准输出和标准错误日志,由于大多日志均使用log4j输出至log日志文件中,因此此文件很小或者为空。系统仅保留最新的5个日志。
4、这2类日志的命名均包含用户名称、守护进程名称和本地主机名等信息。
5.2、slave的服务器上的日志
每个tasktracker子进程都用log4j产生以下4个日志文件,这些日志记录了各个task的日志输出。
1、日志文件(syslog)
通过Log4j记录的日志
2、保存发到标准输出数据的文件(stdout)
3、保存标准错误的文件(stderr)
4、log.index
(1)tasktracker会记录它所运行的所有task的日志,默认目录为$HADOOP_LOG_DIR/userlogs。且每个job单独生成一个目录,如下:
/mnt/jediael/hadoop-1.2.1/logs/userlogs
jediael@slave1 userlogs]$ ls
job_201502271057_0243 job_201502271057_0245 job_201502271057_0247 job_201502271057_0250 job_201502271057_0253
job_201502271057_0244 job_201502271057_0246 job_201502271057_0249 job_201502271057_0251 job_201502271057_0255
(2)进入具体目录,内容如下
lrwxrwxrwx 1 jediael jediael 95 Feb 28 15:06 attempt_201502271057_0243_m_000000_0 -> /mnt/tmphadoop/mapred/local/userlogs/job_201502271057_0243/attempt_201502271057_0243_m_000000_0
lrwxrwxrwx 1 jediael jediael 95 Feb 28 15:06 attempt_201502271057_0243_m_000001_0 -> /mnt/tmphadoop/mapred/local/userlogs/job_201502271057_0243/attempt_201502271057_0243_m_000001_0
lrwxrwxrwx 1 jediael jediael 95 Feb 28 15:06 attempt_201502271057_0243_m_000002_0 -> /mnt/tmphadoop/mapred/local/userlogs/job_201502271057_0243/attempt_201502271057_0243_m_000002_0
-rw-r----- 1 jediael jediael 502 Feb 28 15:06 job-acls.xml
由此可见,这个tasktracker运行了3个job_201502271057_0243的task,这个task的日志目录只是一个链接,它具体链接至tmphadoop目录下。
(3)进入实际目录,可以发现以下4个日志文件
[jediael@slave1 userlogs]$ cd /mnt/tmphadoop/mapred/local/userlogs/job_201502271057_0243/attempt_201502271057_0243_m_000000_0
-rw-r--r-- 1 jediael jediael 154 Feb 28 15:06 log.index
-rw-rw-r-- 1 jediael jediael 0 Feb 28 15:06 stderr
-rw-rw-r-- 1 jediael jediael 0 Feb 28 15:06 stdout
-rw-rw-r-- 1 jediael jediael 30248 Feb 28 15:06 syslog